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In 2009, the Colombian Constitutional Court issued ruling Auto 004, declaring 34 indigenous groups as being at risk of extermination due to the internal armed conflict and ordered the Colombian government, led by the Interior Ministry, to protect them. Since then, although the critical situation persists, the government has proven its compliance with the Court's order through a documentation process. The purpose of this article is to examine the role of documentation in mediating legal protection in a violent context. Based on yearlong participant observation at the Colombian Interior Ministry, the study approaches the production of the government's documentary response as an artifact. It addresses its formulation and context within the institutional setting, the discussions regarding what to include and what to exclude, and the decisions that shape its content. It highlights how the assembled document enchants, by skillfully combining the aesthetics and technical aspects. It illustrates how numbers that portray compliance are constructed and displayed in the document, while concealing the failure to make the changes that were ordered: a phenomenon termed here as complying incompliantly. The paper's originality lies in deconstructing the powerful governmental sophism of money invested as compliance with an obligation, through ethnographic attention to the document. Likewise, the analysis is part of the challenge dealt with by studies of the gap between law and reality, by suggesting that the problem lies not in a gap between well-intended law and the violent reality that overflows it but rather in the way this "gap" is filled by complex documenting processes. As such, the paper contributes to the anthropological studies on law, documentation and accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes a series of extralegal procedures implemented by Guatemalans to acquire Mexican personal identification documents. The research focuses on the experiences of descendants of families who took refuge in Mexico during the 1980s and 1990s and returned to Guatemala between 1994 and 1996. These young people, born in Guatemala after their parents returned to their country of origin, employed the practice of buying Mexican birth certificates which were later used to enter Mexico legally. The fieldwork was carried out in two Guatemalan villages, as well as two Mexican ones, located in Cancun and Playa del Carmen. The main argument is that for them Mexican identification documents become a singular force that confers recognition and offers them the possibility to be incorporated into governmental logic which grants material benefits. Such forms of political imagination are related to the experiences of multiple documentation accumulated by older generations during their refuge period and are now encouraged by the Mexican State's new border security strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Baltasar Samper, composer and researcher of folk music, and native of Catalonia, arrived in Mexico in 1942, together with the pianist and companion Dolors Porta as part of the Spanish exile. His stay in Mexico, plagued with inconveniences, allowed him to create a professional research model of folk music for the recently founded Section of Musical Research of the National Institute of Fine Arts (inba, by its acronym in Spanish), as a result of his earlier work in Barcelona for the project l’Obra del Cançoner Popular de Catalunya. Based on his papers housed by the archives of National Center for Research, Documentation and Dissemination of Music (cenidim, for its Spanish acronym) and other sources, this paper presents his experiences in Mexico, which given the circumstances proved rather frustrating. Samper has been largely ignored both in musicology at large and in the literature on the Spanish exile in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper aims to analyze the impact of the creation of cities on Mapuce indigenous territory. The study focuses on two case studies located in the Andean area of the province of Neuquén, Argentina, in which touristic activities of national and international relevance take place. It will take into account the processes of indigenous deterritorialization in favor of touristic development, the consequences of the creation of cities in two Mapuce communities, the territorial conflicts and the ways of indigenous integration or exclusion from tourist circuits promoted by the State. To analyze these factors, we have resorted to administrative and judicial state documentation, written press and ethnographic field work. The conclusions of the work are linked to the deterritorializations understood as an updated dispossession in the present. All in all, the paper portrays two processes associated with the creation of cities, the heterogeneity present in the forms of indigenous “inclusion” in touristic activities and the increase of territorial conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this paper is to identify and study the documentation on benefices to parishes in the Ecclesiastical Archives of Mérida-Badajoz (Spain). In order to do this, an analysis of the history of the archive and its documentation is presented, in order to later focus on the beneficio curato, showing an approach to the process and a specific study of the documentation kept in these archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper will analyze the reasons that gave rise to the idea of building an interoceanic canal in the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec during the administration of Viceroy Antonio María de Bucareli, which would serve to shorten the times of goods and supplies transfer between the Iberian Peninsula and Alta California and thus combat the expansionism of the enemy powers (in particular Russia) in the American Northwest. The importance of this project lies in its idea of reconfiguring the geoeconomic and military order of Spanish America at the end of the 18th century, in the understanding that Tehuantepec would be the new key to entering the South Sea (displacing the Strait of Magallanes) and the way that would allow the Spanish Crown to have a better administrative control of american economic resources. This historical reconstruction was made from the series of reserved letters, maps and official documentation that protect the General Archive of the Nation of Mexico, the General Archive of Indies and the National Historical Archive in Madrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper consists of two first-person reports of linguists working in the documentation of endangered languages. We narrate two opposite situations: that of Guató, a language with only two speakers, survivors of a long process of colonization, and that of the language spoken by the Xinane people, a monolingual recently-contacted group. We make use of these two examples to problematize the concept of «isolation»: the Xinane situation is, in fact, one of de-isolation (contact), carefully planned and executed by young people, after three generations of isolation motivated by white violence. Vicente, on the other hand, one of the two last speakers of the guató language can be more literally characterized as one of voluntary isolation, despite the 400 years of contact of his fragmented people. We also discuss the challenges of creating fieldwork methodologies in these two extremely contrastive contexts of language vitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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