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The article reflects on the monetary and economic history during the independence of Peru taking place between 1820 and 1823. The imperial money system, the Auxiliary Bank of Paper Money in Peru and Peruvian president José de San Martín's influence on these systems are discussed by the author. The traditional Spanish monetary system, its policies and its influences on Peru's monetary system are addressed. The paradox of the money shortages in Peru during José de San Martin's protectorate are described by the author as machines without money.

Objectives: To determine the frequency of publication of scientific articles by thesis advisors of the School of Medicine of a private University in Lima, Peru. Methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive study. We search for papers using Google Scholar, Medline, and Scopus. The frequencies and percentages of the variables were calculated. Results: Out of 19 advisors, 63% of them had ever published an article in their life, and 53% had ever published an original article. 26% and 21% have published an original paper in Scopus and Medline in the last five years, respectively; while only 5% published an original article during the previous two years in those databases. Just one teacher (5.3%) was registered in REGINA. Conclusions: The publication rate in recent years of the thesis advisers of a School of Medicine of a private University of Lima is poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Tropical Grasslands / Forrajes Tropicales is the property of International Centre for Tropical Agriculture - CIAT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To determine the characteristics of the original papers about the plants properties published in Peruvian medical journals. Material and methods. We reviewed the bibliographic databases of SciELO Peru and SISBIB for the period 2004-2008. Results. We found 825 original papers in 14 journals, but only 45 were included to the study. The number of the included original papers by year was 3 (2004), 5 (2005), 9 (2006), 13 (2007) y 15 (2008). The journals that published the highest rate of original papers about plants were journals from medical faculties Rev Med Vallejiana (33%), Horizonte Médico (29%) y An Fac Med (13%). The institutions that developed more studies were Universidad. Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (45,5%), Universidad de San Martín de Porres (22%) y Universidad Nacional de Trujillo (13%). from 226 authors, 11 were the most productive authors with the 22,1% of the total production. from 57 studied plants, the most investigated were Lepidium sp. (maca), Croton palanostigma (sangre de grado), Calophyllum brasiliense (lagarto caspi) and Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacón). The potential uses of the plants more researched were nutritional, antineoplastic, antioxidative, hypoglycemic and arterial hypotensive. There were only six (13,3%) clinical studies and the rest was experimental or biochemical. Conclusions. The published scientific medical production related to the plant properties is scanty but growing, mainly done in the public and private universities with almost null participation of the private enterprise. There is an elite of highly-producing authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study describes and analyzes the state of research on cocoa cultivation in administrative and socioeconomic areas in Latin America during the last five years. The research is descriptive, for which we proceeded to identify the location of the research articles considering the following criteria: filter by publication, filter by keyword and filter by topic. The results allow us to observe that after a filtering of 50 articles, the database was made up of 31 papers. It was known that 74.42% of the publications are published in regional impact databases (Latindex, DOAJ, Scielo and Redalyc) and in a lower order with 22.58% in global impact databases (SCOPUS and WEB_OF_SCIENCE); Likewise, it was determined that the most frequent lines of research are that of productive processes of cocoa cultivation in Latin America in 70.97% and in 29.03% socioeconomic aspects; It was possible to show that Ecuador leads the investigations in this area by 54.84% and to a lesser scale countries such as: Colombia, Mexico, Peru by 22.58%; 12.90%; 9.68% on your order. It is concluded, despite the fact that important research contributions have been made in the production processes of cocoa; It is important to analyze the economic and financial part of this crop in order to provide the small and medium producer of this crop with strategies that help improve their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to present an unknown text in the fields of philology and the history of science: the Diccionario de medicina peruana (Dictionary of Peruvian Medicine), by Hermilio Valdizán (1923-1961). To this end, we analyze the macrostructure, microstructure and iconostructure of the nine volumes that constitute this monumental contribution to the historical, anthropological and ethnographic studies of the pre-Hispanic and colonial culture of Peru, to which Valdizán dedicated more than two decades of tireless documentary and compilation work. We offer a study of the lexical units included in this lexicographical repertoire, as well as the areas of specialization to which the word list compiled by Valdizán belongs, the lexicographical sources that he used for the preparation of his work and the presence of the indigenous element. This will be accompanied by a review of the biobibliographical, encyclopedic and