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Alfred Marshall, the venerable dean of English economists, forms a bond between the later nineteenth and the early twentieth century economics, and by his remarkable talent for eclecticism probably embodies and exemplifies better than any one else the more generally prevailing uncritical opinion among English and American economists. There is, indeed, a thoroughgoing inconsistency in Marshall's views as to the central aim of economics, On the one hand he would aim to be a welfare economist. He aspires to make economics a study of real human welfare. But Marshall has also another aspiration, which is constantly tempting him to think and speak as a price economists rather than as a welfare economist. Thus he is led to abandon welfare as the center of economic study and to make money "the center around which economic scene clusters" and to use it as the one convenient means of measuring human motive on a large scale." He finds other difficulties when he attempts to make price the measure of motives as between men of different incomes ; equal sums of money are sought as general purchasing power by different persons for the most diverse motives "high as well as low, spiritual as well as material."

The article deals with the functional relation between national income and saving or consumption as derived from statistical analysis of data for the United States covering the past two decades. One may gain a much better understanding of how the yearly equilibrium of total saving and investment happens to have been struck at the levels of gross national income prevailing during each of the past twenty years if the component elements of investment and how they are related to income and other factors are deeply analyzed. It has also been investigated that what investment would be likely to be more under stable conditions if the economy operates at a steady increasing rate of production and income. The article concluded that the phase of the housing cycle is a major factor related to the amount of investment and is at least a minor factor related to the level of the saving function. The quantity of current income spent privately for permanent capital goods under conditions of fluctuating activity has responded to previous profits, but has been conditioned by the current level of income, while the income spent for temporary private investment has been related to the direction and extent of change of the level of income.

The Society's Publications Committee and Council have been concerned for some time with need for current bibliographical and abstracting services in operations research This concern led several years ago to the arrangement with the Operations Research Group at Case Institute of Technology under which the Society shared with Case Institute the support for the preparation of a bibliography of titles covering the literature through 1956. The Society then secured support from the Office of Scientific Information of the National Science Foundation for the continuation of this work, with the following results The earlier partial listing for 1957 was completed by the publication by Case Institute in 1959 of "A Comprehensive Bibliography on Operations Research 1957," prepared by the same group, this listing, together with a complete listing for 1958 and extensive special bibliographies prepared also by this group, will be published in a single volume by John Wiley and Sons Inc. in 1961. In the meantime, scholar James H. Batchelor, working independently and entirely within his own resources, was preparing an annotated bibliography that included abstracts for all items except those of minor importance and covered the literature through 1957.

Thirty species of Inoperculate Discomycetes are described herein from the Nahuel Huapí National Park (Argentina), distributed among thirteen genera belonging to the following families: Hyaloscyphaceae, Dermataceae, Sclerotiniaceae y Helotiaceae. Three of them, namely, Calloria, Sphagnicola and Phaeohelotium are recorded for the first time for Argentina. Of the thirty species found, fifteen are new records for this country. The following new combinations are proposed: Cyathicula chlorosplenioides (Speg.) Gamundí (basinym: Helotium chlorosplenioides Speg.); Rutstroemia megalospora (Speg.) Gam. (bas.: Helotium megalosporum Speg.) y Rutstroemia microsperma (Speg.) Gamundí (bas.: Helotium microspermum Speg.). The paper contains a critical study of type material from Spegazzini's herbarium, and the description of a new species of the same general area: Phaeohelotium castaneum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first from a series of papers dealing with the comparative study of all neotropical species of Salvinia. In the first part, the author comments the systematic position of all the species mentioned so far for tropical America. In the second part, the morphology and structure of the sporophyte and its reproductive organs of Salvinia oblongifolia are studied. This species lives in the center-north and NE of Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, the fourth of the series which started with a study of the sporophyte of Salvinia oblongifolia, the author reports some data on the following aspects of S. rotundifolia: anatomy of the rhizome and submerged organ. Comparative data on its related species, S. herzogii, are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On July 24, 1961, the legislative bodies of the Federal Republic of Germany enacted a new uniform professional code for certified accountants and licensed accountants. This new code came into force on November 1, 1961. In this article the author shall attempt to describe those aspects of the new code which appear to be of some interest to professional accountants outside the Federal Republic and in the U.S. particularly. Under the provisions of the new code, the two professional groups of certified accountants and licensed accountants will continue to exist side by side, but no additional licensed accountants will be appointed, so that ultimately this professional group will disappear. To accelerate this process, the code provides that those who are now licensed accountants shall have the opportunity to join the group of certified accountants merely by taking an oral examination. Licensed accountants are authorized, as before, to certify audits of books and accounts, with the exception of mandatory audits of stock corporations, which have always been reserved to certified accountants.

