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Acne is a very common inflammatory skin disease, especially in adolescents and young adults, it has a chronic evolution that can lead to the formation of scars and hyperpigmentation. The pathogenesis of acne covers four aspects: hyper seborrhea, altered keratinization of the pilosebaceous duct, proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes, and inflammation. Recent studies highlight that inflammation is critical in the formation, development, and resolution of acne. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin mainly metabolized in the epidermis, with regulatory effects on the immune system, actions on the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes and sebocytes, and anti-comedogenic and antioxidant properties; therefore, vitamin D deficiency may be involved in the development of acne and possibly provide a new option for the treatment of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: hypovitaminosis D is frequent in kidney transplant recipient (KTR) patients and is associated with deleterious effects both at the bone and extraosseous levels. Treatment with cholecalciferol is effective for the normalization of 25(OH)D, demonstrating a beneficial effect on the calcium-tropic axis in other populations; however, its effect on the PTH/vitamin D/calcium and FGF23/klotho/phosphorus axis in RTR has not been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of normalization of serum 25(OH)D concentrations on the PTH/vitamin D/calcium-FGF23/klotho/phosphorus axis in KTR treated with cholecalciferol, as well as the association between the components of this axis. Methods: a prospective study in 23 KTR with hypovitaminosis D, with evolution from 1 to 12 months post-transplantation, an estimated glomerular filtration rate > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and a history of primary nephropathy treated with cholecalciferol, in whom the PTH/vitamin D/calcium and FGF23/klotho/phosphorus axis was evaluated during the state of hypovitaminosis D and at normalization of 25(OH)D. Results: at the normalization of 25(OH)D, a reduction in PTH [103 (58.5-123.9) vs 45.6 (30.1-65.1) pg/mL; p = 0.002] and an increase in serum phosphorus [3.1 (2.3-3.5) vs 3.3 (3-3.6) mg/dL; p = 0.01] were evident, with no differences in calcium, klotho and FGF23 concentrations. The time to achieve normalization of 25(OH)D was 12 weeks (RIC, 4-12), with a dose of 5000 IU/day (RIC, 4000-6000). A positive association between klotho and PTH was corroborated (r = 0.54; p = 0.008; linear regression, ß = 0.421; B = 0.004; 95 % CI, 0.003-0.007; p = 0.045). Conclusions: treatment with cholecalciferol is effective for the normalization of 25(OH)D, with a beneficial effect on calcium-phosphotropic metabolism characterized by a reduction in PTH concentration, without significant changes in calcemia or calciuria, as well as an increase in phosphatemia, without modifications in FGF23 or klotho concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: vitamin D plays a key role in regulating insulin secretion and its deficit seems to confer an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus. In this study, we have tried to analyze the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in our type 1 diabetic children population and if their deficiency is related to a worse control of the disease, as well as with their bone and lipid metabolism. Material and methods: this is a retrospective study, in which both clinical and laboratory data were available for 124 children, who were controlled in the Pediatric Diabetes Unit of our Hospital. Results: the median vitamin D concentration of the total sample was 25.41 (7.43) ng/ml, higher in males than in females (p = 0.006); 43.55 % of patients had good metabolic control, with glycosylated hemoglobin lower than 7.5 %. Slightly lower glucose and cholesterol concentrations and higher bone alkaline phosphatase concentrations were found, when vitamin D concentration was ≥ 20 ng/ml. Conclusions: we have not found any significant differences in relation to metabolic control between children with sufficient and insufficient con)centration of vitamin D. The children in the present study presented very similar vitamin D concentrations to those found in a study made in healthy children, and a good metabolic control of their diabetes, with bone and lipid profiles being more favorable when they had good metabolic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory systemic disease that mainly affects the wall of large and medium-sized arteries. Vitamin D can stop or prevent several triggering factors of this disease and its use has been proposed to prevent it. Hypovitaminosis D is related to diseases that are triggering or aggravating factors of atherosclerosis. The use of vitamin D as a prophylactic measure to treat atherosclerosis should theoretically work, which is why large studies have been done to prove this theory. The large controlled researches have evidenced its positive effect on the prevention of triggering factors, but not on atherosclerosis, something that could be contradictory. A review of the most recent literature on the subject was carried out with the aim of describing the role of vitamin D in the prevention of atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: vitamin D plays a key role in regulating insulin secretion and its deficit seems to confer an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus. In this study, we have tried to analyze the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in our type 1 diabetic children population and if their deficiency is related to a worse control of the disease, as well as with their bone and lipid metabolism.Material and Methods: this is a retrospective study, in which both clinical and laboratory data were available for 124 children who were controlled in the Pediatric Diabetes Unit of our Hospital.Results: the median vitamin D concentration of the total sample was 25.41 (7.43) ng/ml, higher in males than in females (p = 0.006); 43.55 % of patients had good metabolic control with glycosylated hemoglobin lower than 7.5 %. Slightly lower glucose and cholesterol concentrations and higher bone alkaline phosphatase concentrations were found when vitamin D concentration was ≥ 20 ng/ml.Conclusions: we have not found any significant differences in relation to metabolic control between children with sufficient and insufficient concentration of vitamin D. The children in the present study presented very similar vitamin D concentrations to those found in a study made in healthy children, and a good metabolic control of their diabetes, with bone and lipid profiles being more favorable when they had good metabolic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vitamin D is a key nutrient for health. Recent research has shown that it is not only necessary for the maintenance of bone health, but also for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, respiratory diseases, infections, and cancer, among others. Solar synthesis of vitamin D is usually insufficient, so it is necessary to provide enough vitamin D through the diet in order to maintain an adequate nutritional status. Studies carried out in Spain and other countries have shown that serum levels of the vitamin were usually insufficient and that average dietary intakes were well below those marked as recommended, while the main food sources of vitamin D were fatty fish, breakfast cereals, eggs, and dairy. Food sources of vitamin D are scarce, and it is naturally located in the fatty part of foods of animal origin, and in the liver and viscera. Fortifying foods that are not natural food sources of vitamin D but are regularly consumed by a significant percentage of the population, is a strategy that could help to increase vitamin D intake. In this regard, dairy products and breakfast cereals are two of the most widely used food matrices for vitamin D fortification, and their incorporation into the usual diet has proven to be an effective strategy to improve the nutritional situation of the population in vitamin D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: International health institutions have implemented protocols and nutritional health