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Objective. To assess the fatty acids composition (FA) in Wagyu beef and its crosses with Angus, Beefmaster, Brangus and Hereford, and to analyze its relationship with genetic markers related to lipid metabolism. Materials and methods. 111 Longissimus dorsi samples were collected and grouped by genetic group. FA were extracted and quantified in a gas-liquid chromatography and DNA markers theoretically associated to FA were typed. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium were examined, the effect of crosses and the effect of genotypes were estimated. Results. The crosses did not show substantial differences in FA composition. Nine SNPs showed association with FA composition, and a significant effect was found in the SLC2A4 marker ss62538460 which influenced SFA, MUFA and MUFA/SFA; PLTP ss77832104 and IGF2R ss77831885 markers, influenced C16:0, MYOZ1 ss77832104 on C17:1 and PPARGC1A c.1892+19 on C18:2. In addition, previously described effects of MEF2C ss38329156 and SCD c.878 were supported. Conclusions. These results are first evidence on FA deposition in Wagyu cattle and their crosses, and proposes some loci in candidate genes with the possibility of implementation in assisted selection strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive. To determine the proximal composition and profile of fatty acids (FA) in Cotinis columbica Burmeister larva collected in the municipalities of Mogotes and Garzón, Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods. Six samples of C. columbica Burmeister larvae were collected during three months, from the municipalities of Mogotes and Garzón, Bogotá, Colombia (3 months x 2 = 6). The samples were subjected to proximal chemical analysis and AG analysis by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector and capillary column. Results. In mogotes, 21.2 and 23.3% of fat and protein were found, respectively, while in Garzón values of 31.1 and 25.9% were found, there was no statistical difference (p≥0.05). Chromatographic analyzes determined 18 AG, from C4:0 to C22:2, c13.16. The t-student test showed significance (p<0.05) only in C10:0; through time (May, June and July) the values were higher in Garzón larvae. The contents of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated AG groups were between 30.20 and 36.92 (% w/w). Conclusions. The proximal composition and fatty acid profile were similar, except for C10:0, in the fat of Cotinis columbica Burmeister larvae from Mogotes and Garzón, Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to experimentally determine the quality specification limits for the Cucurbita pepo lipid extract, by using the tabulated K method. Using ten consecutive lots, an analysis was carried out of parameters such as specific weight, refractive indexes, acidity, saponification, peroxide, and fatty acid content (palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic). The distribution of the data was assessed. Then, the quality specification limits were calculated, for a 95% degree of confidence. The values obtained in the assessment of physical and chemical parameters demonstrated the quality of the extract, by adhering to the normal distribution of data, with probability values above 0.05. Using the tabulated K method were established unilateral quality specification limits to index of acidity and peroxide, fatty acid content, while to specific weight, refractive and saponification indexes were bilateral. The assessed lots of Cucurbita pepo lipid extract have adequate quality, considering the results of the evaluated parameters. The properties of the assessed lots showed a high degree of compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scientific evidence exists on the detection and recognition of the 'fatty taste' as one of the tastes sensed by taste buds, and around the sensory properties of fats in foods as related to nutrition and public health. Objective: Present research advances in the quality of the fatty flavor and current strategies to achieve compliance with the recommendations for lipid consumption. Results: There is physiological basis for affirming that the fatty taste constitutes one of the basic tastes, in which its possible receptors and polymorphisms are identified. Taste sensitivity to fatty acids is affected by the consumption of lipids. Dietary fat consumption can be reduced by changing cooking methods and in the food industry by using fat replacers. Conclusion: The fatty taste could be modulated by genetic and environmental factors. Genetic variants exist in taste receptors and their sensitivity depends on dietary fat consumption. Fat replacers are an alternative to help reduce dietary intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is an analysis of scientific elements on the metabolism of ruminants: polysaccharides, proteins and lipids. Where i) the fermentative digestion carried out by microorganisms, ii) the posruminal digestion and absorption and iii) the metabolism of each monomer is associated with the blood analytes that give us an approximation to the nutritional metabolism of the animal, also confer information on alterations and adjustments homeostatic. This review emphasizes the metabolism of monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids. Therefore, the revised information aims to make the understanding of catabolic and anabolic processes in ruminant nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The D-005, lipid substance of the fruit of Acrocomia crispa (corojo palm), contains a mixture of fatty