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Neoliberalism is a political-economic philosophy that consists of two claims: one economic and the other political. The economic claim is: that free market laissez faire economies are the best way to organize economic activity as they generate efficient outcomes that maximize well-being. The political claim is: that free market economic arrangements promote individual liberty. This paper argues both claims are problematic. The evidence from the forty-year experiment that began in 1980 shows neo liberalism has undercut shared prosperity and unleashed illiberal forces that threaten liberty. The paper distinguishes between the first political turn which saw the establishment of neoliberal political hegemony, and the second one toward proto-fascism that we are now experiencing. The second turn is being driven by a collection of factors that have created a demand for proto-fascism and weakened the defenses against alt-right ideas. Those factors include socio-economic disembedding, institutional destruction and political disembedding, increased economic inequality that tilts political power, an alteration in attitudes to government and governance, transformation of economic identity, and a cultural transformation that celebrates sociopathic egotism. The Third Way's capture of center-left politics means liberal elites occupy the political place that should be held by true opponents of neoliberalism. Those liberal elites obstruct the politics needed to reverse the deep causes of the drift to proto-fascism. Ironically, that makes those elites a real danger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to determine the effect of extreme wealth on economic development (human development index and sub-indices) in 64 countries during 2005-2018, with special emphasis on Mexico and China. A dynamic estimation (sys-GMM) is followed. Estimations show that extreme national wealth acts as a constraint on human development for the entire sample of countries, including Mexico and China. Income is found to be most sensitive to this type of wealth, followed by the education index. The analysis confirms that democracy, economic freedom, investment and social spending are underlying factors of HDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Argentina, there is a clear consensus between neoliberals and neodevelopmentalists regarding the increase of exports as the first step towards development, consolidating the political and economic power held by the exporting business elite and, at the same time, creating an unsustainable development path in socio-environmental terms. A labyrinth with no way out. This paper has set out to retrace this labyrinth, building bridges between different currents of economic heterodoxy that enable the construction of an exit. The powerful consolidation of neodevelopmentalism at the academic and political level in Argentina shows the relevance of this discussion, which transcends national boundaries to become a global development problem due to the elements at stake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the behavior of Ecuadorian private banking during the period 2000-2021, using aggregate information on trends in the banking sector and accounting data for the main banks. Based on a heterodox theoreticalhistorical approach, we highlight the link between the neoliberal structural reforms, the banking crisis, dollarization and the transformations of the banking sector. The results highlight the fact that the operation of the Ecuadorian banking system under formal dollarization not only recreates well-known elements of former financial fragility but also introduces new variables typical of the 21st-century banking universe that are a source of instability and hinder the financing objectives for the socio-economic development of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain's gradual integration into the European Union through the development of institutions and economic and structural changes is intrinsic to the construction of a pro-European public opinion in which the media have actively participated. Objectives: This research aims to analyse the topics disseminated by the leading Spanish media to detect how the EU is represented in these themes, determine the main, adjacent and counter-discourses and find out the degree of North/South polarisation. Methodology: By content analysis and critical discourse analysis, this paper studies 543 units from the Spanish media El País, El Confidencial, ABC, El Diario.es, RTVE and Antena 3 from July 2021 to March 2022. Discussion and conclusion: Following the methodological application, the results obtained allow us to conclude that the construction of Europeanisation in the Spanish media is constructed about specific issues, and after an in-depth analysis of the energy issue, we can affirm that media coverage is neutral in general terms. Europeanisation is presented from a role with the greater weight of Spain in the common project than in previous historical stages presented in the introduction to this paper. Likewise, there is a certain unanimity in the Spanish media, both in the thematic selection and in the actors who are given a voice in the information, as well as in the pre-European construction of public opinion, regardless of their editorial line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore the relations of the Bolivian National Revolution (1952-1964) with the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc (including Cuba) seeking to understand the implications for the structuring of discourses and hegemonic and counter-hegemonic power blocs in the political struggle, and, thus, for the developmentalist approach to planning. Our aim is to shed light on little-studied aspects of the Bolivian National Revolution. Research included revising primary sources (archives of the Bolivian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bolivian and Unites Stats (us) newspapers, technical