policies in the promotion of health and brain development. However, these policies do not usually extend to preschool age, being a stage of important changes and very dynamic development. Therefore the objective of this work is to carry out a review of the information available about nutritional needs throughout the process of human development, emphasizing the main micronutrients, their role in development and what the evidence tells us about the effects of it lack. A review of scientific evidence and recommendations of international scientific societies has been carried out. Different nutrients are required for different parts of a baby's development, including Vitamin D and calcium for bone development, DHA and choline for brain development as well as iron, zinc, vitamins A, D, B12 and folate, which meet different important roles and whose deficiencies lead to serious health disorders. Childhood is a critical period in which the foundations for future well-being are laid. A good nutritional status during childhood and adolescence is vital for normal growth and development. However, studies in Spanish pediatric populations indicate a lack of micronutrients (especially vitamin D, E, folate, calcium, and magnesium) in the diet of more than half of participating children. There may be situations of risk of suffering from vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Appropriate supplementation can provide nutrients during periods of increased physical and mental exertion, illness, and when dietary intake is not optimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: vitamin D is a fundamental biomolecule for multiple biological processes in women of childbearing age; it is also one of the most important biomarkers in reproduction. Objective: to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency and associated factors in Colombian women between 18 and 49 years of age. Methodology: an analytical cross-sectional study; it is a secondary analysis of the Encuesta de Situación Nutricional de Colombia, of 2015. A total of 7181 women between 18 and 49 years old, of childbearing age, who were not pregnant were evaluated. Vitamin D levels were estimated through chemiluminescence immunoassay. Sociodemographic, anthropometric and frequency-of-food-consumption characteristics were evaluated. A general description of the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was made for each of the variables of interest through absolute and percentage frequencies. To estimate the association between the different characteristics of interest and vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, multivariate binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were used. Results: the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 23.8 % and that of insufficiency was 46.8 %; for insufficiency and deficiency the result was 70.6 %. Quartile IV of wealth (OR: 3.21; 95% CI: 2.16-4.77); abdominal obesity (OR: 1.43; IC 95 %: 1.15-1.78), and the Bogotá region (OR: 3.98; 95 % CI: 2.48-6.38) showed an association with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency. Conclusion: a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was identified. Therefore, comprehensive interventions involving nutritional and educational components are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are energy and nutrient recommendations for a healthy population; however, important functions in different health situations are attributed to nutrients such as vitamins D, E, K, E and K. Objective: To explore the effectiveness of dietary doses and supplements of vitamins D, E and K in special conditions of health and disease. Materials and Methods: A document search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, Sciencedirect, Lilacs, Scielo and Ebsco databases, and in specialized texts using keywords: "vitamin D", "vitamin E", "vitamin K", "Health", "disease", "nutritional recommendations". Results: There is a significant number of studies and systematic reviews that contribute to the evidence and discussion regarding effect, dose and time, which yielded both positive and null outcomes. Conclusion: The effects of dietary vitamin D in bone health are well documented and its supplementation accompanied by calcium is indicated in population groups at risk for osteoporosis, but not in other clinical conditions. There is insufficient evidence on the benefits of vitamin E in the management or prevention of liver disease, cardiovascular disease, or cancer. Vitamin K could be important in bone health, over other clinical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D Deficiency is a public health problem associated with various diseases in the adult population that could be related to work activity. Objective: To relate vitamin D deficiency with nutritional status, body composition, and sociodemographic factors in workers from Quito, Ecuador. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study in 245 workers. Serum vitamin D was evaluated by immunofluorescence, nutritional status by Body Mass Index, body composition by bioimpedance, and other sociodemographic factors were also evaluated. The associations between vitamin D deficiency and variables of interest were examined by logistic regression. Results: Vitamin D deficiency was presented in 76% of the participants. Cardiovascular risk by abdominal circumference, age, and sex were associated with vitamin D deficiency. For each centimeter increase in abdominal circumference, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency increased 4.4% (OR = 1.044 CI95%:1.001-1.008; p = 0.043). For each year of age increase, the prevalence decreased 4.1% (OR = 0.96; 95%CI:0.93-0.99; p = 0.030). Women showed 2.33 times more vitamin D deficiency than men (OR = 2.33 CI95%:1.28-6.94 p = 0.011). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is high in workers in the city of Quito. Apparently, young female with a high abdominal circumference appear to be more likely to be this deficient. Excess weight likely influences outdoor physical activity, which in turn decreases exposure to sunlight and leads to vitamin D deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of studies are analyzing the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and the development of sensitization and allergic diseases in genetically predisposed individuals, as well as the impact of vitamin D supplementation. This article reviews the literature on this subject. Clinical trials, meta-analyses and systematic reviews consulted in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Ovid, Wiley Online Library, Springer, Cochrane and manual resources were included, with the keywords: vitamin D, 25 hydroxyvitamin D, cholecalciferol, asthma, rhinitis, allergy, 25-OH-D, 1,25 hydroxyvitamin D, supplementation. The results show a positive linear trend, however, differ. We should keep in mind that in the studies there is heterogeneity of population groups and associated factors, which may modify such studies. It is necessary to increase research to clarify this relationship and to have successful interventions from the patient's approach to the strengthening of pharmacological and immunological treatment of allergic patients with these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the serum levels of vitamin D (VD) in mothers and their newborns. Material and methods: 60 mothers and 62 newborns (two twins), who were selected from a medical unit in the city of Puebla, between April and May 2015, were included. After informed consent, data from the mother and newborn were recorded, including sun exposure time and VD intake during pregnancy. Serum levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were determined to classify each participant into sufficiency, insufficiency, and deficiency parameters. Results: It was found that 85% of the mothers had low levels of VD; 43.3% with insufficiency and 41.7% with deficiency. These percentages were very similar in newborns, since only 6.5% showed normal levels. No relationship was found between VD levels and time of sun exposure or VD consumption during pregnancy. Conclusion: The high frequency of low levels of VD warns about the need to provide supplementation to all newborns, particularly those