acids, mainly lauric, oleic, myristic and palmitic and has shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in rodents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of D-005 using the rat's bone marrow micronucleus assay. Sprague Dawley rats were used, coming from a subchronic toxicity study (90 days),which were distributed in five experimental groups of five animals per sex: three groups treated orally with D-005 (200, 500 and 1000 mg/kg), a negative control group treated with the vehicle and a positive control group (Cyclophosphamide, 20 mg/kg). Clinical signs were evaluated daily. After the administration period, the necropsy was performed to each animal and the femur was extracted to obtain the samples. The presence of polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes was scored. In addition, the frequency of polychromatic erythrocytes carrying micronuclei was calculated. There were no significant differences between the negative control group and the groups administered with D-005 in relation to the polychromatic erythrocytes/normochromatic erythrocytes ratio, indicating absence of cytotoxic effect of the treatment at the doses evaluated. The polychromatic erythrocytes/normochromatic erythrocytes ratio of the positive controls decreased significantly with respect to those of the negative controls, in addition a significant increase micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was observed. The frequency of occurrence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, also showed no significant differences between the groups treated with D-005 and the negative control group, as well as the comparison between the sexes did not reveal the existence of differences in any of the indicators studied. The results obtained indicate that oral treatment with D-005 does not induce clastogenic or cytotoxic activity in rat's bone marrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isochrysis galbana is a marine microalga which highlights by containing a great diversity of antioxidant biomolecules. It shows a high content of lipids that can be used in aquaculture and biofuel, its high polyunsaturated fatty acid profile such as DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) or for having high fucoxanthin content (carotenoid group). For a century, this microalga is very well known as feed for bivalves, larva of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. Transesterification is the necessary reaction to be able to derivative the fatty acids in methylated fatty acids (AGM) and thus be able to identify and quantify them. It is a key step to optimize and therefore know the improvement of the obtained fatty acid profile of study biomass. Hence, this work presents the significant difference of eight methods for obtaining fatty acids from the direct and indirect transesterification reaction (MTD and MTI, respectively). Moreover, acidic and alkaline catalysts were also used (AC1, AC2 and AL1 and AL2). The results presented better contents of AGMs (methylated fatty acids) respecting dry biomass in the MTD-AL1 method with ~ 6% and a relative abundance of DHA of ~ 12 % in MTI-AL2. In addition, the most abundant fatty acid profile was MTD-AL2 with 57.66 % in polyunsaturated. On the other hand, thanks to the addition of an internal standard in the experiences, it was possible to identify that the MTD-AL1 and MTI-AC1 methods were the most efficient in the transesterification obtained with ~ 93 % and ~ 87 %, respectively. Therefore, the method that is selected for the correct reading of fatty acids present in any biomass is relevant to detect a profile with more unsaturation as has been purchased with the microalga I. galbana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unsaturated fatty acids (FA) are degraded generating a high number of compounds, hence the study of this phenomenon resulting from high complexity. From the Cuban royal palm fruits, a lipid extract mainly compound by a mixture of free FA between 8 and 18 carbon atoms, with possible applications as nutraceutic and/or medicine is obtained. In this mixture, the presence of unsaturated FA like oleic and linoleic, could provoke autoxidation processes that affect their efficacy and safety. Taking to account that autoxidation products from R. regia lipid extract are unknown until now, in this paper its degradation products formed by oxidation, photolysis and thermolysis were determined. The organoleptic characteristics, peroxide (PV) and tiobarbituric acid values (TBAV), and contents of conjugated dienes (CD) and FA contents were determined in samples of the extract subjected to oxidation (hydrogen peroxide), photolysis (UV light) and thermolysis (80 °C and 185 °C), and their results were compared with those of a sample without degradation. It was determined that the oxidation was the one that caused the biggest degradation in the unsaturated FA, as well as the biggest PV, while the thermolysis went the one that bore to bigger contents of TBAV and CD. The above-mentioned evidences that the imposed stress conditions achieved the degradation of the extract, in a similar way that its happens in the vegetable oils with low contents of polyunsaturated FA, achieving preliminarily determine, so the main groups of compounds generated from the forced degradation of Roystonea regia lipid extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phospholipids are amphipathic lipids, which are found in all the cell membranes, organized as a lipid bilayer. They belong to the glycerol-derived lipids, showing a similar structure as triglycerides. The