and scientific documentation from Bolivian, us, and ussr institutions) as well as secondary sources (Bolivian historiography and opinion essays). On this basis, we discuss how, in the process of developing relations with both hegemonic blocs, the US and the ussr, Bolivia ended up complying with the former at the expenses of the latter. We argue that the reasons for this option are not only political but also economic, particularly, the actual content of the ussr development offers. Our analysis reveals that the relations with the ussr bloc played a key role in the self-determination of historically subaltern actors, and subsequent processes / forms of development planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analyzing Mexico's productive structure in the 1980s and 2013, this paper explores whether promoting the domestic market may complement the dynamism of the external sector and achieve a process of sustained growth and development for an economy highly integrated into the international market. The methodology applied is an extension of the input-output model and network analysis; in particular, the concept of vertically integrated sectors is a major feature to reach conclusions. The results show that stimulating the domestic market can be a complementary strategy for promoting the export sector to boost growth and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of the automotive sector on the regional development of the Mexican lowlands region of Bajío. The staggered adoption of synthetic control methodology was used, considering the establishment of new automotive assembly plants in the states of the Bajío region between 2007 and 2014. It is estimated that for each new job created in automotive companies, an average of five additional jobs were created in the Bajío states, 78% outside the manufacturing sector. In addition, by promoting more significant economic opportunities, working poverty was reduced by an average of 10.5 percentage points. Finally, evidence was found that, in 2018, high school enrollment increased by 3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effect of transfers from the General Participations System (SGP) on Colombian municipal development indicators during 2003-2017. A Municipal Development Index is proposed, considering indicators of educational achievement, health coverage, and crime rates. This index is studied in the municipal context using spatial autocorrelation techniques. A panel-type econometric model was estimated to evaluate the effect of transfers on the index. The results suggest that increases in education, health, culture, and recreation transfers generate positive, differential effects on the index. Transfers to the health sector have the most significant impact on the index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes local production systems by identifying their business structure, and the role played by the main sectors of economic activity in the territory of Cotopaxi-Ecuador as the basis for study. It highlights the Andean-Latin American approach to integral, territorial, and sustainable development, based on the triangulation of regional analysis techniques (specialization and location coefficients, cluster analysis, and Rasmussen’s method) to characterize the dynamics of the local production system and lines of improvement to strengthen the system. The results show the presence of two provincial clusters, a high degree of regional specialization in traditional activities that have little impact on the productivity of the province, and the presence of two key economic sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the late establishment of the so-called ex officio canonries in the council of the Sevillian Collegiate Church of the Divine Saviour. This is a considerably late example of the development of such prebends, whose origins date back to the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Era. Likewise, the chapter of the Divine Saviour is presented as an interesting example of a small chapter body, whose diminutive size stands out against the stature of its powerful neighbour the cathedral chapter of Seville, the latter of which affected its institutional development and the establishment of these trade prebends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the cumulative production of knowledge about the development of Latin America, in general, and Argentina, in particular, from the case of Economic Development, in the period 1958-1975. The author proposes, through a conceptual theoretical analysis, that the accumulation of knowledge is evidenced by gradually posing new analysis variables and questions. Between 1958 and 1959, a central problem was the transformation of an agrarian productive structure into an industrial one. Between 1961 and 1969, the above is assumed, and includes social and political aspects of Latin American underdevelopment. Between 1970 and 1975, the magazine publishes discussions on dependency and on some specific experiences of underdevelopment, condensing problematizations and findings from the two previous periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study how the armed movement known as the Cristiada (1926-1929), that opposed the State with the Catholic Church in Mexico, was a symbolic event for the development and transmission of anticlerical thought through Latin America. From discourses circulated at journals such as Amauta (Peru), Claridad (in Argentina and Chile), and Repertorio Americano (Costa Rica) we will study reasons, circumstances and ideologies that took the Mexican case as an intellectual guide for Latin American modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ecuadorian economic history has been fundamentally unstable, generating low returns in the commercial and financial area. In this context, the paper examines the background related to the commercial and financial insertion of Ecuadorian economic history, with a qualitative approach and using the