who are exclusively breastfed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: vitamin D maintains the concentration of calcium and phosphorus within the physiological range, allowing normal metabolism and bone mineralization. Recently, vitamin D deficiency has been related not only with rickets but also with an increased risk of other pathologies. The aim of this descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was to assess vitamin D concentration levels in a healthy pediatric population, as well as the current situation of prophylaxis. Vitamin D determination was measured by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration. Methods: a total of 258 healthy patients between 3 months and 15 years of age were enrolled (6.77 ± 3.95 years; 73.6 % were male). Results: the mean value of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 26.60 ng/mL ± 8.02 ng/mL, and up to 20.9 % of the population showed insufficient levels. Statistically significant differences in vitamin D levels were observed between ages (p = 0.002), ethnicity groups (p = 0.038), and skin types (p = 0.000). In addition, a higher prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in children who had never previously received vitamin D supplementation (41.6 %) was observed compared to those that had taken supplementation in the first year of life (16.7 %). Conclusion: our study shows a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy children, and the benefit of prophylaxis with vitamin D supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to define the relationship between vitamin D levels and interleukins (IL) 1β and 6 as inflammatory markers in a healthy population. As a secondary objective, to measure the prevalence of insufficiency/ deficiency of vitamin D in the same population. Methods: A sample of 43 healthy blood donors, without chronic-degenerative, inflammatory, or infectious diseases, and without obesity, was selected. Serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were measured in individuals with insufficiency or deficiency of vitamin D. The correlation between vitamin D and interleukins was measured using Spearman's rho. Results: No correlation was found between levels of vitamin D and interleukins. In addition, a prevalence of insufficiency/deficiency of vitamin D was found in 95.3% of the sample. Conclusions: In healthy subjects with deficiency or insufficiency of vitamin D, there is no association between the levels of this vitamin and IL-1β and IL-6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D has acquired importance due to its transcendental role in the metabolic functions of the human body, particularly in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis and bone health. Its deficiency causes secondary hyperparathyroidism, accelerated bone turnover, bone loss or alterations in mineralization leading to osteoporosis or, in the case of a long-lasting and severe deficiency, osteomalacia. Vitamin D also has effects on the immune system, the microendocrine system of the vasculature and in the prevention of various types of cancer. Its deficiency is associated with cardiovascular, autoimmune, oncological and infectious diseases and with complications in pregnancy, congenital alterations and poor results in assisted reproduction. The evaluation of vitamin D concentrations in high-risk populations and the treatment of hypovitaminosis are measures that should be carried out by physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease in which there is low bone mass and a high risk of fracture that deteriorate the quality of life of postmenopausal patients, antiresorptive therapy, calcium and vitamin D are the main therapy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of the complementary administration of vitamin D at doses of 4000 IU/day (Histofil®) added to antiresorptive therapy (bisphosphonates vs denosumab) and calcium carbonate 1.2 g per day in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis of Regional Hospital 1° de Octubre, ISSSTE, Mexico City. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Longitudinal and analytical experimental study carried out from January 2018 to July 2019 in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis and antiresorptive therapy (bisphosphonates, denosumab or both), calcium carbonate plus vitamin D (Caltrate +D) for at least 12 months, 97.2% had hypovitaminosis D (concentrations lesser than 30 ng/dL), vitamin D 4000 IU (Histofil®) was added for 12 months. RESULTS: One hundred and five patients were included. The results of bone mineral density were in the hip before supplementation and after, respectively: T score -1.90 ± 0.86 vs -1.50 ± 0.92; p = 0.003, while in the column T-score -2.70 ± 0.67 vs T-score -2.20 ± 1.55; p ≤ 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: The administration and serum measurement of vitamin D (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) are highly relevant to assess the adequate response to the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: More than half of the global population reports low serum levels of 25(OH)D. Vitamin D is associated with several biological functions, like regulation of serum phosphorus and calcium, and may have possible effects on pain. The objective of this review is to understand the validity and applicability of the results with respect to the efficacy of vitamin D as a protective factor for pain. Reflection: Limited dietary sources and low levels of vitamin D highlight the importance of its deficiency as a possible risk factor for pain. This makes it necessary to verify the consensus that confirms the association between optimal levels of vitamin D and the risk of pain. Conclusion: Some evidence exists on vitamin D deficiency and its relationship to different types of pain. Although the data remain inconclusive, vitamin D supplements have not always been associated with pain improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is a depigmenting disorder of autoimmune origin that has a possible relationship with vitamin D since it increases melanogenesis and tyrosinase content in melanocytes. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between vitamin D levels in patients with vitiligo that attend phototherapy in the University IPS and the baseline clinical severity. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An analytical cross-sectional study was done from June 2016 to February 2018. The serum vitamin D levels of patients older than 18 years were evaluated and the clinical severity was measured according to the affected body surface with the VES tool (Vitiligo extent score), before starting the phototherapy treatment. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients were evaluated with vitiligo (mean age: 47.6 years) with median duration of the disease of 60 months. The insufficiency and deficiency of vitamin D was found in 22 (31.1%) and 23 (32.3%) patients, respectively; 36.6% had levels of 25 (OH)D3 ≥ 30 ng/mL. The median in the VES score was 2.6%, and the median value of the vitamin D was 26.6 ng/mL. When correlating vitamin D levels with the VES score, no association was shown. CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between vitamin D levels and the extent of the affected body surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Day by day, vitamin D becomes more important, not only in the field of nutrition, but in several fields, being immunology one of the most important, because it is related to some regulatory mechanisms. Because the synthesis of vitamin D starts from exposure to UV rays, it is extremely important to maintain adequate serum levels of vitamin D and avoid predisposition to several diseases; however, when this is not possible, due to chronic renal disease or prolonged stays in shaded areas, will be required vitamin D supplementation. This vitamin D supplementation has been associated with a decreased risk of certain diseases, as well as an improvement in their prognosis, such as diabetes mellitus type 1, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, vascular diseases such as hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, cerebral vascular event, as well as dementias, headaches, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and