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Copyright of Carta Económica Regional is the property of Universidad de Guadalajara and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Realidad Economica is the property of Realidad Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between agricultural methane and nitrous oxide emissions as a function of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and its quadratic term in 26 Latin American and Caribbean countries (1990-2019). It also considers the stock of foreign investment to test the polluting paradise hypothesis, agricultural land (AL), and, additionally, methane for nitrous function. The study comprised unit root and cointegration tests. Coefficients were estimated by using fully modified least squares (FMOLS), correlated common effects (CCE), and augmented mean group (AMG). Results by FMOLS show statistical evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve in the set of countries for methane and support the polluting paradise hypothesis. However, results from CCE and AMG show the opposite. For nitrous oxide, FMOLS confirms a U-shaped curve. The above supports a joint environmental policy for both gases, where AL is a key element. The previous results must be corroborated with other methods and the studies extended to other countries over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At the center of global initiatives, various approaches are being discussed and realigned to achieve global objectives for production and food security for the present and future generations. However, agricultural systems, which are the main biogeophysical source for ensuring nutritional benefits and global food security, undergo changes over time. In the coming decades, these systems will face complex challenges, for example, associated with changes in food consumption patterns, climate change, land abandonment and/or intensification of land use. The ability of these systems to support global food security will be determined by their efficiency, sustainability, and equity. The integration of geospatial approaches to geographical research offers a practical opportunity to model agricultural systems, which, in turn, can contribute to obtain new data that assist in decision-making processes, anticipating future changes, and projecting long-term robust strategies to manage imminent challenges. This article presents a reflection on the development and integration of spatial analysis, geospatial data, and simulation models in the field of agricultural systems, highlighting and exemplifying different modeling techniques and geospatial technologies to support current and future research needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I propose to analyse the experiences of agricultural land use in a context of environmental conflict associated with production in the peri-urban area of Venado Tuerto (Santa Fe-Argentina). This paper is based on a relational socio-anthropological perspective and stems from the doctoral research carried out between 2015-2020, recovering part of the field material (in-depth interviews and observations) constructed during this study. The approach used allowed us to identify a hegemonic tendency to transform rural areas into agricultural areas, based on the pre-eminence of economic-productive aspects. Despite this, some transformations in land use and productive practices were identified, as well as the emergence of "new producers". It is argued that these processes can be explained in terms of a process of environmental conflict that has been unfolding in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Complutum is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban sprawl over agricultural landscapes generates urban-rural interfaces. The coexistence of agricultural and residential land uses can promote conflicts over the use of pesticides. In Mendoza (Argentina), the scarcity of water resources is a constraint for moving agriculture beyond irrigated areas, so it is important to improve this coexistence. In order to reduce the use of pesticides, strategies based on ecosystem functions such as biological pest control through conservation are necessary. This strategy depends on the functional biodiversity present in the landscape, especially on plant communities with the capacity to provide habitat for arthropod species, parasitoids and generalist predators. The objective of this work was to construct an index to evaluate the capacity to provide potential habitat for biological controllers (IHPB) in different areas of a landscape, in order to provide knowledge for the territorial environmental management of interface areas. The IHPB was constructed from five indicators and evaluated in the Lunlunta district (Maipú, Mendoza). The study area was classified into six landscape units (UP): Dryland natural, Riverside natural, Semi-natural, Conventional agricultural, Biodiverse agricultural and Urban, in which vegetation censuses were conducted for the calculation of the indicators. The IHPB showed the highest value in the Dryland natural UP due to the high diversity, total cover and native tree and shrub species present in its plant community; the lowest was registered in Conventional agriculture. Its application confirmed the importance of natural areas in terms of their potential to sustain the beneficial entomofauna base for the biological control of pests, and the need to improve habitat conditions in agricultural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a historical reconstruction of Mexican labor migration as a result of the Bracero Program from 1942 to 1954. In particular, is analyzed the procedures implemented in the selection of braceros, so that they traveled to agricultural farms and urban work centers in Texas, California, New Mexico, Chicago, and New York. In addition, it is shown cases of corruption in Mexico in the granting of green cards of residence; protests by Mexican workers; the working conditions the braceros faced, and the type of food and housing they had where they were housed. It is described the forms that illegal migration took of the so-called espaldas mojadas (wetbacks), the mistreatment and discrimination experienced by the braceros, as well as the way in which the return of hired workers intensified, and the massive deportation of the so-called sin papeles (illegals) who managed to work in a concealed way in the neighboring country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Roca: Revista Científico-Educacional de la Provincia de Granma is the property of Universidad de Granma, Departamento Editorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article titled "Colonies and Agricultural Colonizations in Modern and Contemporary Spain. New Perspectives and Contributions" presents a book coordinated by Francisco José Pérez-Schmid Fernández and Adolfo Hamer Flores, which addresses the topic of agricultural colonizations in Spain. The book includes six investigations focused on specific cases in Andalusia, which analyze the impact of agricultural colonizations on land ownership, urban development, and economic viability. These investigations offer new perspectives and contribute to the knowledge of agricultural colonizations in Spain. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Economía Coyuntural, Revista de Temas de Coyuntura y Perspectivas is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas y Sociales Jose Ortiz Mercado (IIES-JOM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of the cultural profile (PC) contributes to monitoring of the state of the soil in an agricultural system. A quantitative assessment was designed: agricultural CP index (CPI). The aim of this work was to study the relationship between IPC and other physical properties related to PC. Eleven plots of agricultural land and two plots without productive use were studied. The variables characterized were CPI, visual qualifi cation of structural quality (Cvc), resistance to penetration (RP), structural stability (EE), percentage of aggregates between 0.3 and 2 mm (Ag) and organic matter (OM). Multiple linear regression analysis was performed, with y = IPC and regressor variables: MO (x1), Cvc (x2), EE (x3), RP (x4) and Ag (x5). Cvc, RP and Ag presented a signifi cant linear relationship with IPC; not so MO and EE. Applying multiple regression y = IPC and regressor variables: Cvc, RP and Ag, the three variables accounted for almost 75% of the variance of IPC. Cvc is the one that has the greatest influence on IPC. We conclude that Cvc, the RP and Ag were singnifi cantly related with the IPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades, Intituto de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Austral de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of OHM: Obradoiro de Historia Moderna is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new regulation for organic production in Aragon has been approved, establishing the legal framework for the Aragonese Committee of Organic Agriculture. This new regulation replaces Decree 78/2014 and complies with Regulation (EU) 2018/848 on organic production and labeling of organic products. The Aragonese Committee of Organic Agriculture will be the control authority responsible for ensuring compliance with legal requirements for organic production and granting the necessary authorizations. The objective is to reach 25% of agricultural land dedicated to this type of production by 2030. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Cuba value chains constitute a new work philosophy in the farming sector, because with them a horizontal integration among entities that are associated with the same purpose is intended to be achieved. The objective of this research was to describe the methodological procedure for the design of value chains of farming products at local scale, obtained in 30 selected farms in Matanzas and Villa Clara, which are inserted in the international project Co-innovation. The techniques of experts and multidisciplinary groups were applied, the analysis of performance and of the critical factors was carried out, and the process maps were used. Questionnaires were also designed interviewing the different actors; and for the conformation of maps of specific value chains per farming product and for each farmer, and group dynamics techniques were applied. The main result was the description of the stages and steps for the design of value chains. It is concluded that the methodological procedure proposed for the design of value chains of farming products at local scale is distinguished by definition of a general model of value chain, which allows to define the generic maps of value chains per product and from them the specific ones for the context of each farm, taking into consideration the presence of actors with multiple functions, management models and ownership. All these differentiate it from the existing experiences in the country and constitute a referent to be taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the process that took place as changes were made to the way in which indigenous manual labor was used (as mandated by the Spanish government through the encomienda) in Central Chile towards the end of the sixteenth century through the first half of the seventeenth century. As gold veins were depleted and the Chilean economy changed, moving toward agro-livestock production, Spanish representatives began slowly and tentatively, at first, then massively and permanently, to move workers to farms and ranches where they lived and lent personal services. Other tax payers paid indigenous people, bought slaves or contracted those who were available to work regardless of their origin. This meant that by the seventeenth century, the majority of these people were living on such rural properties and deserting their original settlements. As these farms became the main nuclei of the rural indigenous populations, people from many different geographical locations–with a variety of legal statuses and identities–came together and raised families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to determine the factors that affect the hygienic-sanitary quality of raw milk sold in the sock of the Bolívar canton parish. It was a diagnosis through sheets of observation on 23 farms and 30 places of