historical method. The background analysis shows that the commercial aspect has a high dependence on exports, crediting it to the lack of autonomy generated in the colonial era and the need for a productive matrix with added value. Regarding the financial aspect, indebtedness and public spending have had negative effects on economic development, and to counteract them, economic integration and a change in productive ideology are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collaborative economy or p2p sharing economy, a multifaceted concept of increasing relevance, is the focus of this paper. A critical review of the literature where the concept appears in publication was conducted, from which the main trends of the new phenomenon of digital platform neo-capitalism in the 21st century economy were identified. From the traditional contradiction of labor and capital, a detailed analysis of the concept of "collaboration" as a translation of "sharing" is carried out, employing a chronological review of the main research publications that are shaping the dynamics of the new economic paradigm in the framework of greater efficiency, resulting from decentralization and heterogeneity. The results indicate that much of the English-language literature has not been reviewed or translated into Spanish, including omission of associated concepts that are essential in understanding the future that economies will face. The privileging of English-language publication makes the literature inaccessible to Spanish and other non-English researchers. In conclusion, three recommendations are proposed. First, the development of active economic policies and intentional planning to address the new challenges. Second, the promotion of government interventions, beyond simple regulations, especially in the field of big data and in creating digital platforms. Third, the advancement of a new generation of platform cooperatives that would help to achieve a new balance in values, in the envisioned future of a turbo-capitalism and post-labor age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the behavior of the Economic Fitness indicator as a measure of the international competitiveness of Latin American economies, as well as an indicator of their relationship with per capita income gaps and the Human Development Index (HDI). Positive correlations were found between per capita income gaps and the stagnation of the international competitiveness of Latin American economies, as well as between human development levels and the productive structure, suggesting a causal relationship between human development and competitiveness. This paper also finds that the Economic Fitness indicator fluctuates significantly when estimated using exports in domestic value-added, suggesting that the original estimate may over- or underestimate competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to compare the collaboration patterns of the Argentine scientific production of Agroindustry according to the geographical scope of the research, that is, topics addressed to national readers and topics that go beyond the national border. Scopus database were used to carry out this study which span for the period 2007-2016. Collaboration patterns of both groups were analyzed and described as follows: a) whether they are global or local research topics, applying the criterion of absence or presence of national place names, respectively; b) the volume of co-authorship with different countries grouped by continents is presented; c) the 20 most frequent keywords are determined for each case and, d) the H-Index of countries was used as an indicator of the scientific impact of the collaborating country. The main results show that European countries are the main collaborator in Agroindustry research with more than 40% of co-authored papers, while Oceania, Asia, and Africa present lower collaboration rates (5% or less). The distribution of papers in global and local topics appear in all continents with slight increases in Europe, North America, and the Caribbean and Oceania in favor of local topics. The correlation between international collaboration and the scientific impact of the countries with which Argentina collaborates is relatively positive. The topics investigated are mainly anchored in Patagonia, the maritime coastline, and are especially focused on cattle and corn. The study provides useful information to think about the formation of research teams, the planning of international mobility programs, and strategic alliances for future collaboration, and it does so in a strategic area that generates strong expectations for the economic development of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of research of the current economic security in the northern region of Russia. The paper covers the influence of the National Technological Initiative system of Russia on economic security in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra. The main aim of the study is to explore the issues and prospects for ensuring economic security in the northern oil-and-gas producing regions of Russia as a course of priority of the policy of the government in the northern region. The authors conducted a system analysis and assessed the scientific and technical, technological, and innovative objectives of the regional economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the importance that agro industrial innovation systems are gaining in developing countries, such as Colombia, a territory with an agricultural vocation by nature. Based on the above, first this paper presents an approach to the concept, Second, the document also presents the importance of intermediary agents in their synergy, who facilitate the processes of knowledge and technology transfer between the different actors of academia, industry, government and civil society, opening the way to possible alternatives, aiming at strengthening sectoral innovation systems from the economic, social, political and even