even infections; so, their role is no longer limited to calcium and phosphorus metabolism, but nowadays it is related to multiple systems described and missing to be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ricketts is a rare bone disease associated with low serum levels of calcium and phosphate. Most of the cases occur as a consequence of nutritional deficits, but genetic mutations or acquired metabolic defects may account for it. Clinical presentation is heterogenous depending on age at presentation, manifesting as widening and retardation of mineralization of the growing bone plate. We present the case of a 11 month of age child with a history of recurrent pneumonia presenting with generalized muscle hypotonia, deformed chest and bowed extremities with hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia, elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone, high levels of 25-hidroxy-vitamine D3 and very low levels of 1,25-dihidroxy-vitamine D3 suggesting the diagnosis of severe vitamin D type 1A rickets, a rare form of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: vitamin d (vd), is a micronutrient and prohormone involved in calcium/phosphorus metabolism, somatic growth and cellular differentiation. Its deficit in pregnancy could affect the mother-child binomial; this has been reported in several countries, but additional documentation is necessary according to circumstances. Objectives: to evaluate vd levels during the third trimester of gestation and in umbilical cord blood (uc), and also the relationship with associated factors and biochemical variables. Methods: descriptive and correlational investigation. during the period from october 2015 to september 2016, 346 mother-newborn binomials were evaluated at hospital of |tomelloso, ciudad real, spain. data: maternal and gestational age, type of delivery, intake of polyvitamins, ethnicity, skin phenotype, used clothing, anthropometric measurement and sex of the newborn and Apgar. maternal biochemical variables and post-clamping uc blood sample were evaluated. vd deficit: values < 20ng/ml. calcium intake and maternal vd and solar exposition were evaluated. descriptive and nonparametric statistic, correlations between variables and comparison between groups. Results: Pregnant mothers: 72% had severe or moderate deficit. cu: 61% deficiency, with a tendency to severe deficit in winter. significant correlation was obtained between vd levels and clothing type, higher values in women who wear clothes with no head, neck or hands coverage. Gypsy and moroccans mothers had lower values. correlation between maternal vd with sun exposure, parathormone levels and vd in uc was found. Conclusions: deficiency of maternal vd and in uc was detected, suggesting that therapeutic intervention is needed from early pregnancy to maintain the health of the binomial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Milk and dairy products are key foods during all stages of life within a balanced Western diet. In recent decades, their consumption has decreased significantly. In parallel, an increase in some pathological alterations caused by the deficit of some micronutrients present in dairy products, mainly calcium and vitamin D, has been detected, resulting in a serious public health problem in certain groups of population. In order to avoid these deficiencies, foods enriched in these components have been launched into the market. Within them, enriched milks and dairy products stand out since they allow better bioavailability of calcium and are natural sources of vitamin D. Several studies have been carried out to demonstrate the benefit of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D enriched milks in vulnerable groups such as older adults and postmenopausal women. Those studies have reported a substantial improvement of bone turnover and an increase of bone density and strength. The aim of the present work is to revise the importance of milk-derived calcium intake on health, and the usefulness of calcium-enriched milks for allowing adequate calcium consumption without dietary modifications in certain groups of population. Likewise, it is intended to clarify the errors and myths that have recently arisen in relation to certain foods that seek to replace milk and dairy product, based on their differences in composition, bioavailability and health effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D deficiency is recognized in the majority of the European population. Given its importance in a variety of biological processes, the community pharmacist must respond in commitment to public health with patient-centered actions susceptible to vitamin D deficiency or bone fragility. The actions highlighted in this letter are: patient education, enhance employment or ensure adherence to supplements that guarantee bone health, detection of problems related to medications or negative results associated with medication and incorporate into screening services equipment that detects risks of fractures in their prevention or monitor treatments. In short, responding to this challenge presents an opportunity for the pharmacist to expand services in the face of insufficiently covered health demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: interest in vegetarian diets is rising, however, it remains a very controversial topic, and with many reservations regarding it. Questions like their conceivable nutritional deficiencies, or if they are adequate or healthy, might be widely unknown. Objectives: exploring vegetarian diets, examining the current level of knowledge about them, and analyzing and improving, from a nutritional standpoint, the vegetarian menus of a restaurant with vegetarian options. Methods: this study was designed as an exploratory, crossover, descriptive study. Surveys with 17 items and a food frequency questionnaire were given among the customers of the restaurant. A total of 155 people, aged between 18 and 62, took part in it. A total of 30 menus were analyzed, and some suggestions were made in order to improve them. Results: out of the total sample, 138 people were omnivores, 12 people were vegetarians and two were vegans. More than half of the vegetarians did not know vitamin B12 is the only required supplement by default, and almost 60% of them stated never taking B12 supplements. The vegetarian menus which were analyzed provided a mean of 1,195 kcal, and covered 89% of the requirements of fiber, 212% of vitamin C, ≈30% of both calcium and zinc, 86% of iron, and 38% of B12. Conclusion: a great lack of knowledge regarding several aspects of vegetarian diets was found, even among vegetarian themselves. Informing the general public is essential for both avoiding dangerous nutritional deficiencies (like B12), and attracting more people towards this kind of diets, with all the benefits this would provide. In the vegetarian menus of Foodtopía, adequate levels of nutrients were observed. The main suggestions to improve the menus were: reducing the total calories and the amount of sunflower oil, and increasing the amount of legumes, nuts and seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Decreased levels of vitamin D influence on the control and severity of asthma. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between vitamin D serum levels and asthma control, as well as nutritional status, quality of life and patient comorbidities. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study of 43 asthmatic patients older than 18 years of age. Multiple logistic and multiple linear regression multivariate analyses of variance were performed; a p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Insufficient vitamin D levels were determined in 83.7% of patients; 93% had at least one asthma exacerbation in the previous year. There was no relationship between vitamin D serum levels and asthma control as measured by ACT and FEV1. There was a significant association between body mass index and vitamin D levels (p = 0.013). With a quality of life questionnaire for asthmatic adults, 76.7% were recorded to have a poor quality of life. Conclusions: No relationship was observed between vitamin D serum levels and asthma control in the patients. Most patients had insufficient vitamin D serum levels, uncontrolled asthma, and poor quality of life. Overweight and grade I obesity were associated with vitamin D insufficient levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: apart from the known effects of vitamin D on phospho-calcium homeostasis, in recent years there is great interest in its extrabone effects.Objectives: to know the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH] D) in newly diagnosed patients of cancer and to verify if there are differences between the different types of cancer.Material and Methods: cross-sectional study of a cohort of recent diagnosed cancer patients who were referred to Endocrinology consultation for a nutritional pre-surgery evaluation. One hundred and thirty-nine medical histories were reviewed. The socio-demographic and biometric data and 25(OH) D concentration were collected.Results: seventy-one of 139 patients had urological cancer, 27 had colorectal cancer (CRC), 35 had head and neck cancer and six, other types of cancer. The mean concentration of 25(OH) D was 50.41 nmol/l (95% CI = 46.67-54.14); 57.97% of patients showed vitamin D deficiency (< 50 nmol/l) and 21.74%, insufficiency (50-75 nmol/l). We found a statistically significant higher prevalence of deficiency (p < 0.01) in head and neck cancer compared to urological cancer: 68.57% and 49.29%, respectively. Year season significantly modifies 25(OH) D concentration (p < 0.01).Conclusions: there is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among recent diagnosed cancer patients (especially in CRC and head and neck cancer). The use of reference values adjusted by year season could improve the study of 25(OH) D concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: the main action of vitamin D is to maintain the concentration of calcium and phosphorus within the physiological range, allowing normal metabolism and bone mineralization. Vitamin D receptors have recently been described in many tissues, therefore vitamin D deficiency has been related not only to rickets, but also to increased risk of diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular, oncological, infectious and autoimmune diseases. Objective: the aim of the study was to know the vitamin D concentration in a healthy pediatric population and to verify its influential factors, as well as to analyze the current situation of vitamin D prophylaxis and to evaluate the effectiveness of current recommendations. Methods: one hundred and seven healthy patients aged between one and 15 years were selected, who required a blood test as a preoperative minor surgery and whose pathology did not influence the parameters of the study. Results: the sample analyzed had a total of 78.5% males and a mean age of 7.17 ± 3.79 years. Mean values of vitamin D were 26.07 ± 7.11 ng/ml; up to 72.9% had insufficient levels. The sample was divided into two groups: patients with hypovitaminosis D and patients with optimal vitamin D levels. A predominance of males with a higher body mass index, from immigrant parents, and the presence of extreme phototypes were observed in the hypovitaminosis group. There was also a higher risk of hypovitaminosis in those who had not performed prophylaxis during the first year of life. Conclusions: the high percentage of healthy children with vitamin D deficiency is evident, and current recommendations for prophylaxis are not carried out by the population as recommended by current guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed tumor in women and it continues to be the leading cause of cancer death in women. Quality of life decreases significantly during treatment and in the survivors. There is growing evidence linking the intake of certain foods, or their bioactive compounds, with better prognosis of the disease or improvements in physiological parameters that can increase BC patients' quality of life. But there are hardly any reviews to clarify the scientific evidence.Objectives: gathering and summarizing the available evidence on the effectiveness of the dietary compounds use as coadjuvants for BC treatment.Method: literature search using Pubmed to identify and analyze bioactive compounds as coadjvants for BC treatment.Results: all tested compounds showed antitumor effects in vitro. Vvitamin D decrease risk of bone fracture, and marine lipids may reduce bone resorption and inflammation.Conclusion: there are bioactive compounds with potential to improve the quality of life of women with BC. Vitamin D a marine lipids provide a solid quality scientific evidence. Despite this, more controlled clinical trials are required to establish a direct link between the use of these compounds and the tumor progression or patient survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To review the available scientific literature about the effects of nutritional status on the multiple sclerosis disease.Methods: A systematic review of the scientific literature in the Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases through November 2016. Search equation: ("Multiple Sclerosis"[Mesh] OR "Multiple Sclerosis"[Title/Abstract] OR "Disseminated Sclerosis"[Title/Abstract] OR "Multiple Sclerosis Acute Fulminating"[Title/Abstract]) AND ("Nutritional Status"[Mesh] OR "Nutritional Status"[Title/Abstract] OR "Nutrition Status"[Title/Abstract]). The quality of the selected articles was discussed using the STROBE questionnaire. The search was completed through experts inquiry and additional review of the bibliographic references included in the selected papers. The concordance between authors (Kappa index) had to be higher than 80% for inclusion in this review.Results: Of the 160 references recovered, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 articles were selected for review. Concordance between evaluators was 100.00%. The most studies established vitamin D levels. Others focused their research on finding out which nutrient deficits might be related to the multiple sclerosis development.Conclusions: Vitamin D may influence multiple sclerosis improvement. Sunlight and physical activity would be important factors, with nutritional status, in the course of this disease. It is necessary to produce new specific works that will delve into the subject to find out more about the relationship between nutritional status and multiple sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe burn injury represents a special trauma leading to major systemic dysfunctions such a bone loss, mineral disruptions, myopathy and immunosuppression. Burn patients are at high risk of hypovitaminosis D. Burn injury gives rise to calcium wasting, failure of bone to take up calcium, and vitamin D insufficiency. In this context vitamin D supplementation could help counteract post-burn sequelae. The aim of this paper is to review the current concepts on vitamin D metabolism with special focus in burn patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To assess serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-25 (OH) D-hormones with influence on bone metabolism (parathormone -PTH- and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I), bone remodeling markers (BRM) (carboxy-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I-β-CTX- and amino-peptide pro-peptide of procollagen type I -PINP), bone mineral density (BMD), microstructure and biomechanics of the femoral neck, in patients with osteoporotic hip fracture (OH) versus arthritic patients (OA). Material and methods: A cross-sectional observational study of 29 OH and 14 OA, age ≥50 years. We quantified hormonal serum levels and BRM (immunoassay), hip BMD (DXA), microstructure (micro-CT) and biomechanics (uniaxial compression tests, IGFA system). Analysis (SPSS 20.0.) Results: OH patients had lower levels of 25(OH)D (p=0.02) and hip BMD (p<0.05), and higher PTH (p=0.029) and β-CTX (p=0.04). Levels of 25(OH)D correlated positively with IGF-I (p=0.04) and negatively with β-CTX (p=0.003). The PTH values were correlated negatively with hip BMD (p=0.0005) and positively with trabecular thickness (TbTh) (p=0.006). Patients with 25(OH)D <20 ng/mL presented higher levels of β-CTX (p=0.006), lower IGF-I (p=0.007) and TbTh (p=0.04). Conclusions: Vitamin D levels are low in the elderly population, especially in