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In the paper are exposed the possibilities of achieving a clean technology of production of corrugated paper from the employment of the pounding of the trash of sugar cane with ethanol. Were established the possibilities of achieving, by means of an analysis, processes of material and energy integration of the manufacture of sugar and installations of production of by-products. These processes are technologically and energetically sustainable, environmentally compatible, and economically competitive based in the benefits that can be achieved through the material and energy integration of the sugar cane by-products and the possibility of producing celluloid pulps with ethanol for corrugated cardboard, and by-products from the lignin obtained in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper are presented the results obtained in experiments where the traditional pulping method of bagasse is substituted to obtain semi-chemical pulps used as reactive caustic soda, destined to the production of cardboard, by organosolv pulping using bio-ethanol as deslignifying agent, as a way to minimize the pollution in the paper industry. In this study were evaluated 14 physical properties with the objective of analyzing in a wide spectrum the influence that this kind of pulping has above the board paper properties. The experiments were carried out at Pilot Plant level, and the independent variables chosen were: ethanol per cent, soda per cent, and degree of grinding. The results were analyzed by using Statgraphic software. The optimal operation conditions were obtained using LINGO software, through which it was applied the hierarchic optimization method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With this brief text I introduce the homonymous dossier. The idea of the dossier was to compile texts on matters that are not usually studied in the literature, written from original and polemical perspectives. These papers focus on subjects like the extraterrestrial perspective on humans (Laura Herrero Oliva), the a priori character of political conflict (Paola Romero), drinking alcohol with friends (Maria Borges) and political philosophy of the mind (Robert Hannah). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Norba: Revista de Arte is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Extremadura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Behavioral Psychology / Psicologia Conductual is the property of Fundacion VECA para el Avance de la Psicologia Clinica Conductual and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Clinica y Salud is the property of Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medicina Interna de Mexico is the property of Colegio de Medicina Interna de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Health & Addictions / Salud y Drogas is the property of Health & Addictions / Salud y Drogas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adicciones is the property of Sociedad Cientifica Espanola de Estudios sobre el Alcohol and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Clinica y Salud is the property of Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Health & Addictions / Salud y Drogas is the property of Health & Addictions / Salud y Drogas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transporte Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente is the property of Centro de Ingenieria y Manejo Ambiental de Bahias y Costas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adicciones is the property of Sociedad Cientifica Espanola de Estudios sobre el Alcohol and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Health & Addictions / Salud y Drogas is the property of Health & Addictions / Salud y Drogas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Health & Addictions / Salud y Drogas is the property of Health & Addictions / Salud y Drogas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Health & Addictions / Salud y Drogas is the property of Health & Addictions / Salud y Drogas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia is the property of Academia Mexicana de Neurologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is concerned with psychological aftermath in victims directly exposed to the March 11, 2004, terrorist attack in Madrid and their relatives. Sample was formed by 117 individuals with a mean age of 39,8 years, being the 59,5% females. The 66,1% of the overall sample had al least one relative killed, and the 87,9% at least one friend killed during the train bombings. This study followed a similar methodology than other three papers of out research group published in this volume by using for data collection a structured phone interview, carried out between 1 and 3 month after the terrorist attack. Results show that this group presents the highest psychopathological prevalence in comparison with the general population, affected zones and emergency personnel groups, due to the impact severity of the traumatic stressor. The 45,53% of the sample suffered panic attack during or soon after the terrorist attacks, especially when they heard bad news; the 31,3% presented major depression, and the 35,9% posttraumatic stress disorder (28,2% directed attributable to terrorism attacks); furthermore, there were other psychological sequelae such as increased tobacco, alcohol and drugs consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Química is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of legal and illegal substances by medical students is a phenomenon that is only partially known. The aim of this paper was to review the literature published internationally in the last 25 years about the use of legal and illegal substances by medical students. A systematic search was made of MEDLINE and LILACS. One hundred and six manuscripts were evaluated, which included a population of 88,413 medical students. We validated 74,001 questionnaires, which represented 83.7% of responses. The methodology