environmental approaches. Taking into account the above, a literature search was conducted in Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science, focused on studying the role of intermediary agents in the innovation processes related to agroindustry from the perspective of a sectoral innovation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the articulation of the three substantive axes of the university: teaching-research-linking, from the social responsibility approach to contribute to the economic development of the territories. It describes the methodological proposal of six stages and 23 activities for the collection of socio-economic information of vulnerable sectors involving teachers, students and local actors, with the objective of generating projects with a high social impact based on territorial diagnosis. The proposal was applied and validated in the Las Gilces commune of the city of Portoviejo and San Juan site of the city of Manta, Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of the paper are to identify the types of State that propose the main economic approaches that were designed after the perfect competition model, and to make approximations to the size of the identified States. The analysis method is composed of two steps: selection of the key functions that are required for the implementation of economic processes, and definition of the degree of State intervention in these functions. The results indicate that the minimum States are diverse and that the planning States are different. Of the approaches that base the coordination of economic processes in the market, the ultra-minimal versions of the State are those designed by the perfect competition model and Pareto welfare economics, while the most extensive exposures are those drawn by development economics and Latin American structuralism with the welfare State and the developmental State, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the Spanish community in Concepción from the end of the Triple Alliance War to the Chaco War (1869-1932). The immediate post-war period (1869-1879), reconstruction strategies and the arrival of the first immigrants are examined first. The paper then considers the economic development that Concepción experienced between 1880 and 1898, as well as the role played by Spanish residents in this process. Finally, attention is given to the architectural, associative, infrastructural and productive modernisation of the city and the broader region of Concepción (the modern Departments of Concepción, Amambay and northern San Pedro) between 1899 and 1932, once again with reference to Spanish immigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the decline of the labor income share (LIS) in Mexico during the 1990-2015 period. The decline is mostly explained by reductions within the economy's major sectors (including manufacturing, tradables, and non-tradables), rather than by a recomposition of value added towards sectors with low labor shares. In contrast to agriculture --where LIS fell due to a shift of labor force from self-employment to wage-employment-- in other major areas of the economy the fall in LIS is explained by reductions within the wage-employment sector. Econometric estimations indicate that parallel declines in the wage share and relative productivity of non-tradables and in the US manufacturing labor share all played a large role in the reduction of the manufacturing wage share in Mexico. More generally, the analysis suggests that the lagging productivity of the economy's informal non-tradable sector --itself a reflection of the country's low aggregate rate of economic growth-- is a crucial factor in the fall of LIS in the formal sectors. The paper concludes by discussing possible explanations for the paradox of the slow rate of economic growth in Mexico despite the rise in the profit share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance Audits are among the competences of many Supreme Audit Institutions (sais), both in developed and developing countries. However, the level of real implementation of this technique in Latin America is underexplored. This paper aims to contribute to the analysis of the implementation of performance audits in Latin-American countries. This paper analyzed the situation of performance auditing in Latin America through a comparative study based on the evidence obtained from the websites of the sais and on a questionnaire sent to them. Results show a common rhetoric with respect to the importance of this technique but variations in practice. These variations can be explained by three reasons: rhetorical implementation, lack of fit between this technique and the problems facing Latin American countries and different levels of political and economic development. Access to information is quite difficult, fears to answer the questionnaire and lack of accessibility to the reports makes having a full picture a daunting task. Latin American sais should reevaluate the type of performance audit that suits their aims and adapt rather than adopt the tools developed in countries with different problems in public management. This paper offers a broad view of performance audit in Latin America. It reflects the effort of international organization and the limitations that performance audits confront in certain settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically analyzes the book El ADN dictador. Lo que la genética decide por ti, written by the geneticist Miguel Pita. The book offers a radical defense of gene-centrism, which is taken to be the only available approach to the problem of causality of traits. However, gene-centrism is being challenged by developmentalism (a framework not even mentioned by Pita). This article discusses several gene-centric theses defended by the book and shows a developmentalism alternative to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread in 1961 in the United States of America (USA), the term "big science" refers to large-scale