current interest of them comes from its effectiveness to incorporate different fatty acids in the cell membrane, as they exhibit better absorption and utilization than triglycerides. In this paper, the bibliographical data published about the benefits of the phospholipids in inflammatory processes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, liver disease and as an antioxidants transporter is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of temperature, NaCl concentration and photoperiod on lipids productivity and fatty acids profile of Nannochloropsis sp. oil, which was used as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The best environmental conditions for cell growth and lipids productivity were: 0,025 g NaCl L-1, 21 °C and 16:8 h light/dark. The major components of biodiesel obtained from Nannochloropsis sp. oil were palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid, which provide desirable characteristics to the biofuel. The biodiesel properties obtained under the above conditions were: cetane number 61; oxidation stability 11 h; viscosity 2,71 mm² s-1; density 887 kg m-3; and cold filter plugging point -9,46 °C, which satisfies the international standards ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) contains polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) and shows antiinflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects, which are partly attributed to its lipid composition. Although this plant is quite abundant in Cuba, it is not usually consumed and It is any chemical study has not been informed yet. Taking into account these facts, the aim of this work was to study the FAs content of the aerial parts of purslane growing in our country. Aerial parts (leaves and stems) were collected, dried, milled in a mortar and extracted with hexane in an ultrasonic bath during 1 h. The extract was filtered and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator at 60 °C. A dark greenish brown liquid of oily appearance and characteristic odor was obtained with 1.7 % of yield. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and the FAs (1.32 % of fresh aerial parts) were determined as methyl ester derivatives. Majorities FAs were linolenic (37.83 %), palmitic (23.11 %), linoleic (14.42 %) and oleic (6.72 %), while other acids were detected in minor proportions; some of them (caprilic, capric, lauric, pentadecanoic, heptacosanoic, octacosanoic, octadecatetraenoic, gondoic and eicosatetraenoic acids) not previously detected in this species. The present study contributes to the of knowledge chemical composition of aerial parts of Portulaca oleracea L. growing in Cuba, informing the FAs content of its lipid extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the effect of plant lipids added to dairy ruminant diets on milk fat fatty acid profile. Changes in milk fatty acid profile when oils and oilseeds are added to the diet are broadly similar in cows, ewes and goats. Some of the observed effects are common to all oils and oilseeds whatever the quantitatively main fatty acid (i.e. oleic or linoleic or α-linolenic acids) they supply to the diet: butyric acid content does not usually change, medium chain saturated fatty acid content is lowered and unsaturated fatty acid content increases. Oils and oilseeds rich in linoleic acid raise the content of vaccenic, rumenic and trans10-18:1 and increase the n-6 to n-3 ratio in milk fat. Adding linseed oil or linseeds to the diet also increases vaccenic and rumenic acid contents, but does not affect that of trans10-18:1 in milk fat and lower its n-6 to n-3 ratio. As a conclusion, including oils and oilseeds into dairy ruminant diets widely modifies milk fat fatty acid profile. Best results from human health point of view are obtained adding linseed oil or linseeds to the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is reported for the first time the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of theEbenopsis caesalpinoidesseeds, an underused edible-leguminous-plant from Sinaloa, Mexico. In these seeds were registered: a high content of lipophilic compounds (triterpenes/sterols and fatty acids); the main nutritional components were lipids (274 g/kg b.h.), proteins (271.5 g/kg b.h.), dietary fiber (127.8 g/kg b.h.), α-tocopherol (75.8 mg/kg), copper (12.7 mg/kg), magnesium (2531 mg/kg), manganese (7.7 mg/kg) and potassium (12686.9 mg/kg); the main fatty acids were oleic (619 g/kg), linoleic (122.2 g/kg) and palmitic (94.7 g/kg); proteins with a high content of phenylalanine + tyrosine (99.7 g/kg) and low in sulfur amino acids (14.8 g/kg) and lysine (8.3 g/kg); tannins (8.7 g/kg), phytic acid (3.2 g/kg); and antioxidant activity (ABTS = 23246.6 μmolET/kg). By these properties, consumption ofE. caesalpinoidesseeds could provide health benefits for prevention or management of cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Palms (Arecaceae family), broadly spread in tropical and subtropical regions, have different uses. Although native or cultivated Arecaceae that grow in Cuba have been widely used as ornamental plants, they have been relatively poor studied. In light of these facts, the authors studied extraction yield, organoleptic characteristics and fatty acid composition of lipid fractions, extracted with hexane from dried and milled ripe fruits of three Arecaceae species cultivated in Cuba: Veitchia merrillii, Caryota urens and Wodyetia bifurcata. The three fractions were brown greenish (V. merrillii), brown reddish (C. urens) and yellow orange (W. bifurcata) semisolids with characteristic