patients with osteoporotic hip fracture. These patients also presented raised levels of PTH and BRM and descended from BMD. Patients whose 25(OH)D levels are below 20 ng/mL present higher bone remodeling, with lower levels of IGF-I and alterations of the bone structure (TbTh) that may be linked to a greater risk of fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive. To evaluate the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) levels in healthy children under 10 years of the Barranquilla metropolitan area. Materials and methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study in which serum levels of 25-OH-D were analyzed in 360 healthy children from 2014 to 2015. Results. The median value of 25-OH-D serum level was 32.23±8.56 ng/mL; 46.38% of children had vitamin D levels in the insufficient range (<30 ng/mL), while 3.05% were deficient (<20 ng/mL). Soledad and Puerto Colombia were the municipalities with more population in this condition. Conclusions. It is necessary to promote vitamin D supplement consumption and healthy lifestyles in order to safely improve levels of this micronutrient in the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Energy and nutrients obtained through food play an important role in the development and preservation of the immune system therefore any nutritional imbalance affects its competence and integrity.Objectives: Knowing the nutritional approach on different disorders of the immune system.Methods: A review has been carried out on the most prevalent immunological disorders in developed countries, the nutritional characteristics to which they are associated and their nutritional approach.Results: Nutritional treatment for immune disorders has focused in recent years on the role of PUFA-ω3 and vitamin D. Maintaining body weight, preventing malnutrition and protein catabolism are key strategies for nutritional treatment. This should be adapted to each disease stage because it is a dynamic process.Conclusions: Nutritional treatment for immunological disorders, especially in autoimmune diseases, is not always clear because they present acute and remission states. Anorexia is one of the most characteristic symptoms derived mainly from pharmacological treatment and inflammatory processes. Diet should be dense in nutrients that prevent deterioration.Nutritional treatment of immunological disorders should aim to maintain an optimal state of nutrition during symptomatic periods, prevent their deterioration during acute episodes and improve during stable periods free of symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allergic conditions have shown an increase in the past few decades. Hygiene, changes in lifestyle, diet and vitamin D have been blamed for this increase. Objective: To determine the role of environment, diet and vitamin D in atopic diseases in a population of Colombian Afro-descendant children. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study in 200 Afro-descendant children of rural and urban areas from northern Colombia. Lifestyle and diet were established by questionnaires, atopy was assessed with skin tests and total and specific IgE and vitamin D levels were determined by ELISA. Results: Atopy was more prevalent in the urban population (24 % versus 7 %, p < 0.001). Blomia tropicalis was the most common allergen (80.6 %). The PCA indicated two dietary patterns. In the rural area children, the consumption of dairy products and fruit/vegetables was higher, and related with a protective effect on atopy (OR, 0.21 [p < 0.027] and OR, 0.11 [ p < 0.04]). A similar pattern was observed with total IgE and vitamin D levels (2450.73 versus 777.56 kU/mL [p < 0.01] and 59.32 ng/mL versus 31.14 ng/mL [p < 0.001], respectively). Conclusion: Allergic conditions were less prevalent in rural area residents, possibly owing to higher consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and fruit/vegetables, as well as higher levels of vitamin D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is considered as a pandemic. Now, there are lots of publications documenting this deficiency in patients with osteopenia and/or osteoporosis; however, there are no studies either in Colombia or Latin America that evaluate vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in a healthy population, or in dermatologists, who can be susceptible to acquire this deficiency by the long working hours and the lack of sun exposure. Objective: To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in dermatologists and residents of dermatology in Colombia and to establish if the area of origin was associated with vitamin D levels. Methodology: This is a pilot, observational, cross-sectional and analytical study in which dermatologists and dermatology residents attending to the 2016 Colombian Congress of Dermatology were included. All participants were given a questionnaire; a physical exam was performed to them and their levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were measured as well. Results: 100 participants were included in this study: their average age was 39 years; 67% of them were women, with a prevalence of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency of 96% and with a mean of vitamin D concentration of 18.20 ng/ml. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in dermatologists and residents of dermatology in Colombia. With this population, some preventive interventions are suggested due to the high morbimortality related to such deficiency. [Guzmán-Cruz KA, Wandurraga-Sánchez EA, Rojas RF, Vergara JI, Gómez- Serrano SE. Vitamin D Levels in Dermatologists and Residents of Dermatology in Different Areas of Colombia: a Pilot Study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypovitaminosis D has been associated with various chronic diseases such as infections, autoimmune diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer and asthma Objective: The objective at hand is to determine the prevalence of vitamin D (VD) insufficiency and deficiency in adults with allergic asthma. Methods: Through a cross-sectional study, we analyzed corresponding data amongst 135 patients. VD concentration was categorized as sufficient (⩾ 30 ng/mL), insufficient (21-29 ng/mL), and deficient (⩽ 20 ng/mL). The level of VD deficiency was measured through chemo-luminescence. We estimated the prevalence of VD alterations and their respective confidence intervals at 95 % (CI 95 %). Results: Within the analyzed population, there were 99/135 women (73.3 %); the mean age was 34.5 ± 10.3 years. The mean concentration of VD was 17.9 ± 6.9 ng/mL and the median was 17 ng/mL. The prevalence of VD insufficiency and deficiency was 25.2 % (CI 95 %, 18.6-33.2 %) and 71.1 % (CI 95 %, 62.9-78.1 %), respectively; VD concentrations ⩽ 10 ng/mL had 13.3 % (CI 95 %, 8.5- 20.2 %) and ⩾ 30 ng/mL at 3.7 % (CI 95 %: 1.4-8.6 %). When we contrasted the men to the women, the median concentration of VD did not differ significantly (16 ng/mL vs. 18 ng/mL, p = 0.71). Conclusions: In this study, patients with allergic asthma had distinctively reduced VD concentration levels; future research will determine if and how VD affects the severity of asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Vitamin D has been involved in various diseases, including cancer. Several studies have linked vitamin D levels with breast cancer. The aim of our study was to establish the importance of adequate vitamin D concentrations to prevent breast cancer. Materials and methods: The study included 76 patients. Dietary habits, sun exposure, body mass index (BMI), and skin type were evaluated. Vitamin D determination in serum was measured by liquid chromatography. Vitamin D receptor pleomorphism was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results: Vitamin D ingestion was deficient in 18 patients and 22 controls; and sufficient in 6 patients and 30 controls, odds ratio of 4.09, confidence interval 95% 1.04-11.0, (p=0.016). Sun exposure was present in 9 patients and 15 controls; 15 patients and 37 controls had less sun exposure or used protection. Two patients and 13 controls had normal levels of vitamin D (30-60), two patients and 26 controls had low levels (20-30), and 18 patients and 12 controls had very low levels (<20). Odds ratio for patients