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The challenges faced by teachers during the confinement caused by Covid-19 were more severe for those who look after students with special needs or learning barriers, particularly in a context marked by the scarcity of specialized technological tools and an incipient development of digital skills among both teachers and students. The paper analyzes the conditions in which teachers who work in basic and upper secondary education in Mexico carried out their jobs from April 2020 - December 2021. The analysis is based upon a structural attributive research of explanatory scope that retrieved information through a survey. 140 teachers participated in the process; their responses were statistically analyzed and mapped out using the Geographic Information System and the ArcGIS program, in order to highlight regional differences and shortcomings. The results presented focus on two axes of the Common Framework for Digital Teaching Competence (Content Creation and Security) and show the persistence of socio-educational gaps. Those who express that to have developed these competences are teachers from urban areas, particularly those who have less years of service, higher academic degrees, and are in the seek of job stability. This leads to the conclusion that there is a need to strengthen differentiated training processes that respond to the specific needs of educational contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the psychological, social and emotional effects of social isolation. Its objective is to reflect on this measure taken during the pandemic, focusing on the psychological consequences. On the one hand, it is based on official speeches, critical views and mental health research. On the other hand, a study is made on the subject in Mexico, in which opinions, practices and the cognitive, emotional, behavioral and relational impacts are addressed. This is done through a bibliographic and documentary review, as well as surveys, questionnaires and interviews, for the country and for Mexico City. As a result, the consideration between benefits and risks in general is presented. In particular, a favorable assessment from the population, a relative follow-up, an accumulation of unpleasant feelings, psychological disorders, as well as changes in habits, activities and relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since his arrival to the presidency of Mexico in 2018, López Obrador has established a communication strategy focused on his daily press conferences, called mañaneras, through which he tries to establish the informative agenda of the country. It is common for the president to use a discursive rhetoric tending to polarization, for which he makes use of cues or labels that offer a context to understand the issues on which he is pronounced. The paper seeks to analyze the use of labels or cues by the president in his discourse, for which a quantitative content analysis was carried out on a sample of his interventions (N = 867) during a year in the mañaneras. The findings made it possible to detect two discursive schemes from the convergence of different cues: one that tends to present an Us visualized in a new government scheme, linked to positive aspects such as engagement or the fight against corruption, compared to an Others that presents the previous government, linked to negative aspects such as corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of financialization is present in the health sector, particularly in the case of large pharmaceutical companies. In the case of Mexico, there has been an expansion of pharmacies with medical offices as a result of capital flows, but also due to the absence of a quality public health system. This paper analyzes how the contemporary processes of pharmaceutical company financialization have allowed the expansion of the medical office-based pharmacy scheme and, to a certain extent, the "substitution" of health services managed by public authorities in the urban peripheries of the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico. Based on information from Farmacias Benavides and Farmacias Guadalajara, issued by the Mexican Stock Exchange, on several indicators on health and pharmacies in Mexico, as well as semi-structured interviews with residents of the metropolitan periphery, it is argued that the exponential growth of pharmacies in the last two decades is linked to the policy of expansion and construction of social housing. These housing projects, largely due to weak regulatory controls, do not develop an adequate health infrastructure both in qualitative and quantitative terms, thus favoring the opening of financial instruments that have allowed large pharmaceutical companies to expand in recent decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the Mexico City Government's accountability with respect to public debt in the time period 1999-2015. The questions we pose are as follows: To which projects were resources emanating from public debt allocated? Did the accountability mechanisms make it possible to evaluate the projects funded with public debt? Although the laws stipulate that entities are bound to be transparent about their allocation of debt, there is clearly only partial accountability when it comes to all of the funding models, including: private banking, development banking, the stock market, and public-private partnerships (PPP). Moreover, the opacity is total where evaluating outcomes is concerned. Using a cointegration test for debt and public investment, we assert that total public debt has some effect on the behavior of public investment in Mexico City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, certain governments and civil society organizations are taking part in processes of building up policies, programs, and projects. This situation opens a way for the appearance of quizzes about each of them responsibility for these activities. This article analyzes the concept of shared responsibility and tries to find out the proper definition for the interaction among actors, the way it is established, the values and attitudes that it promotes, as well as the rules, the management mechanisms and the resource distribution that rule that mentioned relationship. With regard to the establishment of this kind of