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A methodology for the measurement of radon exhalation rate coming from soils by using charcoal activated is shown in this paper. Calibration procedures are also discussed. Data of exhalation rate in the vicinity of an uranium region area are referred showing the benefit of the method proposed when wide surfaces of terrain must be analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of the Spanish LIS profession and specialities in 2002 is reviewed. Statistical data is provided about both the number and type of Spanish libraries and archives as well as of practising professionals, according to geographic distribution, training and job description. Spanish library and information authorities are identified as well as professional associations and learned societies and conferences held. University education is also examined with descriptions of existing institutions, degree levels and data on student enrolment and teachers. The primary media for professional communication are described, in particular publishers, bulletins, scientific journals and electronic fora. Publishing output is quantified: books, journal articles, and conference papers both at national and international levels. Finally, research in the field is analysed through the total of Ph. D. dissertations presented, research articles published and research projects funded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the results obtained from 206 questionnaires answered by people aged 14 and above from six Spanish cities, and who have digital TV at home. Its research aim is to know the relationship of the TV consumption, favourite programmes of viewers and their electronic equipment at home and its influence of consumption of Pay-per-view (PPV), which started in Spain at the same time as digital TV, in 1997. First of the most important conclusion is that people who contract PPV services are great consumers of television. Second one is that there is no relation between computer technology (ownership of PC and consumption) and the contracting of PPV services. On the contrary, the PPV contracting is associated with the ownership of more modern TV equipment (screen 1629, dual/stereo, VCR and videogame console) and audio equipment (Hi-Fi music centre). Third one is that household spending monthly in PPV is also related to the technological equipment. People who have a 16/9 TV set, or a dual/stereo TV set or teletext, spend more money than people who have not them. On the other hand, owning a PC, a link to the Internet, using e-mail, or having a VCR is negatively related to the amount of money spent on ppv services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Contemporanea is the property of Historia Contemporania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia Contemporanea is the property of Historia Contemporania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although the growing interest and the attention being paid to micro enterprises by public administration, there is a lack of empirical research on this topic in Spain. In this paper the main characteristics of this group of enterprises in Spain are examined and compared to several European Union (EU) countries, using different sources of data. Results indicate that the high proportion of micro enterprises in industries such as construction, trade, hotels and restaurants, and transports seems to derive from a lack of alternative employment opportunities. Results also show the educational level of owner-managers of micro enterprises is lower than in other EU countries and even lower than that of the unemployed of the above mentioned sectors. Finally, implications of the results are discussed and suggestions for further research are made. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Relaciones Laborales is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reviews the political discourse of a not well-known source, the magazine "Por ellos", the official organ of the Civil Legionaries of Franco, a group created in the city of Buenos Aires to collaborate with the national side. Although the objective of the publication was the creation of orphanages destined to the young war victims, it became a space to express the ideas of those who had raised against the government of the Second Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the educational renewal and the social commitment in favour of childhood developed by one of the most outstanding schoolteachers of the early twentieth century, during the time he was working in Cartagena. Martí Alpera carried out, together with highly qualified headmasters, inspectors and College of Education lecturers, an activity of key mediation between the reception of the new educational tendencies, their regulation, the adaptation to Spanish schools and their diffusion among the teachers. Martí Alpera took part in the creation of the first graduated schools in Spain and became the prime mover of this kind of school. He journeyed throughout Europe to study the organisation of their schools. A prolific author of educational and didactic works, he was a regular contributor to some of the most important educational reviews of his day. He was also an important defender of childhood, as is shown by his contribution to the introduction of country holidays in Cartagena or his work as Secretary of what was probably the most important Local Board for the Protection of Childhood in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Contemporanea is the property of Historia Contemporania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Presents abstracts of several articles related to economic history. "The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation," by Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson; "Hume and Institutional Theory," by Carlos Mellizo; "Capitalism, Development and the State. A Critical Account of Schumpeter's Theory of the State," by Diego Sánchez-Ancochea.