sale of this parish. We assessed the level of microbial contamination of 30 samples taken from places of sale (15 samples in the municipal market) and 15 samples in stores using plate count by planting of aerobic mesophyll (NTE INEN 1529-5), Staphylococcus aureus (NTE INEN 1529-14), total coliforms (NTE INEN 1529- 7) and Salmonella (NTE INEN 1529-15). Data processing was used for cluster analysis and descriptive statistics using Microsoft Excel 2010 and statistical software SPSS v.21. The found results were mishandling of raw milk, inadequate infrastructure in places of production and marketing, high counts of CFU/ml in the analyzed samples of raw milk with a value of 1.6 x 106 CFU/ml, which exceeds the established by the NTE INEN 9 (2012), which is 1.5 x 106 CFU/ml, on the other hand was designed and delivered educational 53, 23 good practices of milking taken from Codex Alimentarius and 30 good practices of established marketing by the NTE INEN 2687, for which it is concluded the lack of hygiene in people as in kitchenware and improper operation during milking, handling and marketing affecting the hygienic-sanitary quality of raw milk in Calceta- Bolivar - Manabi, Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to characterize and group agroecosystems with sheep production in the eastearn side of Yucatan, Mexico. This study was held from August 2012 to April 2013. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied while interviewing 93% of producers from seven municipalities that have sheep within their agroecosystems. Random sampling, cluster analysis, ANOVA using GLM and comparison of means by Tukey (P>0.05) were performed. Four different groups of agroecosystems with sheep production were obtained: GA (elderly people in charge, middle schooling, and high amount of land, large herds or more years practicing sheep farming), GB middle age people in charge, higher schooling, intermediate amount of land, and intermediate herd size), GC (elderly people in charge, less schooling, low amount of land and reduced herd size), and GD (younger people in charge, high schooling, low amount of land, small herd size and less time performing the activity). Sheep farming was the first, second, and third productive option for 12%, 75% and 11,8% of producers. In some cases, sheep production in the region has been practiced for over 15 years; however it is the economic priority only of a small group of producers. Access to resources determined their level of development and lack of organization among sheep producers is evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the next paper, we will study the land takeovers in the province of Cautín between 1967 and 1973, because this province was not only one of the main centers of these conflicts, but also because it has been one of the provinces that has had a bigger attention by the researches about rural disputes in Chile during these troubled years. Through a detailed analysis of regional documentation, we have carried out a quantification, classification and characterization of the land takeovers and the subjects who performed them. Through a detailed analysis of regional documentation, we have carried out a quantification, classification and characterization of the land takeovers and the subjects who performed them. Our ultimate goal is to review and reassess some of the traditional views and conceptions that exist about this protest expression and the rural disputes in the province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Great efforts are made in Cuba to achieve a sustainable development that guarantees food security and energetic self-sufficiency, compatible with environmental protection. This purpose receives the contribution of the international project BIOMAS-CUBA, which has among its main objectives the promotion and implementation of sustainable agroenergetic farms, and within whose framework this study was conducted. An integral procedure was developed to contribute to the transition from agricultural to sustainable agroenergetic farms, which was structured into three stages: 1) initial diagnosis, 2) model of intervention, and 3) model implementation and evaluation of the change. For its validation, the procedure was implemented in two previously diagnosed farms, which had the most unfavorable energy balances among all the ones related to the Project. In both farms the richness of species (45 %), the productive diversity (25 %), agriculture-livestock production integration, productive volumes (45 %), capacity of the systems to contribute to the food security of people in the municipality (78 % of protein and 64 % of energy), as well as the energy balance (137 %) and the economic results (37 %), increased. In addition, the energy cost of the protein (an average of 141 %) decreased, with regards to the basis year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Commission has granted an exemption to the Italian regions of Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Piedmont, and Veneto regarding pollution caused by nitrates used in agriculture. This exemption allows these regions to apply up to 250 kg of nitrogen per hectare per year, derived from animal manure and treated pig manure, in farms with a minimum of 70% of crops with high nitrogen consumption and long growth cycles. It is estimated that this exemption will benefit a large number of cattle and pig farms in these regions, as well as agricultural farms. The competent authorities must ensure that the granted exemptions are compatible with the capacity of the manure treatment facilities and the authorized water consumption in the beneficiary farms. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the processes and techniques related to agricultural grafting in the province of Andalusia, Spain. The author comments on the agronomic history and influence of grafting in the region, which is based on Greco-Roman, Byzantine, and Arab-Islamic agricultural practices. She also considers the impact of the scientific classification of plants and other agricultural crops on grafting. The development and implementation of agricultural treatises in Andalusia is also highlighted.