odor. Extraction yields of 3,8; 1,0 and 0,6 %; total fatty acids contents of 68,2; 58,4 and 59,1 %; and free fatty acids contents of 25,6; 5,5 and 11,3 % were found for V. merrillii, C. urens and W. bifurcata, respectively. The fatty acid composition, determined by gas chromatography, rendered that palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major compounds in extracts from the three species; while lauric and myristic acids were also major components in the fraction extracted from C. Urens. This study shows, for the first time, the extraction yield, organoleptic characteristics and fatty acid composition of lipid fractions, extracted from whole fruits of Veitchia merrillii, Caryota urens and Wodyetia bifurcate, harvested in Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The best choice for feeding the newborn child is breast milk, and when it is not possible to breastfeed a baby, the breast milk is replaced by lacteal formula, which is why numerous studies focus their attention on the analysis of the diverse components of baby formula as well as functions in the breastfed baby. Fatty acids are components of great nutritional importance in the fetus and in the newborn child. Nowadays it is estimated that the fetus, during the last trimester of the gestational period and the newborn child, during the first six months of life, need a great contribution of araquidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, due to the fact that the speed of transformation of the predecessors to the hepatic level are not sufficient to cover the metabolic requirements of these fatty acids and it is the mother who contributes them through placental transport during gestation and her milk during lactation. The Organization of Food and Agriculture (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pediatric Nutrition (ESPGHAN) and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that lacteal formula imitate the composition of the breast milk, especially in the fatty polyunsaturated acids (PUFA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to study the fat content and fatty acids (AG) in chocolate and analogs most consumed in Venezuela. The identification and quantification of AG was analyzed by gas chromatography after methylation. Twenty five different AG were detected, obtaining a high variability in saturated, and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. The AG unsaturations are: omega-9, omega-6 and C18: 1trans-9-cis11 (CLA). The trans fatty acids were below limits established by FAO, FDA and Food Standard Agency, the lowest in lipid-based chocolates which consist mainly in cocoa butter, with the following lipid profile FA C16: 0, C18: 0, C18:1c, C18:2c and C20: 0, and chocolate analogues with higher levels of trans (≤ 1.6%), where the partially hydrogenated vegetable oil is part of the fat portion of the matrix. The caloric intake of fat in the diet was 8.55 to 144 Kcal, with contributions in saturated from 5.46 to 110 Kcal and TFA from 0 to 0.8 kcal. It is conclude that chocolate and analogs have high variability in their composition fat, containing AG omegas 6 and 9, high insaturated and very low in AGT, considered "zero trans" according to MERCOSUR. This study contributes to the creation of a national database on the composition of fatty acids in these products of high consumption in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It presents a review about the composition, structure and mechanism of milk fat synthesis in the bovine mammary gland, and about the effect of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) supplementation on the amount and quality of milk fat. It is enhanced the importance of the supplementation with vegetable plus fish oils; it is suggested that the effect of UFA should not be remarked as negative on the amount of milk fat; It is showed the necessity of relating different UFA with the SREBP's regulatory way, and with different lipid enzymes; and it is promoted research about the effect of UFA on the milk fatty acid composition and their positional distribution into the lipid structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Middle-chain fatty acids (MCFA) contain 6-12 carbon atoms and are digested, absorbed and metabolized differently than long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). This work reviews some of the potential and real utilities of MCFA and their role on health. For this reason, they are used in enteral and parenteral nutrition because of their good absorption, and in premature-feeding milk-based formulas in order to improve calcium absorption. MCFA have become particularly important because of their possible role in treating and preventing obesity. Since they are more water soluble, they are taken-up by chylomicrons, and it is believed that they do not directly participate in lipogenesis. They are able to increase the thermogenic effect of foods, and its metabolism increases the production of ketonic agents with the subsequent anorexigenic effect. However, high doses of MCFA are required to obtain significant effects on weight reduction. The effects on lipid-protein metabolism are controversial. So, although they seem to reduce the post-prandial triglyceridemic response, the results their effects are not uniform regarding triglyceridemia and cholesterolemia. In spite of this, more and more products are being designed incorporating MCFA to treat obesity and overweight, having been considered as "GRAS" (Generally Recommended as Safe") components by the ADA. Further long-term studies are needed to warrant the