scientific research, substantial budget resources, large teams, large-scale instruments and laboratories, and the capability of producing colossal amounts of data. Using a qualitative research methodology, based on documentary and bibliographical analysis, this paper focuses on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), carried out by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), since we have assumed that, due to its "configurations", it falls into the "big science" category. The results we found suggest that PISA can be considered the first program that fits into this way of doing science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this introductory paper is to contextualise, via a historiographical reflection, the nine papers selected for this special edition of Revista CIDOB d'Afers Internacionals, which focuses on "using past international cooperation to rethink development", prioritising "alternative critical approaches". As the historical perspective is missing from most publications in this shared field of Development Studies and International Relations, this introduction presents original works - for their empirical, comparative and/or theoretical contribution - in contrast to the prevailing interpretative frameworks (interdependentist from International Relations, and problem-solving from Development Studies), giving a voice to authors and problems from the countries of the South both as aid recipients and as cooperation providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Official Development Assistance (ODA) has been paradigmatically constituted as an objective, universal and appropriate formula for countries to progress. But ODA is not neutral. This paper examines the evolution of ODA in the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) using the neo-Gramscian concept of hegemony. This perspective takes hegemony to be the articulation and justification of particular interests presented and accepted as general interests. Hegemony is therefore the conjunction of material power with the dissemination of an image of the world order and the presence of institutions that manage that order. This paper seeks to emphasise the need for theoretical reflection as a tool for demystifying ODA practices to allow an alternative model of development to be constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Ecuador, transforming its Productive Matrix from an exporting primary model to a diversified economy represents a challenge to achieve economic development in equilibrium with the environment and society, fundamental pillars of sustainable development and the 17 objectives of United Nations Agenda 2030. The objective of this paper is assess the sustainability of Ecuador's current Productive Matrix. The use of Input Output Model and Goals Programming philosophy as sectorial management tools and multi-criteria analysis, respectively, made it possible to interpret the national Input Output Matrix for 2017 and assess the sustainability of the 72 sectors that make up the Production Matrix; select the productive linkages with the highest and lowest levels of sustainability; and propose public policies that contribute to achieving the country's sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By means of a well-known methodology in the literature, this paper deals with the causals of structural change in the Mexican economy during the 1950s, characterised by the entrenching of growth tendencies, related to the development if the industrial and the services sectors. Results allow to say that growth was commanded by private consumption, as well as the dynamics of the internal market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different international organizations and national governments are promoting the adoption of open government strategies. There are rankings to measure the evolution of some of its dimensions, but there is a gap of indicators comprising open data, transparency, participation and collaboration simultaneously. In this paper we propose the Open Government and Participation Index (ogpi), based on previous academic works, to compare open government strategies over time and among different countries. The index, which weighs different open government dimensions, is built for a sample of 33 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd) from open and consistent sources. The results show that the areas of transparency and open data have a wide room for improvement and that participation and collaboration strategies require an autonomous approach. By region, open government is more developed in the Commonwealth countries, while those in Eastern Europe present the lowest level of implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the importance of economic growth for nations and the main international differences in the level of per capita income of countries, during the period (1950-2014), through the statistical information available worldwide. Likewise, a brief review of the main hypotheses that explain the fundamental causes of international differences in the income level is made based on the literature available on the subject. It is concluded, on the basis of the evidence available for 170 countries during the period (2000-2014), through a simple correlation analysis, that the institutions hypothesis (North, 2001, Acemoglu, et al., 2001, Rodrik, et al., 2004) presents, in relative terms, a greater degree of linear association in relation to the level of per capita income of the countries, with respect to the hypothesis of geography and economic integration However, it is advisable to consider, in addition, the endowment of natural resources and the access of communication channels (geography) in the explanation of the determinants of development for some countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article presents a brief analysis of the effects on the economy and international trade of the rules and policies implemented in the