Copyright of Prohistoria is the property of Prohistoria Ediciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Medical record is a document with particular characteristics that requires a different documental management, has different uses and users that use it with different interest, to preserve its usefulness and in order to comply the legal normativity from each country it is necessary to change the traditional way it have been build (through manuscript files addition) and apply new technologies of the information and communication (TIC). This article presents the main different advantages and disadvantages of the Computarized Medical Records (CMR) compared with the traditional paper MR, according to it's different uses and users as well as the required conditions to make each one of it an efficient document. Colombian and Spain cases were analyzed, comparing normative conditions and technological development, with the proposal of obtaining a comparative parameter that allow us to determine future trends in the integration of the models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development which has recently taken place in Social Pedagogy is an academic, social and professional answer to new educational needs which have been demanded by the society in the last years. At the present time, it is a living creative and expansionist time. This situation is known as "Social Pedagogy in construction", and it implies a concept of Social Education which is seen as an important agent for social change. Nowadays, the most important priority is giving an appropriate answer in order to solve sociocultural problems. To do so, socioeducational strategies of intervention are expected. In this paper, we try to provide objective and scientific knowledge about the development of this pedagogical science, its current reality and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sharp decline in fertility recorded in Spain in the last few decades is the outcome of a number of factors, one of the most relevant being the average age at first maternity, which has climbed by four years since the mid-1970s. This leads to increasingly unfavourable ratios between higher order and overall fertility. In the present paper, a regression model in which 99% of the variance could be accounted for was used to establish the relationship between variables and simulate several scenarios. The chief conclusion is that with the age at first birth patterns prevailing today, replacement level fertility cannot be achieved. Indeed, age at first child would have drop even to reach values of over 1.5: naturally, the higher the desired fertility rate, the lower the age required, since the age at which mothers have their first child determines the combination of birth orders, which in turn has an impact on the resulting fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper analyzes the participation of workers in companies, the general reality of co-management and the legal regulations in Germany, Spain and in Venezuela due to the creation of the projected of Law of Co-management. The research is descriptive and the technique of documentary observation was utilized. The conclusion is that the legal orderings in the matter of labor co-management in Germany, Spain and Venezuela differ from one to another, and in case of Venezuela the projected of Law of Co-management would complement the Statutory Labor Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the contradiction at the heart of Italian and Spanish immigration policies between the calls for integration on the one hand, and the marginalization associated with temporary and contingent immigration status on the other. I argue that this tension is structural and reflects an underlying contradiction in the political economy of these post-Fordist societies. In the second half of this paper, I examine this same tension in U.S. immigration policy, and explore the ways the current proposals for reform would bring U.S. immigration policy closer to that of Spain and Italy. I note that while the tension between immigrant marginalization and integration has always characterized U.S. policy, the contradiction has intensified as immigrants are an increasingly visible component of the U.S. workforce, complicating attempts at meaningful reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this analysis we make an approach to the impact and importance of a transnational perspective when studying current international migrations. More specifically, the objective of this paper is to reflect on the impact of the monetary and «social» remittances of Peruvian and Ecuadorian immigrants living in Spain, considering their households as transnational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing measures to control and regulate migration flows, irregular migration has grown in the last few years in Spain, Malaysia and the United States. This increase in irregular immigration has mainly been explained in relation to socio-economic factors. However, while these factors explain the presence of migration flows towards these countries, they do not succeed in explaining why an important part of these flows takes place on a non-regular basis. This can only be considered by taking into account the State and its immigration policies. Starting out from this statement, this research paper analyses to what extent, how and why the immigration policies of Spain, Malaysia and the United States produce «illegals«. This means not only analysing how and why immigration policies contribute to the increase in the number of irregular immigrants, but also how and why, by denying their rights and often their existence, they create the figure of the «illegal immigrant». As this research note demonstrates for the Malaysian case, irregular immigration is not despite immigration policies but because of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of El Profesional de la Información is the property of EPI SCP and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anuario de Psicologia is the property of Anuario de Psicologia de La Universidad de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia y Comunicación Social is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of UNISCI Discussion Papers is the property of Unidad de Investigaciones Sobre Seguridad y Cooperacion International (UNISCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Education Policy Analysis Archives / Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas / Arquivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas is the property of Educational Policy Analysis Archives & Education Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cayapa is the property of Universidad de Los Andes (Venezuela) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. Standardization of scientific journals is a fundamental factor for a successful scientific communication, since it has repercussions on the role accomplishment of journals as research dissemination agents and expressive and representative channels of the different scientific communities. Material and methods. The formal characteristics of the seven psychiatric journals included in the IME (Spanish Medical Index) database in 2006 were evaluated. A specific form was designed to evaluate the 64 different characteristics of each journal, based on the IME qualitative criteria for being included. Results. Journals having the highest overall scores were Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría with 68/82 points, followed by European Journal of Psychiatry (65/82 points), Anales de Psiquiatría (58/82 points), Psiquiatría Biológica (57/82 points) and Informaciones Psiquiátricas (45/82 points). Conclusions. Spanish psychiatric journals fulfill most of the requirements, although some of them could be improved, such as failures in the regularity of the publication, the English presentation of the abstracts and the paper typology specification, indication of the reception and acceptance date and lack of a clear description of the publishing process for the selection of the manuscripts and peer review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers: Revista de Sociologia is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Politica y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Sociología is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses and compares two kinds of logic that explain electoral behaviour: the performance vote and the ideological vote. To be exact, this paper puts one of the main hypotheses of both theories to the test: that the rules guiding citizens' voting decisions are the same, regardless of their level of interest, knowledge and information about political matters. In order to do this, empirical material taken from post-electoral surveys in four democracies —Spain, Portugal, Hungary and Poland— is analysed. The data belongs to the second module of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES 2005) programme which contains information on citizens' electoral conduct and knowledge of politics. The results indicate that while the influence of political knowledge on the logic of the performance vote is clear and conclusive, it is much less conclusive in the case of the ideological vote. All this suggests that democratic control of governments through sanctioning their performance requires citizens to have minimum levels of knowledge and information about politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several analysts have pointed out the emergence of a global consciousness that is closely related to the process of globalization of social life. It has been considered that this global consciousness, which is supported on an expansion of the geographical space of responsibility from which citizens feel they are being questioned, is encouraged by the revolution of information and communication technologies (ICT), the contents broadcast by the mass media and the action of international NGOs. From the context of these and starting from the data contained in a CIS survey (E-2419), this paper seeks to contrast empirically the hypothesis of the modifying action of the «cultural reference frameworks» of the international NGOs and its role in the proliferation of feelings of global solidarity, as well as the distribution of such sentiments in Spanish society. In order to do this, an operationalization of the empirical dimensions of solidarity is proposed first, and secondly, the influence that membership of various types of associations and organizations has on the dimensions of solidarity is analysed. Lastly, an examination is made of the degree to which the latter are associated with different positions of the social structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of UNISCI Discussion Papers is the property of Unidad de Investigaciones Sobre Seguridad y Cooperacion International (UNISCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Information Systems Outsourcing is a growing phenomenon in many businesses nowadays, which has been characterised, in general, with an insufficient level of detail and analysis. For this reason the main aim of this piece of work is to deepen into every aspects which define the outsourcing contract. We will do this by showing the results of a survey carried out in the biggest Spanish firms, and we will suggest the future which is glimpsed in relation with outsourcing in the firms subjected to study. In the paper also it is presented a longitudinal analysis, which shows the evolution in the last years of many variables which define the outsourcing relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to describe the prevalence of tobacco consumption among pre-adolescent and adolescent school children in Spain at the start of the 21St century. The data were collected within the framework of the "Estilos de Vida de los Adolescentes Escolarizados" (EVAE) project, a nationwide cross-sectional study on the lifestyles of adolescent school children. In this study, a random sample of 8,429 students aged from 10 to 18 years old (49.9% boys and 50.1 % girls) was selected. The school children filled in an anonymous questionnaire in their classrooms. Among the 12-year-old age group, there are a significantly higher number of boys than girls who have ever smoked tobacco. Figures are higher for girls in the 14-year-old or older age groups. Between the 12 and the 14-year-old age groups, there is an increase of 40 percentage points for girls who have ever smoked tobacco. The prevalence of daily smoking exceeds 10% among the 14-year-old or older age groups, with significantly higher rates for girls than for boys among the 15-year-old group and older students. Among the 17-year-old group, 25% of boys and 35% of