and the rigor of its application are not the same in all the publications. There are many regional variations, most studies being made in America and Europe. With the exception of alcohol in some areas of the Western world, medical students use substances less than university students in general and the general population. The substances used are mainly alcohol (24%), tobacco (17.2%), and cannabis (11.8%). The use of hypnotic and sedative drugs also is common (9.9%). The rate of use of stimulants is 7.7% and of cocaine, 2.1%; opiate use being very low (0.4%). In some parts of Latin America, up to 14.1% use inhalants. Students in the last years of school have a higher rate of substance use. The use of substances, except for hypnotics and sedatives, is more common among men than women. The use of substances by medical students is a phenomenon that should be evaluated systematically due to its prevalence and potential impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty percent of the morbi-mortality related to traffic accidents is associated to alcohol consumption. In Costa Rica, during the last three decades, the amount of traffic accidents in which at least one person has been under alcohol influence had grown. This paper contains an analysis of the achievements and limitations of the preventive campaigns in our country and a review of international literature about prevention models that had demonstrated their efficacy in this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of H-Industria: Revista de Historia de la Industria Argentina y Latinoamericana is the property of H-Industria, Revista de Historia de la Industria Argentina y Latinoamericana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effect of certain simplifications in calculations of alcoholic distillation columns, such as to consider ethanol and water as the only components and to neglect heat losses is analyzed. The effect of reducing the number of components in the wine, from nine to the binary ethanol+water, over the enthalpy of the streams is discussed. The analysis was done from a nine components solution to the binary system ethanol-water. Three models for estimating the required properties were used showing that results are not significantly affected. The effects of heat losses by convection and radiation were estimated on both rectifying and purifying columns for insulated and non insulated cases were evaluated. The paper shows that the simplifications introduced to the HYSYS simulator are correct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper is made a valuation of the economic feasibility of installing a pipe of vapor between a Sugar Company and a near alcohol distillery to the same one. At first place was carried out an identification of the processes of sugar production and alcohol production, becoming bigger emphasis in the energy part, for this it was carried out balances of mass and energy, taking into account data from the process production, which were processed statistically, to determine if the bagasse surplus reaches to generate the demanded vapor for the factory of sugar and the distillery. Also, the vapor was quantified consumed in the technological equipments of the power station to compare these consumptions, with what is reported in the literature in order to evaluating the energy efficiency of the sugar process. The losses of heat are considered in the pipe of the vapor and an economic study was made that show the savings and other advantages that it would bring the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to analyze the demand for alcoholic beverages among Spanish young males and females. To that end, we develop an empirical model which combines elements from the Theory of Two-Stage Budgeting and the Theory of Addiction in a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System. We carry out the estimations with data mainly drawn from the Spanish National Survey on Drug Use in the School Population (2000). As a main result we highlight that lower purchasing power reduces the budget share allocated to buy alcoholic beverages, so fiscal policies will reduce the alcohol demand among teenagers. There is also empirical evidence that wine behaves as ordinary goods for women, whereas beer and spirits are luxury goods for men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adicciones is the property of Sociedad Cientifica Espanola de Estudios sobre el Alcohol and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents some of the main parameters in the behaviour pattern of young people in their binge drinking practices, seeking to improve the somewhat inaccurate view emerging from field studies. A total of 4,083 questionnaires were administered to young people in Valencia aged 14-25 during the academic year 2005/2006, from a random sample of schools and other educational institutions. The survey was conducted in the institutions themselves and participation was anonymous and voluntary. The findings confirm a progressive reduction in the age at which this practice begins, 13 having been the starting age for those adolescents who are currently 14 years old. Likewise, the results contradict the assertion that binge drinking is practised mainly by boys, as it is found to an equal extent in either sex. The European trend towards radicalisation of consumption is also confirmed: a considerable increase in the use of drinks with high alcohol content regardless of age and gender, resulting in mean blood alcohol levels of 1.5 gr. twice a week on average for more than 6 months a year. All of this is commonly combined with a misleading perception of the effects of alcohol consumption, the positive aspects being overestimated. These results underline the need to design selective or even indicated prevention programmes for approximately 20% of the most extreme cases, with a view to overcoming the current constraints of universal prevention. Nor should interventions overlook the issue of parental permissiveness -reflected in aspects