usefulness of consumption of these compounds, particularly in the treatment and prevention of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the inclusion of chestnuts and sugar beet pulp in pigs' diets on the lipid composition of the external and internal muscles of dry-cured pork forelegs. This inclusion did not modify the lipid content and the glycerides, phospholipids and free fatty acid proportions of the internal and external muscles of dry-cured pork forelegs; however, it caused a significant decrease in the values of oxidation index TBA. No important changes were observed in fatty acid composition of glycerides. The dry-cured pork forelegs from pigs who received a diet with chestnuts and sugar beet pulp showed higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid and free fatty acid fractions than dry-cured pork forelegs from pigs fed a conventional diet; this could be due to a decrease in the oxidation levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serum free fatty acids alterations have been associated to polyneuropathy and macro or micro vascular disease in patients with diabetes. Objective: to compare the composition of serum free fatty acids in diabetic patients type 2 with healthy subjects. Methods: 40 diabetic patients and 40 non diabetic patients were included previous informed consent. We assayed glucose and free fatty acids composition (through gas chromatography) in non diabetic and diabetic patients, additionally in the diabetic group we assayed glycosylated hemoglobin. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in the control group. Results: saturated fatty acids were found higher in both groups, C16:0 showed the highest increase, as was found increased C18:2t in both experimental groups. Conclusions: the composition of free fatty acid reflects inappropriate dietary habits; in the studied population conducting to biochemical changes such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and hypertension or acute cardiovascular events. We emphasize the medical importance of healthy dietary habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crypthecodinium cohnii is a heterotrophic dinoflagellate that can achieve a lipid content greater than 20% on dry weight. DHA can represent up to 40% of the total fatty acids. Our objective was to investigate the variation in fatty acid content when growth conditions are optimal compared with when there is limited growth, due to the absence of nitrogen in the media. Nitrogen-limited growth conditions caused the cells to stop dividing and accumulate lipids, principally as docohexanoic acid (DHA). Oxygen availability in the culture favoured DHA accumulation. In the cultures without nitrogen and with oxygen availability there was a lipid cell content 3,18 times higher than in the control condition (with nitrogen and air), and 2,25 higher than those without nitrogen and air. C. cohnii can be used as an optimal DHA source for the production of phytodiets in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We characterized the growth and biochemical composition of a Chaetoceros muelleri strain from the Araya Peninsula, Sucre, Venezuela. The microalga was cultured under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1°C, 156 μE m-2 s-1 and 12:12 photoperiod) during 13 days, using two culture methods: batch and semicontinuous culture with a daily renewal rate of 30%. Cell density was determined and cells from each treatment were measured. The protein, lipid, carbohydrate and fatty acid contents were quantified to compare the quality of the Araya strain in both culture systems. Cell density showed little variability in the semicontinuous system during the steady-state phase (1.3 × 106 cells mL-1 on average), but increased significantly in the batch system, reaching 3.5 × 106 cells mL-1. Proteins, lipids and carbohydrates did not show significant variations in the semicontinuous system, with mean values of 21.4 ± 0.8, 18.4 ± 0.8 and 4.1 ± 0.1 pg cells-1, respectively. In the batch system, however, these macromolecules showed greater variability: proteins 3.5–21.1 pg cells-1, lipids 8.5–11.6 pg cells-1 and carbohydrates 4.2–18.1 pg cells-1. Higher levels of saturated (47.5%) and monounsaturated (34.8%) fatty acids were found in the semicontinuous system, whereas the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (31.4%) was higher in the batch system, in particular of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) (16 ± 2% of total fatty acids). Cell size did not vary significantly in the two culture systems and the mean width and length were 5 and 7.5 μm, respectively. The Araya strain of C. muelleri can be used as a food source for cultured larvae, the semicontinuous system providing a more stable nutritional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total fatty acids content was studied in three varieties of peppers (Arnoia, Fresno de la Vega and Los Valles-Benavente) in different commercial stages of ripening: green and red in the Arnoia variety and, green, breaker and red in the Fresno de la Vega and Los Valles-Benavente varieties. With ripening, an increase was observed in the lipid content in the peppers of all three varieties; the values showed are inside the range described in the literature for other varieties. At the end of maturation (red peppers), fat content allows for differentiating the three varieties under study. The fatty acid profiles were similar in the three varieties of peppers and in the three stages of ripening: the most abundant fatty acid was linoleic (C18:2) followed by linolenic (C18:3) and