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Copyright of Formación Universitaria is the property of Centro de Informacion Tecnologica (CIT) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Góndola, Enseñanza y Aprendizaje de las Ciencias is the property of Gondola, Ensenanza y Aprendizaje de las Ciencias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Uni-Pluri/Versidad is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present research study aims to develop a novel methodology for estimating the VKT (Vehicle Kilometers Traveled) indicator and the energy consumption according to road transport type. Calculations are made for the Province of Loja (Ecuador) for the year 2014 by using an OLADE (Latin American Energy Organization) energy balance method. This is combined with a model similar to the Hardy Cross hydraulic flow systems solution with linear equations. The transportation system is represented as an energy balance and the inputs are: total fleet and vehicle type, specific average consumption for each vehicle type, and global fuel sales. The results show that there is a 2% variation between calculated consumed energy and total dispatched energy. The total energy used is 1,123,198 BEP, of which 24.65% is for passenger transport and 66.18% for cargo transport. It is concluded that the proposed methodology is appropriate, applicable nation-wide, and replicable in other provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Formación Universitaria is the property of Centro de Informacion Tecnologica (CIT) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, an iterative algorithm is constructed to improve the solution of a system of linear equations, of the form Ax = b, when it is solved using the Gauss-Jordan method and by using finite arithmetic. Understanding the functioning of the algorithm, showing its scope and analyzing how it is deduced, is achieved through the concept of matrix norm, together with some of its properties. The concept of the condition number of a matrix is introduced, and are found bounds for it by using the matrix norms. Finally, it is explained the iterative algorithm of the Refinement, showing the power of this one, when it is solved a system of linear equations ill conditioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]