such as early age of onset of binge- drinking or lack of controls on the time young people come home after partying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most common procedures used to assess the hedonic value of a drug is the conditioned place (CP) which explores the preference or the aversion towards a previously drug paired context. In this paper we report on the different apparatus, procedures and dependant measures used on CP and the main results found using ethanol. Finally we present a CP between-within subjects experiment on rats. The experiment consisted in three phases: (1) Pre-Test, we measured the animal's preference towards both contexts black place (BP) and white place (WP); (2) Conditioning, each animal received ethanol (dose: 0.5g/kg, i.p.) paired with the non preferred context and saline paired with the preferred context on alternate trials. A control group received vehicle in both contexts; (3) Post-Test same as pre-test. In both tests the time spent in each context was measured. The ethanol treated group reversed its place preference, whereas the saline group kept its initial preference. From this study we inferred that under this dose, ethanol has a positive hedonic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper it is presented the alternative of using molasses B as a carbohydrate source for the alcohol production. It is studied the influence of the substitution of the cane final molasses (molasses C) from different proportions of molasses B on the base of the advantages of the total reducing sugars. The proportions of molasses B mixes with molasses C tested were 80/20, 80/50 y 30/70. Two yeast strains were evaluated: Saccharomyces cerevisiae CM, and the Kluyveromyces fragilis KR16, as well as two initial concentration levels of total reducing sugars (12 and 14 %), to a substrate formed by 100 % of molasses C, 100 % of molasses B. Another strain formed by the mix of both of them to a 50 %, using three experimental designs of the factorial 2² type. The best results were obtained with the relation of molasses B/molasses C: 50:50. The following best result was obtained by the mixture of 80 % molasses B and 20 % molasses C, concluding that it is profitable to do the alcoholic fermentation from the use of the honey B as carbonate source, which is a strategic solution at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of Pinch Technology has resulted in significant improvements in the energy and capital efficiency of industrial facilities worldwide. It has been successfully applied in many different industries, from petrochemicals and chemicals to food and paper. Both continuous and batch processes have been analyzed, on an individual unit and site-wide basis. The method is equally applicable to new designs and to retrofits of existing facilities. Some of the basic principles of pinch technology will be utilized to develop and improve the design of a first-of-a-kind chemical process. The described process is the one of an alcohol distillery. Minimal temperature difference is optimized. A network design and economical balance is proposed. Benefits obtained retrofitting the actual design are showed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of catalytic isotope exchange of tritium gas in solid phase was studied in this paper in order to label high molecular weigth alcohols. The specific activity of the product was 1-10 Ci/mmol and the radiochemical purity more than 98%. The ground glass used as reaction media and Pd/C as catalyst, permitted to obtain a high values of reaction yields and incorporated activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the impact of new substrates on the production of Torula yeast in Cuba, by analyzing combinations of mixtures of juice of the clarified filters, still wines, and final honey, according with its yield: % of gross protein, substrates costs and protection of the environment, measured as Chemical Oxygen Demand. For that, it was carried out a study at laboratory scale, by means of an experiment simple mesh-type, being obtained the models that correlate yield in propagation, gross protein and chemical oxygen demand in function of the contribution total sugar reducers for each substrate. The results showed the feasibility of production of Torula yeast with substrates mixtures, for the optimum proportions of mixture honey-juice-wines of 58, 12 and 30% of contribution of ART respectively, for a prospective yield of 42%, and in binary mixture honey-wines: 40-60 % for 39 % yield . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the consumption of alcohol amongst university students living in halls of residence in Spain, following the action research carried out in one of them. More specifically, a participatory research process was carried out with two aims: on the one hand, to come up with preventive action regarding alcohol consumption for young people by young people; and on the other hand, it aims to assess the difficulties and advantages of this research strategy with young people in student halls of residence. The results show that the risk reduction strategy alcohol consumption having the young people be the leaders is the most appropriate way of proposing preventive interventions on alcohol consumption. Some suggestions are given regarding how to apply action research in the context of student halls of residence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psicogente is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar, Programa de Psicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Health & Addictions / Salud y Drogas is the property of Health & Addictions / Salud y Drogas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adicciones is the property of Sociedad Cientifica Espanola de Estudios sobre el Alcohol and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salud Mental is the property of Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salud Mental is the property of Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)