linguistic contributions preserved in this dictionary, which is revealed as a fundamental piece to understand and (re)construct the medical history of Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista INVI is the property of Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Our pilot project, Son Mis Datos (It's My Data), is among several initiatives that have arisen over the past few years to address the need for personal data literacy in an era of increasing datafication, platformization, algorithmic decision making and digital transformation. The vast majority of these projects have emerged in Europe, North America and Australia, often in the wake of the Cambridge Analytica scandal and regulatory initiatives such as the Global Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Given this period of experimentation with community intervention, there is little clarity about what constitutes a successful personal data literacy initiative, particularly for the Latin American context, given its particular experience with digital transformation, unique tradition of communications theory, and position within the global economy. In this paper we explore and critique the goals of other personal data literacies as a foundation for our own set of evaluative criteria. We then turn these criteria on the Son Mis Datos initiative to explore the assumptions, successes and shortcomings of our initiative. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for how to pursue personal data literacy work that is culturally relevant and grounded in the needs and perspectives of local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Themis: Revista de Derecho is the property of Themis Asociacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Gender inequality has not been oblivious to science, where the under-representation of women in the academic scope is a concern. This is a problem that requires in-depth study, especially in careers with high percentages of women such as psychology and regions such as Latin America where there is a considerable proportion of female scientific psychologists. Despite this scene, the feminine production is known to present an increase; however, it is still lower than the masculine one. This shows that women are under-represented in leadership positions, hiring and applying for grants, and financing of research projects in public health and epidemiology. Likewise, review studies on female production in psychology are scarce in Peru and Latin America. The objective of this research is to characterize the production of women researchers in psychology by type of research, area of application, leadership and subject matter. For such objectives, a total of 149 papers published by 14 women researchers recorded in Peru's National Registry of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation (RENACYT) were analyzed. Four psychologists were excluded because they did not have their scientific production declared; in addition, repeated documents and those which did not correspond to scientific documents, such as congress summaries, papers in non-indexed journals and those excluded from any database were also excluded under the PRISMA's recommendations. The results show a greater quantity of co-authorships (60.4 %), studies with empirical designs (79.2 %), of associative objective (36.2 %), correlational strategy (21.5 %) and a greater quantity of papers in the clinical and health subfield (38.9 %) and education (38.3 %). As for the subject matter, clinical disorders (23.5 %) and cognitive processes (16.8 %) appear with greater frequency. Regarding these findings, there is scientific information evidencing that empirical designs are the most usual form of research, while the theoretical ones are the opposite; at least in Latin American. Furthermore, a ranking of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century only includes two women: Mary Ainsworth and Anna Freud, ranked 98th and 100th respectively. As for the fact of finding that more than 50 % of researchers occupy the position of co-author, previous studies show similar percentages in the health field indicating an increase from 50.3 % to 55.6 % in co-authorship. Finally, there is little scientific literature about the frequent topics studied by psychologists; therefore, these results are unprecedented; however, a search in Scopus by keywords reveals that HIV is the most studied topic in Peru; a variable located in the clinical and health subfield. Likewise, another variable that appears in the search is depression, that can be included in the topic of clinical disorders. Despite these results, the study has the following limitations: firstly, feminine scientific production can be studied from diverse sources such as review of publications in a journal, presentations at a congress, production in Scopus, which can cause difficulties in contrasting results. Secondly, there are no studies on thematic analysis, which does not allow comparison with previous research and suggests taking the findings with caution because it has a more exploratory connotation, so it is recommended to continue with this type of study. In conclusion, research psychologists carry out empirical studies framed in the analysis of the relationship between variables with a lesser predominance of theoretical and manipulative, quasi-experimental or single case studies. To a greater extent, the research is clinical and based on health. The women appear as co-authors in a large percentage of studies where the most frequent subject is clinical disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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