This article discusses the role of agricultural experts in Andalusia, Spain, regarding the development and implementation of pest control in the region. The author comments on the drafting of agricultural treatises outlining the proper extermination techniques for produce, farm animals, and in agricultural buildings. She describes the history of pest control in Andalusia as well as of these treatises and their effectiveness. The influence of Greco-Byzantine agricultural pest control practices on Andalusian techniques is also explored.

The archaeological site of Las Pailas is one of the most important agricultural enclaves in the North Calchaquí Valley. It includes 500 hectares of farmland irrigated by a network of canals, a characteristic which leads us to think that the place was settled since the beginning of the First Millennium AD. Research carried out in the past few years has identified a new cultivation area, Las Pailas 2, which is spacially linked to Las Pailas 1. It is supposed to be related to the former and it is very similar regarding the structure of agricultural land. Despite the vastness of the agricultural extension of the region, its study seems to have been relegated to secondary research. The resumption of exploration has improved knowledge and raised awareness of the relationship between ancient societies with their land, the features of the kind of farming carried out, and the type of hydraulic strategies developed to ensure agricultural production. In many cases the former aspects, are important connections to the current farming practices of local people living in this portion of the southern Andes nowadays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geomatics, Geoinformatics or Geoinformation techniques, like it is preferred to name them, they are a group of the geospatial technologies as well as specialized computer programs in data analysis and its spatial representation. Among the most important highlights Remote Sensing, the Geographical Information Systems (GIS), the Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and the Cartography, as well as software for the digital processing and CAD representation among others. Today in day would be almost impossible to management the agrarian processes without appealing to the employment of some of these techniques. One of the fundamental thematic cartographic tools are the cadastral maps, defined as cartographic documents that represent the goods properties of an agricultural area with enough it spatial details to facilitate the management at level of parcels, sub-parcels and even to inside of the parcels scale. The work in fact has as objective to demonstrate the necessity and importance of the employment of the cadastral tools to achieve an efficient agrarian and territorial management. For it the advance of the cadastre like system in Cuba is exposed, arriving to the contemporary conception and emphasizing in the specialized kind of cadastres for the branch, showing a concrete example which allow to managers and specialist of the PyMES to appreciate their kindness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, there is a world worry about restoring and preserving biodiversity, either in natural areas or anthropized agricultural systems. After the Green Revolution had appeared, a high-input monoculture was established in large areas, which caused ecosystem biodiversity erosion, particularly farmers' managed agrodiversity, besides increasing greenhouse gas emissions (GEI), as a result of using technological packages and farm misuse. Our country was not free from this process and when the socialist field had fallen down, Cuba was immersed into a general food crisis facing the challenge of looking for low-input solutions. Since 2001, the participatory plant breeding staff has delivered the farmers some crop varieties kept in germplasm banks from the national institutions. This study was carried out in 14 farms from Havana province, where Shannon Weaver and Margalef's diversity indexes were calculated for producers' agricultural species, either linked or not to the project. Also, through IPCC-2001 methodology, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from these productive systems were estimated, in order to know their relationship to agrodiversity. Results proved that diversity indexes are highly correlated in every farm studied, depending on the number of species preserved by farmers. Nitrous oxide emissions are strongly correlated with the amount of nitrogenous fertilizers applied to the farm and, in case of methane, as there were different sources of emission, besides not being present in every farm, it did not show any correlation with agrodiversity or with another aspect measured in the farms. Those farms with more diversity had low greenhouse gas emissions, which indicates that an adequate agrodiversity management in the farms reduces emissions by agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In last years, the technological change of the