world to face and contain the covid-19 pandemic, including: i) export restrictions on medical supplies and personal protective equipment, as well as import facilitation measures; ii) travel limitations and border closures; and iii) the effects of the uncertainty generated by the sanitary emergency on foreign direct investment. In addition, the paper proposes that one of the long-term consequences of covid-19 will be a generalized increase in protectionist policies through trade remedies and tariff and non-tariff barriers, in response to the economic recovery measures implemented in each country. Particularly, China has such an aggressive exports recovery plan, that it will potentially trigger a wave of trade remedies across the globe, to contain its expansion on foreign markets. The history of international trade development demonstrates that an increase in trade remedies, has been a usual response in the world, after deep financial crisis. In this case, early signs of the increase in protectionism are already appearing in some countries, especially in the steel industry. Thus, it is probable that, in the context of a global economic recovery, countries continue to adopt measures to protect the sustainability of their national industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades a very positive view of the effects of tourism on the city has predominated, mainly as a vehicle for economic development. More recently, attention has been highlighted from various quarters to the more negative aspects of tourism with reference to processes of touristification, overtourism and/or tourism gentrification. However, the perception of these phenomena is not homogeneous, neither between different cities nor within the same city. This paper deals with the perception of local administration technicians on the effects of tourism in the historic centres of Spanish cities, a key factor in shaping the political agenda of those in charge of the institutions. To this end, a survey has been carried out among technicians whose work is directly or indirectly related to tourism. The results show a notable influence of tourism on different processes in urban centres, as well as a high degree of consensus on the positive effects generated by tourism. There is also agreement on the importance of thorough public control of the negative effects of tourism, which seem to be maintained or even increased in recent years. The results of the survey acknowledge some work by local governments to prevent or reduce such negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of food insecurity on the school performance of Brazilian students. Therefore, the empirical approach used to correct the selection bias was the Propensity Score Matching (PSM), based on the data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) in 2013. The main results indicate that food insecurity has a statistically significant and positive impact on agegrade distortion (school performance proxy). The effect for any level of food insecurity is approximately 4%, however, it intensifies as the degree of food insecurity increases, being 11% in the case of students classified as having severe food insecurity. This study provides the first empirical evidence for Brazil that food insecurity is associated with the academic performance of Brazilian students, a fact that can compromise the country's social and economic development in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper traces the evolution of the Cuban state-owned enterprise (CEE) from the late 1980s to the present. It analyses the transformations in its management systems, the prevailing relationship between the centralisation and decentralisation of the economy and entrepreneurial autonomy. It also suggests directions for a programme of transformation of the state-owned enterprise, the main economic agent in the Cuban model of economic and social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine how the Cuban agricultural sector participates in the country's economic development process. To this end, it analyzes the way in which it contributes to feeding the people, as well as its contribution of labor force and foreign currency for the promotion of other economic activities. Its relationship with the external sector is deepened, since the balance of payments restriction that Cuba faces is, precisely, one of the greatest obstacles to achieve a more dynamic economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a review of the last two National Development Plans, implemented by the Central Government of Costa Rica. We study the political and institutional evolution of Solís Rivera's (2014-2018) and Alvarado Quesada's (2018-2022) administrations. The objective of the research is to analyze the territorial perspective into public policies for rural development design, and their evolution as part of the instruments aimed at promoting the sustainable development of rural territories. Some specific questions are: how these policies gave rise to specific instruments to address the complexity and intersectoriality of rural problems? What are the effects of these policies and instruments on the sustainable development of rural territories in Costa Rica? What are the challenges of a complementary rural development agenda with a territorial approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an unpublished 1970 work written by the distinguished development economist Lauchlin Currie (1902-93) on Paul Rosenstein Rodan's famous 1944 essay on the "Big Push" which led to the debate on balanced and unbalanced growth in which Albert Hirschman (1915-2012) was an important contributor. Both Currie and Hirschman had been key economic advisers to the Colombian government and here their respective views on development planning are contrasted. In particular, it is shown how Currie's 1970 paper clarifies the theory that serves as the basis for Colombia's 1971-74 National Plan, which he designed and helped execute, and whose