with vitamin D serum levels of 20 ng/mL or less, or higher was 9, CI 95% 2.95-27.5, (p<0.001). These levels were independent from BMI. Conclusion: Low concentrations of vitamin D are strongly related to breast cancer in a region with high solar exposure. More studies are needed to confirm this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asthma is a common disease in the world and vitamin D (Vit-D) has been associated with the presence and severity of this disease. Objective: To establish the association between levels of Vit-D and IgE response in schoolchildren with asthma living in four cities in Colombia. Methods: Case-control study in 1340 schoolchildren (687 asthmatic and 653 controls) from communities in extreme poverty in Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, and Montería. Serum concentrations of Vit-D, total IgE, and anti-Dermatophagoides farinae, Periplaneta americana, and Ascaris lumbricoides (AL) specific IgE were measured. Results: Controls reported higher concentrations of Vit-D [61.9 ± 28.4 ng/mL] than cases [53 ± 23.3 ng / mL] (p < 0.05). Total IgE was higher in cases (p < 0.05). Only anti-AL IgE showed a clear difference: in controls, optical density was 0.27 ± 0.25; in cases, 0.22 ± 0.24 (p < 0.05). Vit-D showed differences between cases and controls in each population. Conclusions: An association could not be demonstrated between Vit-D deficiency and asthma, as total IgE was elevated in patients and controls. The results suggest that Vit-D influences the specif IgE response in poor asthmatic children in areas endemic for helminthiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography is a noninvasive imaging technology that can provide insight into skeletal microstructure and strength. Hypoparathyroidism is the combination of symptoms due to inadequate parathyroid hormone production. This is a very rare condition, and almost always occurs because of damage or removal of parathyroid glands at the time of parathyroid or thyroid surgery. This paper analyses the abnormalities in skeletal microstructure to treat parathyroid hormone deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nutrition research has traditionally promoted a nutrient-based approach; however, to evaluate population compliance with dietary recommendations, researchers have increasingly used dietary pattern analysis.Objective: To assess the relationship between dietary patterns and vitamin D and calcium intake in an adult Mexican population.Methods: We characterized the dietary patterns of 8,456 men and women aged 20-80 years who were participating in the Health Workers Cohort Study. Information on participants' sociodemographic conditions and physical activity was collected via self-administered questionnaires. A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess diet. In a cross-sectional analysis, we examined dietary patterns in relation to vitamin D and calcium consumption.Results: Factor analysis revealed 3 major dietary patterns. Pattern 1, labeled as "prudent pattern", was characterized by high positive loads for the consumption of fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, whole grains, oils, and legumes. The second dietary pattern, named as "dairy and fish pattern", was positively correlated with intake of dairy foods, fish and other seafood, milk and whole grains. Finally, dietary pattern 3 was associated with higher intake of red meat, soft drinks, fats, eggs, white meat and alcoholic beverages. Of these, the "dairy and fish pattern" was positively and significantly associated with vitamin D and calcium consumption (r = 0.42, p < 0.001; and r = 0.20, p < 0.001 respectively). Conversely, the third dietary pattern was negatively associated with vitamin D and calcium intake (r = -0.28, p < 0.001; and r = -0.41, p < 0.001, respectively).Conclusions: In summary, our findings show that dietary patterns represented by high consumption of milk, dairy products, whole grains, fish are associated with higher consumption of vitamin D and calcium in Mexican adult population. Additionally, our results highlight the importance of following an appropriate dietary pattern to achieve adequate consumption of nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: in older adults, deficit of Vitamin D and hip fractures are common. There exists relationships between both conditions, and it have been shown that supplementation of Vitamin D improve prognosis of hip fractures. In the case of Chile, information about relationship between Vitamin D and hip fractures is scarce.Objective: quantify plasma levels of vitamin D and relate them to the anatomical location of hip fracture.Methods: cross-sectional study. 222 Chilean adults ≥60 years, hospitalized for hip fracture between June, 2014 and June, 2015. We use data of medical records about gender, age, seasonality and anatomical location of hip fracture (intra and extracapsular). We measure plasmatic levels of Vitamin D (PLVD) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (MDRD-6). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and non-parametric test were used. For determine relations between PLVD and anatomical location we use linear regression.Results: there was a predominance of women (80.6%). The average age was 80.7 years (SD=7.8). Intracapsular hip fractures were 43.2%. 80% of the sample presents Vitamin D in deficitary levels (n = 180). PLVD average was 13.3 ng/cc (SD=6.7), in subjects with intracapsular fractures were significantly lower (p<0.001).Conclusions: PLVD in subjects with hip fracture should be monitored, as there are differences according to anatomical location of the fracture. This precedent could favor the treatment and recovery of subjects presenting for the first time hip fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is increasing concern to determine if the regular use of sunscreens results in vitamin D deficiency. Information provided by basic studies and clinical trials is controversial. Objective: To determine if the use of sunscreens decreases the serum levels of vitamin D. Material and method: A systematic review was done which included all clinical trials with vitamin D serum levels determination, where the use of sunscreens was compared either with placebo or no treatment. The levels of 25-OH-vitamin D and 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D were analyzed through average difference, under random effects due to the heterogeneity of the studies. Results: From 284 original articles, 10 fulfilled selection criteria and 5 allowed a quantitative analysis. In 4, the average of 25-OH-vitamin D on 5,307 individuals (1,583 under sunscreen use) had an average difference of 0.88 (95%CI -0.12 to 1.88). The average level of 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D was reported in 2 studies with 51 individuals (28 under sunscreen use) with an average difference of -33.09 (95%CI -71.3 to 51.3). Conclusions: The deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation and the lack of strong evidence regarding the effects of sunscreen use on serum levels of vitamin D allow to suggest that dietary intake should be the method to guarantee appropriate serum levels of vitamin D in order to continue favoring photoprotection strategies in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: to determine the characteristics of pediatric patients suffering from eating disorders that were hospitalized at Hospital Universitario de Canarias.Materials and Methods: a retrospective study in a cohort of pediatric patients diagnosed with eating disorders and admitted in our area was developed during the last seven years.Results: out of 35 patients in our study, 85.7 % were women, onset average age 13.5. 