relationship, this study presents the main aspects of some experiences that were carried out in Mexico City, as well as the challenges that the developed strategies and methodologies face. The application of new internal control approaches has been already taken by rules and norms from diverse fiscalization methods in several countries of the American continent (the most notorious case seems to be the Act Sarbanes Oxley, in the United States). The latest control models are being progressively included as a basis for the definition of fiscalization procedures in different countries. This paper explains the way that this framework may be actually used through two different action lines, which are separated but complementary. They can be used both in the Public Sector and private companies for: the development of organizational institutional diagnosis and the establishment of intervention plans, as well as fore the continuous monitoring of internal control structures as a method for contributing to management. On the other hand, the present study presents real cases of practical use of the COSO Model in Latin America. These cases support the work hypothesis created by the author, as well as the features that the writer has identified in projects that have implemented this tool in diverse organizations. Through these examples, and the case description, it can be understood the way the COSO Model, as the object of the current study, should take in order not to remain as just an abstract or academic concept. The COSO Model presents an integrated framework that influences organizations in a concrete and direct form. It covers a place that had not been occupied when considering control under the old concept. Finally, this paper tries to develop the integrated COSO Model framework from a practical point of view, and not only theoretical. Besides this, the article emphasizes the usefulness of the Model concepts as an especially managerial tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looking for new orientations to apply to the analysis of the metropolitan complexity, this paper analizes a suburban district of Mexico City from the point of view of the anonimous subject living and making the city, his neighborhood and the urban life, through any everyday life action. This form of analysis will be called as the "social construction of peripherical territory"; "way of life" and the "social subjectivity" are also central concepts in our interpretation of the reality. Therefore, in the first part of the paper, we explain the concept of "social construction of peripherical territory" for the purpose of using it as a way of analysis of the suburbs of large cities. Then, in the second part of the paper, we are re-constructing the concept of "way of life" and finally, we are presenting some results of our research about the practical contents of both concepts --way of life and subjectivity-- in our study area, the Chalco Valley, a large suburb of Mexico City. The way of life only can be understood in its differents configurations, if we introduce a study to the everyday practices of the inhabitants; those are requiring also the analysis of subjectivity as the way of giving sense to the everyday actions of the subject, to its everyday practices. In this relationship between the everyday life of the inhabitants of the periphery and the related imaginary, a social construction of the territory is taking shape as a process including materials expressions and offers from a symbolical type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agglomeration of cultural / creative industries and specialized retail stores in urban districts marked by a rapid urban transformation process has been identified as "Creative Districts". It has been assumed that these districts are economic clusters in the sense of being an economic system formed by specialized companies and their corresponding labor market. From our point of view these districts are only a visible part of a larger economic cluster operating at the metropolitan scale which includes many different areas, enterprises and jobs. In this paper we discuss the conceptual and methodological problems of bringing the concept of economic cluster or industrial district to the intra-urban geographic scale. In order to confront the idea of 'creative districts' as functional economic areas separable from the rest of the metropolitan economy, we apply the methods commonly used in urban studies on creative industries to identify possible creative districts within Mexico City. The identified districts are contrasted in their economic structures to determine if there are indications that indeed they are differentiable and functional economic clusters from the rest of the metropolitan area. We conclude by arguing that the data found sustain the existence of a single metropolitan economic cluster and no small clusters in urban districts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on women and work are substantial; however, the relevance of the subject allows continue investigating and know the current experiences of its protagonists. It is precisely the purpose of this paper analyze contemporary reflections of mothers-fathers with respect to the exercise of motherhood and work. From the socio-cultural perspective, as part of a qualitative methodology, in-depth interviews were made to middle-class parents. Reported their reflections and the reasons why renounce women the labour field. Become critical reflections on the topic and proposed alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to study the vitality of the subjunctive in the Spanish speech of Mexico City and find alternations with the indicative. To this purpose 1164 samples of subjunctive forms in 18 speakers from the Sociolinguistic Corpus of Mexico City were examined. As linguistic variables, tense, the conventionality of the construction, the form of the utterance, its syntactic context, and main semantic-pragmatic values were analyzed; polarity, factuality, probability, assertiveness and interchangeability with the indicative were also taken into account. The sociolinguistic variables considered were level of education, age, and gender. The study reaffirms the full vitality of the subjunctive (especially in people with more education, youth and women). The most common subjunctive