palmitic (C16); these fatty acids represent more than 80% of the total fatty acids and do not show important variations during ripening in the three varieties of peppers. Minor changes in the major and minor fatty acids during ripening were observed in the Los Valles-Benavente variety. Using discriminant analysis 100% of the green, breaker and red peppers were correctly classified and differentiated from their content (%) in individual fatty acids: C16, C16:1, C17, C18, C18:1Z,T, C18:2 y C18:3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We characterized the growth and biochemical composition of a Chaetoceros muelleri strain from the Araya Peninsula, Sucre, Venezuela. The microalga was cultured under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1°C, 156 μE m-2 s-1 and 12:12 photoperiod) during 13 days, using two culture methods: batch and semicontinuous culture with a daily renewal rate of 30%. Cell density was determined and cells from each treatment were measured. The protein, lipid, carbohydrate and fatty acid contents were quantified to compare the quality of the Araya strain in both culture systems. Cell density showed little variability in the semicontinuous system during the steady-state phase (1.3 × 106 cells mL-1 on average), but increased significantly in the batch system, reaching 3.5 × 106 cells mL-1. Proteins, lipids and carbohydrates did not show significant variations in the semicontinuous system, with mean values of 21.4 ± 0.8, 18.4 ± 0.8 and 4.1 ± 0.1 pg cells-1, respectively. In the batch system, however, these macromolecules showed greater variability: proteins 3.5-21.1 pg cells-1, lipids 8.5-11.6 pg cells-1 and carbohydrates 4.2-18.1 pg cells-1. Higher levels of saturated (47.5%) and monounsaturated (34.8%) fatty acids were found in the semicontinuous system, whereas the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (31.4%) was higher in the batch system, in particular of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) (16 ± 2% of total fatty acids). Cell size did not vary significantly in the two culture systems and the mean width and length were 5 and 7.5 μm, respectively. The Araya strain of C. muelleri can be used as a food source for cultured larvae, the semicontinuous system providing a more stable nutritional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative evaluation was made of the fatty acid content in total lipid, phospholipid and triacylglycerol extracts of Crassostrea rhizophorae, collected from Chacopata and La Restinga lagoons (Venezuela) and Caroni Swamp (Trinidad and Tobago). The phospholipids and triacylglycerols were separated from the extract by preparative thin-layer chromatography. The fatty acid esterification of these lipids followed by gas chromatography allowed the characterization and quantification of the fatty acids present in the three samples studied. The saturated fatty acid content was higher than the polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the phospholipids and triacylglycerols, while the monounsaturated fatty acids occurred in lower proportion, except for the triacylglycerols from the Chacopata sample, which showed high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (48.30%) and low concentrations of saturated fatty acids (22.70%). The total percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids was higher for phospho-lipids than for triacylglycerols. In the case of total lipids, a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed, followed by saturated fatty acids; monounsaturated fatty acids showed the lowest concentration. Based on the high concentrations of lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids of C. rhizophorae found, this species is recommended for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proximate composition and fatty acid profile were determined in muscle tissue and viscera of wild and cultured Totoaba macdonaldi juveniles. Significant differences were found according to diet variations. The fatty acid 20:4n-6 and the n-3/n-6 ratio were significantly higher in wild totoaba than in the cultured organisms. In addition, the level of 18:2n-6 in muscle tissue and viscera of cultured totoaba was significantly higher than that found in the wild organisms, and even higher than the level found in the balanced diet, suggesting a possible accumulation of this fatty acid probably due to the inability to desaturate and elongate C18 PUFAs to C20/22 HUFAs. The natural diet of totoaba seems to be rich in n-3 and n-6 HUFAs. The possible nutritional needs of cultured totoaba to obtain a chemical profile similar to that observed in wild organisms are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decades, scientific advances in the knowledge of anti-inflammatory properties of lipids have lead the development of new formulas for enteral and parenteral nutrition. These products have been utilised as treatment for a variety of inflammatory diseases. In this review we expose the effects of lipids used in enteral nutriton on different inflammatory pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, lung fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. During inflammatory diseases, eicosanoids are produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids present in cellular membranes. Inflammatory activity of these molecules depends on the nature of their precursors: when arachidonic acid (n-6) is present, pro-inflammatory molecules are released, whereas eicosapentaenoic acid (n-3)-derived eicosanoids are weakly inflammatory. In this way, fish