Argentine agriculture has had a concentrating impact. The information of the National Agricultural Census of 2002 shows an acceleration of this process, with fall of the quantity of farms and increase of its average size. The statistics do not show the involved social subjects. Our interest is to understand how they take the decisions to abandon the direct production. The census information was analyzed and interviews were realized in pampas and extrapampas areas. We find that, in pampas region, the financial capacity of the farms defined great part of its luck, due to the capital needed to initiate the productive cycle. The extrapampas areas are a part of the same process, but with different problematic. The irregular situation of land possession was a latent problem until the agricultural production valued the lands that the small producers occupy. Those who appear were groups with sufficient financial aptitude to cover the increases of expenses. We affirm that the decrease of family farms will have consequences on economic, social and productive life of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March and April, 2003, a maize prospection was carried out in 20 municipalities belonging to five regions of Chiapas, Mexico. 331 accessions of maize were collected, two donated by INIFAP and the rest collected in the farmer's farms. Prospections are integrated by accessions with different grain colors. On May 30, 2003, 85 maize accessions were sowed in "La Albarrada" Center of Community Development, located in the municipality of San Cristóbal de Las Casas. Different evaluations were carried out showing a wide maize variability; this variability was found within accessions of different color as well as among accessions of different color. This variability was also proved among different farms where they were collected. On December 6, 2003, a biodiversity fair was carried out. During the fair 51 accessions were selected at least once by farmers (60 % of all the exposed diversity). Farmers showed a bigger interest for accessions with black and yellow grain color, constituting 66.6 % of the collected diversity. During the selection, men and women had different approaches when selecting the accessions and they also differed in the number of selected accessions. In general, farmers showed a great interest on creole accessions that showed some tolerance to their specific conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study has been carried out over the advantages of the utilization of tractors or animal power and on the complementation between these energetic means for the diverse conditions of production and other factors such as the degree of development of the territory, extension of the areas, tradition, economic possibilities, etc. The study showed the degree in which animal traction is a viable option, especially in little and middle farms and in general in crop cultivation. Also evidenced that mechanized traction must be potentialzed, being indispensable on certain conditions analyzed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation of soil erosion was undertaken in the 4 ha field of La Victoria 1 Farm. Three models for converting Cs measurements to estimates of soil redistribution rates on studied cultivated field have been used, the proportional model, the gravimetric approach and simplified mass balance model. Using the first one net soil erosion was calculated to be 9.6 t.ha-1year-1. Estimates of soil loss using the gravimetric method and simplified mass balance model were found to be 9.5 and 14.9 t.ha-1.year-1, respectively. Preliminary results suggest that Cs technique may be of considerable value in assembling data on the rates and spatial distribution of soil loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Administration capability of rural manager is, at present, a very important aspect to exit or failure of agricultural enterprises. Regarding to yield knowledge as an index of this, in the present work it is studied if managers of northeast of La Pampa province know and use this ratio. Its involved variables are also analized. The planned hypothesis is that yield knowledge depends of education level, specific realized capability curses and farms extension. Data were collected by means of direct enterview to a sample of the sector managers. χ²-test was realized to check association or independence between cualitative variables, as soon as their association level. Later, a multi-variant analysis was realized, adding all the variables to check possible causal relations. Obtained results show association between yield knowledge and educational variables. That means managers with capability curses and upper-studies have a higher knowledge of yield ratio. On trural he other hand, there's no an important association respect to farm extension variable. It is concluded that, if yield knowledge is really an index of exit and survival, this work shows the importance of managers capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]