tenses are the present and the past. Syntactic contexts and semantic and pragmatic values are important to characterize the use of the subjunctive, but in order to understand the alternation with the indicative, it is necessary to consider the factuality, probability and assertiveness involved in each specific instance. More detailed study of the 439 cases of relative interchangeability with the indicative could be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a reference about the importance of the public transportation systems development in Mexico City through a perspective of service quality and its relation with the sustainable development, related to the environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Mexico City Metropolitan Zone (MCMZ) the generation of employment spillovers may be associated with the adoption of new technologies (via foreign direct investment), the immigration of qualified or talented people, and/or the presence of research and development centers, among other factors. In the present paper we analyze the role of employment spillovers in the manufacturing and professional service sectors using two groups which we have classified as creative and technological. The core result we reach is that the patterns of employment spillovers have changed over the last two decades and have been conditioned by the intensification of the outsourcing process experienced by the MCMZ. In particular, it is proposed that this process of economic conversion in the metropolis has meant that the spillover employment effects occur over short distances of spatial diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional anaemias affect more than one third of women of reproductive age worldwide as a result of a lack of one or various nutrients involved in the haematopoiesis, mainly iron. Women are at higher risk because of menstruation. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the association between the perception of the amount of menstrual bleeding and iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, ferritin and hemoglobin deficiencies, among women from Mexico City. This cross-sectional study included 12-49 year old women, that were not pregnant or breastfeeding. Hemoglobin, ferritin, iron, folate, and vitamin B12 were quantified. Self reported menstrual bleeding was estimated by using a 10 cm long visual analogue scale. Associations were calculated by Student's T test, Chi2 and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Sensibility and specificity were depicted in a ROC curve. Results showed that anaemic women perceived a larger menstrual blood loss than those non anaemic (p<0.05). No differences were observed in any other of the micronutrients studied.The visual analogue scale is an easy-to-answer and cheap screening test that could be used in apparently healthy populations to detect the risk of anaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to describe the medical care off in the newborn infant during the last third of the nineteenth century at the Maternity-Infancy Hospital in Mexico City which was the first public welfare institution in the country. Some historical data about the hospital are also mentioned as well as the onset of the speciality of Neonatology in Paris, France. Features of the first incubator manufactured in Mexico are described and its usefulness in the care of premature infant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a (re)construction of the point of view of public transport drivers that in Mexico are derogatorily called "chafiretes". "Chafiretes" are a typical figure in Latin American cities. By taking their point of view I aim to explain part of the passion they feel for their profession. I consider this passion to be a key element in understanding a certain urban way of life. In this investigation, I assume an inside perspective on what these drivers have to say about their work, and at the same time I explore the collective origins for why these drivers experience value in their jobs and maintain a loyalty to all what transport means as an institution. This involves learning their specific social needs, their universe and their problems, so as to get closer to the infrastructure in which they move -that is, their locality in the social spaces of their neighborhood and city-. This perspective looks to establish a contrast between the different testimonies of the drivers and explains how this negative image is frequently selfconstructed by themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This abridged report on the characteristics of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was carried out during the First Latin-American Consensus on ADHD celebrated in Mexico City on June 17-18, 2007. It was organized by the Group of National Experts for the Study of ADHD, and 130 neuroscience specialists from 19 Latin-American countries participated. A search and review of articles published over the last 15 years was performed through PubMed, Medline, Ovid, and EBSCO databases. We analyzed articles including diagnosis and/or treatment guides, treatment algorism from any country, and approved and non-approved treatments for ADHD according to regulatory health agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration. The information in this paper, from diagnostic parameters to algorithmic drug placement, was bases on the number of articles dealing with pharmacological or therapeutic treatment as well as on diagnostic criteria in compliance with evidence-based medicine; this is, with double-blinded clinical assays and meta-analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the Mexican elections of July 4th, 1926, which enabled Plutarco Elías Calles to seek a second presidential term on a fully constitutional basis. Those elections had their own significance, but also provided the framework for the second half of Calles' administration. I focus only on the elections in Mexico City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses in the new working experiences that had to be implemented by a group of middle class families in Mexico City. Through these new working activities people were searching for ways to cop with the temporal or definitely loss of emplyments and how to face the lack of economic re sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]