oils, rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, increase the content of eicosapentaenoic-eicosanoids and decrease arachidonic acid in immune and endothelial cells leading a lower inflammatory eicosapentaenoic-derived eicosanoids. Likewise, oleic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by preventing the release of particular chemotactic molecules. In summary, enteral diets supplemented with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid benefits the treatment of patients with inflammatory pathologies, leading better outcomes, and decreasing the doses of anti-inflammatory drugs, which exhibit important secondary effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) are the principal component of lipids where they exist. Their diversity in terms of chain length, the degree of unsaturation, geometry, and position of double bonds, as well as the presence of other functionalities, define their characteristics and possible applications. An overview and some important considerations about classic and modern methods of extraction and purification of VLCFA for both, the analytic and the industrial scale such as: solvent, soxhlet, batch, ultrasonic, microwave and supercritical fluid extractions was presented. The employment of natural waxes, mainly the vegetables, as a source for obtaining those acids was reported. In that sense, the isolation of a reproducible batch to batch mixture of VLCFA (C24:0 to C36:0) from sugar cane wax, called D003, for the first time used as a potential drug for managing atherotrombothic diseases was exemplified. This review also summarizes the chromatographic methods that are available for obtaining VLCFA profiles and the specific applications that have been reported for them. These substances are currently more frequently determined by capillary gas liquid chromatography (GC) of the methyl esters which are prepared by a variety of methods, including the acid- and base-catalyzed reactions. The more recently development on-column or pyrolytic and other derivatization methods as well as their limitations and advantages were also pointed out. It appears that the majority of these methods function quite well when care is taken to use them properly. The most common weaknesses in GC analysis of these acids were discussed, in the opinion of the author, are: preparation, injection, separation and quantification steps, which must be optimized in order to get precise and exact results. Now a day, the combination of GC with FTIR, NMR ¹H and 13C spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and computer analysis of the resultant data, has become an indispensable tool for the identification of VLCFA. Finally, validation of manufacture process and analytical methodologies must be carried out to guarantee the quality of products that has been obtained from them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we compared the proportion of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and fatty acids in populations of Artemia sp. from the Araya saltworks in northeastern Venezuela, during two stages (nauplii and metanauplii) of their development. The population of Artemia franciscana from San Francisco Bay (USA) was used as reference because of its wide use in aquaculture. The organisms of both populations showed significant differences in protein, lipid, carbohydrate and phospholipid contents between both stages; however, no significant differences were established between both populations. The highest protein concentrations were found in metanauplii: 67% for Araya and 56% for San Francisco. The highest concentrations of lipids (22% and 24%), carbohydrates (17% and 11%) and phospholipids (26% and 35%) were found in nauplii for both populations. Cholesterol esters, cholesterol, triglycerids, and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were significantly different between stages and between populations. Cholesterol esters, and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were higher in San Francisco metanauplii, with values of 37%, 11% and 7%, respectively. The highest triglycerid concentration (39%) was found in San Francisco nauplii and the highest cholesterol concentration in Araya metanauplii (50%). The results suggest that the Artemia population from the Araya saltworks contains the necessary elements to cover the nutritional requirements of fish larvae and marine crustaceans under culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The muscle tissue of many domestic animals is a source of protein, fat and minerals to humans and consists of a series of structures that give nutritional and biochemical properties. In recent years it has identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the SCD gene (g.878TC), which influences the fatty acid composition in cattle. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of SNP g.878TC in Longissimus dorsi bovine (Bos taurus) using the PCR-RFLP. It was used a sample of 100 Aberdeen Angus steers raised and slaughtered in the region of Araucania (Chile). Polymorphism genotype frequency were: 0.33 for TT, 043 for CT and 0.24 for the CC genotype. The allelic frequency was 0.54 for the T allele and 0.63 for allele C. According to the fatty acid composition was determined that a positive relationship between genotype CC and the content of MUFA and CLA fatty acids present in the Longissimus dorsi muscle of Angus steers. Therefore, the SNP g.878TC could be considered as a genetic marker for selection of animals Aberdeen Angus, with a fatty acid composition more healthy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]