In this short paper, the author reports the presence of Notholaena sulphurea (Cav.) J. Sm. in NW and W Argentina (Jujuy and La Rioja Provinces). A key for the Argentine species of that genus, is also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on mathematical programming models for capital budgeting. In section one a generalized deterministic mathematical programming model for capital budgeting is provided. Section two demonstrates how these past models are closely related to this model. In the third section uncertainty is discussed through the use of probabilistic concepts and through the utilization of chance-constrained programming. The authors hope to present a comprehensive analysis of the features of programming models for capital budgeting.

Data editing by a computer program can be regarded as a form of statistical quality control. In that perspective, costs and benefits of alternative programs can be compared to one another and, of course, to no control plan at all. This paper outlines one approach to cost-benefit comparison and utilizes a realistic example to suggest that computerized data editing is generally superior to clerical editing. It also warns against edit programs which provide for record rejections and off-line review. Most importantly, it urges that a systematic comparison of costs can assist significantly in edit planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several approximations to the binomial distribution were compared in 1956 by Raft [9], including the normal, arcsine, normal Gram-Charlier, Camp-Paulson, Poisson, and Poisson Gram-Charlier approximations. The closeness of these approximations is judged by the maximal error which can arise in evaluating any sum of consecutive binomial terms. Borges [3] investigated a general class of approximations (which includes some of the above) and showed that a certain beta-transformation of a binomially distributed variable is the unique member of this class which is approximately normal with error 0(l/n). In 1963, Bol'shev [2] gave two new Poisson-type approximations. In this paper, some of Raft's tables are extended and tables for the error of these newer approximations are added. As a consequence of the numerical results obtained, the Poisson Gram-Charlier approximation is recommended for small values of p while the Camp-Paulson and Borges' approximations should generally be preferred for large p. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first part of this paper, the author gives basic information on the physiography, climate and vegetation of the studied area, which is located in the northwestern corner of Argentina and covers the provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, Tucumán and partially, Santiago del Estero and La Rioja. Also, in that general part, comments are made on the level of the local knowledge of the Pteridophytes. In the subsequent chapters, the author offers a key of families and the revision of Lycopodiaceas, Selagnellaceae, Equisetaceae, Psilotaceae, Ophioglossaceae, Schizaeaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Cyatheaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae and Adianlaceae (according to Alston's classfication of the leptosporangiate ferns), with a total of 25 genera and 77 species. Under each taxon, the synonymy, types, relationships, cited specimens, distribution patterns and ecological information are given. Three new species are described: Hymenophyllum (Sphaerocionium) capurroi, Cheilanthes volcanensis and Pleris famatinensis and the following combinations are proposed: Adiantum thalictroides var. hirsutum (Hook & Grev.) and Pleris inermis (Rosenst.). Maps, graphs and illustrations of the new taxa are also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operations-research workers have not met with much success in being accepted as integral members of regional-health-planning teams, owing in part to a lack of understanding by health planners of the skills the operations researcher has to offer and in part the analyst's inability to demonstrate that he can close the gap between theoretical modeling and the implementation of his results. This paper explores the growth of regional health planning in the United States and highlights its important problem areas. The literature of operations-research applications to health planning is reviewed critically with respect to the feasibility of models and the appropriateness of assumptions. Specific problems with the types of studies currently in the literature are identified and recommendations are made for improved coordination between operations-research workers and health planners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When all the fire companies in a region are engaged in fighting fires, protection against a future fire is considerably reduced. It is standard practice in many urban fire departments to protect the exposed region by relocating outside fire companies temporarily to some of the vacant houses. In New York City, situations requiring such relocations arise ten times a day on the average. The Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) currently makes its relocations according to a system of preplanned moves. This system was designed at a time when alarm rates were low and is based on the assumption that only one fire is in progress at a time. Because of the high alarm rates currently being experienced in parts of New York City, this assumption is no longer valid, and the preplanned relocation system breaks down at the times when it is needed most. This paper describes a computer-based method for determining relocations that overcomes the deficiencies of the existing method by utilizing the computer's ability to (1) store up-to-date information about the status of all fires in progress and the location and activity of all fire companies, (2) generate and compare many alternative relocation plans quickly. The method, which will become part of the FDNY's real-time Management Information and Control System (MICS), is designed to be fast and to require little computer memory. After giving some background of the problem and the objectives of relocation, we give the problem a mathematical programming formulation and then describe the heuristic algorithm to be used for generating relocations in the MICS. The remainder of the paper is devoted to a discussion of an example illustrating how the algorithm works, a rigorous test of the algorithm using a computer simulation model of Fire-Department operations, and a description of the current use of... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a set-covering-problem formulation for determining locations for two types of ladder trucks used by the New York City Fire Department. It shows that the formulation can accommodate several different realistic restrictions on the solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this third paper dealing with the algae of Brazil, four Chlorophycophyta and six Chrysophycophyta are described. These organism were found in the so called "Sete Lagoas" Lake-District, State of Minas Gerais. They are: Granulochloris maxima nov. sp., Pseudoquadrigula lagoensis nov. gen., nov. sp., Oedogonium spirostriatum, Pseudochaete crassisetum (Chlorophvceae), Phalansterium digitatum (Chrysophyceae), Tetraedriella polychloris, T. acuta, Goniochloris gigas, Peroniella minuta y Pseudostaurastrum enorme (Xanthophyceae). Except Oedogonium, all these genera are mentioned for the first time for Brazil and also for South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a taxonomic study of Cyanophyta epiphytic on submerged plants in the following ponds: Chascomús, El Burro, Yalea and Vitel. Keys are given for the identification of the 3 orders, 5 families, 11 enera and 24 species found. The taxa are described and the species illustrated. Eigth species are described for the first time for Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author studies the following families of ferns, which are growing in the northwestern area of his country: Marsileaceae (Marsilea, 1 or 3 species), Salviniaceae (Salvinia, 1 species) and Azollaceae (Azolla, 2 species). One new taxon is described and illustrated: Marsilea punae. Under each taxa, the synonymy, affinities, critical data and geographic distribution, including the studied specimens, are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers a system consisting of two subsystems connected in series with a single repair facility. One subsystem consists of M identical units connected in parallel, while the other consists of several different units connected in series. The units' failure times are exponentially distributed, whereas repair times are distributed quite generally. Initially, the system is in any one of the operative states. The system breaks down if all the units in the parallel group are simultaneously in failed states or if any failure occurs in the series group. The availability and reliability function of the system are obtained simultaneously. We use a suitable transformation to deduce the reliability from the availability function. Explicit expressions for the steady-state availability of the system and the mean time to system failure are obtained. The mean time to system failure and the mean down time as new measures in equilibrium are defined and then obtained explicitly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the taxonomic study of soil algae in the surroundings of Buenos Aires (Argentina). Sixty-five species are studied. They belong to sixteen genera of Cyanophyceae distributed in five families and two Orders, and twenty genera of Chlorophyceae distributed in twelve families and six Orders. Among Cyanophyceae the family Oscillatoriaceae is the best represented with six genera and twenty species; among the Chlorophyceae, the Chlorococcaceae with six genera and eight species. The species Phormidium frigidum, Ph. subtruncatum, Ph. rubriterricola, Ph. papy raceum, Hydrocoleum brebissoni, Anabaena fertilissima, Tolypothrix brevis, Plectonema gracillimum (Cyanophyceae) and Chlamydomonas gloeopara, Bracteococcus minor, B. giganteus, Chlorococcum pinguideum, Chlorella fusca var. fusca, Ch. saccharophila var. saccharophila, Ch. zofingensis, Ch. minutissima and Klebsormidium subtile (Chlorophyceae) are new records for Argentina, and so are the genera Coccomyxa, Klebsormidium and Pleurococcus (Chlorophyceae). They are described and the species illustrated. Keys are given for the identification of the orders, families, genera and species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is preliminar to a research on Fungal Succession on leaves of Austro-southamerican species of Nothofagus. Deals with some foliicolous Hyphomycetes and Ascomycetes, which are first recorded for Argentina and on N. dombeyi leaves, as Candelabrum spinulosum, Idriella lunata, Anungitea fragilis, Gyrothrix pedicelata, Cylindrocarpon tenue, Chalara brevipes, Ch. nothofagi, Ch. hughesii, Mirandina typica, Ulocladium atrum, Botrytis cinerea, and Gelasinospora reticulispora. A new combination, Polyscytalum fuegianum (Speg.) Gam. et all. and three new species, Triposporium foliicolum Gam. et all., Phialea nothofaginea Gam. et all. and Trochila tetraspora Müller et Gam. are proposed. Synonymy between Dyctiochaeta Speg. and Codinaea Maire is stablished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the thirty-fourth Annual Conference of American Association for Public Opinion Research, held at The Inn at Buck Hill Falls, Pennsylvania, between May 31 and June 3, 1979. For the second time, the conference had two plenary sessions. In the first, Harry O'Neill, Donald Hughes, and Mervin Field led a lively exchange on polling, political advocacy, and the public interest. The second, on polls in the legal and regulatory process, featured Wallace Snyder from the Federal Trade Commission and Hans Zeisel. Both sessions had high attendance and robust participation by members of the audience. This year the conference presented several exhibits, including a demonstration of random digit dialing, a display of U. S. Census forms and publications, and an NORC exhibit of questionnaires used since 1941, which Offered both historical data and a bit, of opinion polling nostalgia. The conference program covered 20 regular sessions and 15 roundtable sessions, with attendance generally strong at all of them.