girls report that they smoke daily. The recent experience of Spain and other countries shows that it is possible to significantly reduce the prevalence of tobacco consumption among school children within a few years. The primary prevention of tobacco consumption among adolescents can be highly effective and should constitute a priority for the health system, the education system and other sectors involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the gender pattern of Peruvian migration to Spain and Argentina. The author compares the different contexts that migrants face in both countries and the possibilities that are offered to migrant women in terms of jobs and social mobility. The author also analyzes how these opportunities are reflected in the expectations of Peruvian women to support their families in Peru and to be able to bring them to Spain and Argentina in the long run. Additionally, she explores how migrants design strategies to achieve these expectations through a mind-set (imaginario) where migration is represented as a global hierarchical network and migration targets. The questions underlying this research include the following: who are the women that migrate to these two countries? What type of social network do they use to migrate and how do they migrate? Which are the strategies they develop to support themselves and insert themselves in the labor market of Spain and Argentina? Which are the similarities and the differences observed between Peruvian migration to Spain and Argentina, and which are the economic and social opportunities they encounter as migrants? The data on which this paper is based -the migration experiences of three Peruvian women in each country- was gathered through field work which was carried out in Spain, in 1997, and in Argentina, in 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the authors get into the build of the political discourse in two important moments of Spain's recent History. They get it through a complex and contrasted method, the qualitative content analysis, computer aided in this case. So, the interest of this research is double: in one hand the clear benefit of the comprehension of the political discourse and behaviour; on other side, the clear exposition of a method which could be easily use in new and so different researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers: Revista de Sociologia is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Antropología Social is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The finding of the field notebooks of Gustavo Schulze brought to light the unpublished studies that this Mexican-German geologist carried out in the Picos de Europa and neighbouring areas from 1906 to 1908. These notebooks, full of lucid geological interpretations, along with part of the interesting fossil materials that Dr. Schulze collected in northern Spain, were donated in 1953 to the University of Tübingen. Presumably, this donation reflected Dr. Schulze's assumption that he never would be able to publish his materials himself. However, a document recently discovered, shows that one year after, in 1954, Dr. Schulze addressed a formal application to the Government of Spain, in which he explained the significance of his studies in the Cantabrian Mountains and asked for financial support to acomplish the research commenced nearly 50 years earlier. This document, bearing remarkable historical importance, is included in this paper, together with the analysis of the personality and outstanding scientific figure of Dr. Schulze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma: Serie V, Historia Contemporánea is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma: Serie V, Historia Contemporánea is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia y Comunicación Social is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a historical analysis of some of the scientific developments which led to the Industrial Revolution. The author begins with a brief review on the production processes prior to the industrialization, and particular focus is given to the chemical advances during this period and their role in the development of technology. Details related to the studies of chemistry in universities and colleges of Spain in the 19th Century are presented, including important academical papers and books on this discipline.

Copyright of Papers: Revista de Sociologia is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Politica y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper shows the most relevant conclusions of the research: "The informative image in online media: newspaper, radio and television". Firstly, the author presents the theory and methodology employed and them she describes how they are applied to a sample collected in 2004. This consisted of 311 images from online editions of newspaper La Vanguardia, El País and El Mundo; the radio stations Cadena Ser, Onda Cero, COPE, as well as broadcasters Antena 3 and Telecinco. Finally it explores how the object of study has changed and developed until 2008 and its possible lines of research. One of the main conclusions is that the modular design of the pages undermines the visual message. The presentation is homogeneous and the edition of the images is sharp to adjust them to fixed sizes. Authors have become anonymous, whereas news agencies have become the main suppliers of images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to public opinion the increasing number of foreign population has became one of the most problematic issues in the last decade. Since 2005 immigration is the second biggest concern for Spaniards after unemployment and followed by terrorism. It is has became a state issue and a central government worry of utmost importance. The media coverage given to immigration is very important, specifically the way in which it is approached and presented to the readers. This paper shows the different perspectives or frames used by two key nationwide Spanish newspapers, El País y El Mundo, to cover one of the migration crises that took place in the Canary Islands in spring 2006. Following Framing theory, media content has been analyzed using variables to show the different ways in which these media depict the phenomenon of migration and the approach which each newspaper follows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]