77.1% of the cases were diagnosed as anorexia nervosa- restrictive type. The most frequent analytical alterations, detected when patients were in hospital, consisted in a drop in plasma levels in retinol binding protein (RBP)- in 57.6% of the cases- and D hypovitaminosis- in 46.9 % of them: the use of high - calories supplements was required in 71.4% of patients during hospitalization. The average weight gain was higher when the body mass index (BMI) was smaller at patient's admission to hospital (p = 0,006). Conclussions: eating disorders are increasing in pediatric age: puberty is a special vulnerable period for its development, as well as medical complications secondary to malnutrition. Admission to hospital is an essential tool for handling many cases; taking the necessary monitoring leading to a weight increase, preventing complications in nutritional support and tackling the underlying psychopathology. Diagnosis and a precocious treatment are crucial to avoid an excessive weight loss and more complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objectives: evaluate vitamin D status and its association with chronic lung colonisation in Cystic Fibrosis patients.Material and Methods: descriptive cross-sectional multicenter study. From November 2012 to April 2014, at 12 national hospitals, 377 patients with Cystic Fibrosis were included. Vitamin D levels < 30 ng/ml were classified as insufficient. Chronic colonisation was considered if they had at least two positive cultures in the past year.Results: the median age was 8.9 years (2 months to 20 years). 65% had insufficient levels of vitamin D. There was an inverse correlation between age and vitamin D levels (r = -0.20 p < 0.001). Those diagnosed by screening, were younger and had higher levels of vitamin D. There was an inverse correlation between the number of colonisations and vitamin D levels (r = -0.16 p = 0.0015). Adjusting for age, pancreatic status and diagnosis by screening, colonization by S. aureus in 6 years, increased the risk of insufficient levels of vitamin D: OR 3.17 (95% CI 1.32 to 7.61) (p = 0.010) and OR 3.77 (95% CI 1.37 to 10 , 37) (p = 0.010), respectively.Conclusions: despite adequate supplementation, more than half of our patients did not achieve optimal levels of vitamin D. Regardless of age, diagnosis by screening or pancreatic status, chronic colonization by Pseudomonas sp. in children and adolescents and S. Aureus in infants and preschoolars increases the risk of developing vitamin D deficiency in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system whose etiology is unknown. Certain environmental factors, such as vitamin D, may have an influence on its pathogenesis, although the optimum threshold for vitamin D necessary to maximise its extraosseous benefits is not known. This article reviews, non-systematically, studies world-wide which relate vitamin D with MS. Overall, there are no significant differences between cases of MS and controls. In the case series, hypovitaminosis D with respect to values considered to be normal is seen in patients with MS, an observation which may also apply to healthy individuals. To be able to clarify the extent of the relationship between vitamin D and MS, further prospective studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective: Evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel polyvitaminic (Aquadek's®) in patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Material and Methods: Prospective, longitudinal and non-randomized study. CF patients with pancreatic insufficiency and clinically stable were given Aquadek's® (two chewable tablets) daily for 12 months. Serum levels of retinol, beta-carotene, 25 OH vitamin D and a-tocopherol were evaluated twelve months before, at baseline and 12 months after. Statistical analysis: paired ttests. Results: 28 patients aged 6 to 39 years (median 18.5 years) were included. Aquadek's® supplementation led to an increase in vitamin A dose and a decrease in the number of tablets administered. At baseline, 89% had at least one vitamin deficiency (61% pro-Vitamin A and 54% vitamin D). After one year, serum beta-carotene levels were increases 160 (95% Cl 98-222) mcg/l (p <0.001) and decreased the percentage of patients with pro-vitamin A deficiency 46% (95% Cl 22-64) (p <0.001). The proportion of patients with vitamin I) insuficiency increased 18% (95% Cl 2-32) (p =0.025). In any case serum levels exceeded the upper limits used to assess the risk of toxicity. Conclusions: Two daily Aquadek's® chewable tablets are safe and effective for maintaining vitamin A and E status of CF patients older than 6 years, although it is insufficient to normalize serum 250 H vitamin D according to the current recommendations for this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the vitamin D status and its relationship with metabolic syndrome (MS) risk factors in a group of Spanish schoolchildren. Material and methods: A group of 314 Spanish schoolchildren (8-13 years old) from A Coruña, Barcelona, Madrid, Seville and Valencia were studied. Anthropometric data on weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, and triceps skinfold, as well as blood pressure data were collected. Serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, HDL-c and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25 (OH) D) were assessed. Following Cook criterion, the following MS risk factors were defined: glucose ≥100 mg/dL; ≥P90 waist circumference; triglycerides> P90, HDL ≤P10; and sistolic and/or diastolic blood pressure > P90. Results: Mean serum 25(OH)D were 23.0±8.6 ng/mL. Forty seven percent of children had hypovitaminosis (20- 30 ng/mL) and 35% had vitamin deficiency (<20 ng/mL). Compared to the first tertile, children in the second tertile have a lower risk of elevated triglycerides (OR = 0.50 [CI = 0.25 to 0.99]; those in the the third tertile had lower risk of high blood pressure and triglycerides (0.60 [CI = 0.42 -0.86] and 0.50 [CI = 0.32 to 0.79], respectively). Conclusion: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high in this group of Spanish schoolchildren. Low serum levels of vitamin D are associated with an increased risk of elevated triglycerides and blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, associated with low bone mass, in postmenopausal women, living at the city of Villavicencio, between January 2012 and December 2013. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Non-probabilistic sequential bone densitometry was performed and serum concentrations of calcium, vitamin D and parathormone were measured to a sample of 106 postmenopausal women. Results: Mean age 65.9 years (SD = 10.4). The mean levels of vitamin D in women over 60 years was 30.23 ng / ml (SD: 11.6). Only 39.6% of patients had adequate levels of vitamin D, deficiency found in 60.37%. There is a higher proportion of osteoporosis in women who are deficient in Vitamin D (77.3%), when compared with the group that presents with low (64.3%) and those with normal levels of vitamin D (61.9%). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency has a high prevalence in women with low bone mass in the city of Villavicencio, then, it suggested the need for preventive interventions for women, when they reach perimenopause, that leads to increase the intake of Vitamin D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D can play an important role in maintaining bone health and in the prevention of some diseases. Few foods are a natural source of vitamin D and these are not normally consumed, being the most common oily fish and yolk. Aim: To analyze the intake and sources of vitamin D in schoolchildren aged 7-16 years. Methods: A representative sample of the Spanish population aged 7-16 years (n = 1,976) selected from ten Spanish provinces was studied. Dietary data were obtained by using a 3-day food record. The body weight and height were measured. Results and discussion: Mean vitamin D intake (1.63 (0.96-3.35) μg/day) was lower than the recommended intake (RI) in 85.4% of study participants and it was influenced by age (OR = 0.935; IC: 0.889-0.983; p < 0.01). The main sources of vitamin D were eggs (27.7%), followed by cereals (25.8%), fish (20.9%) and dairy products (12.7%). Additionally, it has been found that vitamin D RI can be adequately covered the greater the consumption of fish is (r = 0.734; p < 0.001). Thereby, an increase of one fish serving decreased a 72.5% the odds of not covering vitamin D RI. Conclusions: Vitamin D intake is lower than the recommended intake in a high percentage of the participants. Having into account that the contribution of vitamin D is mainly determined by fish, an increase in the consumption of this food group would be desirable. Young children merit special attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]