institutional innovations have had a lasting impact on Colombia's recent economic history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of a research project the author is carrying out, which intends to analyze the economic ideas and theories present in the different discourses used to legitimate public policies in Argentina, with an emphasis in social security. This text analyzes the period 1966-1973, for which it is suggested that social security is no longer thought of from a social rights approach, but from an economic development question: how can social security contribute to pursue the goals of economic development, what damages can it cause and which are the channels that link social security with economic development? This last question enables the link between social security and national development programs. In order to answer to these questions, we analyze different public speeches and academic texts. These include documents from international organizations, writings by experts and public servants, stenographies from conferences and meetings and, specially, papers published in the "Journal of Social Security", official review of the secretary of Social Security since 1968. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper assesses the sustainability of the Spanish economic development model for the period 1980-2010. Moreover, we carry out a comparative analysis with the biggest European economies: France, Germany, Italy and United Kingdom. Methods: In order to achieve the aim of this paper, co-integration techniques have been applied. Through these techniques, we have analyzed the long-term relationship between consumption of renewable and non-renewable and economic development and pollution during the period 1980-2010. After a selection process, for Spain we have used to measure growth the GDP and the Gross Capital Formation; to measure development, the Index of Human Development and Social Capital; for pollution, the emissions of CO2 and consumption of renewable energy in the electricity system and oil consumption for the consumption of renewable and non-renewable, respectively. Secondly, we have compared the results obtained for the Spanish economy with the four biggest economies in the European Union: Germany, France, Italy and the United Kingdom. Given the availability of data for these countries Gross Capital Formation and Human Development Index have been excluded from the analysis. Results: First, a positive impact of consumption of renewable and renewable energy on growth and development is found for the five countries under study, with a greater impact of non-renewable energy. For the three countries for which the data for CO2 emissions are available (Spain, France and the UK), it is observed that the reducing effect of renewable energy on CO2 emissions is less than the polluting effect of non-renewable energy. Second, for Spain, Germany and France, the data point out a feedback process between the consumption of non-renewable and growth and development, which is not observed with the consumption of renewable energy. Conclusions: In order to reconcile the objective of growth with the reduction of pollution, more moderate growth rates are required. The growth model of the countries analyzed stimulates consumption of non-renewable energy, but not renewable. This result points out the requirement of designing policies that encourage the substitution of non-renewable energy by renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the 1950s, Argentina initiated an unprecedented turn in economic development. In this context, the public image of immigration improved, now seen as the fastest way to supply skilled labor. This paper researches that image in the press of the period, and examines which specific factors made this improvement possible, where its limits were located, and to what extent this perception was true to the actual flows of immigrants received. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at classifying the municipalities of the province of Holguín according to the level of local development. Econometric and valuation methods included in the methodological guidelines on the multilevel consultation procedure for the Local Development Strategy, designed by academics of the University of Holguín, were used. An overview of the economic situation of the municipalities is presented. The results show that the municipalities of Holguín, Moa, and Mayarí have a higher level of local development than the other municipalities by far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A trend study consists to review and analyze a great amount of information that refers to a discipline, it is based on many sources of information. This paper shows the main trend topics in computer science around the world, this base on the advances in industry 4.0. The background shows a great interest in the practical application of theoretical topics studied in the academy inside the productive and governmental sectors. Then, it is relevant to present the current trend issues in many sectors and contexts. In this work, a study is presented from the perspective of governments, business, and academia, which evidences the relevant topics for computer sciences. This article pretends to contribute to the articulation between the academic, governmental, and productive sectors as a contribution to the development of the countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent history and the institutional evolution of economies leads to criticisms of some aspects of Modern Monetary Theory about the origin of money, as well as the role of the public deficit, and taxes. This paper proposes a precise definition of the financialization process. based on the mobility of business management. It also discusses its impact on income distribution and its consequences for innovation and economic growth, and raises the need for taxes to redistribute income. A concept of private deficit is also proposed based on the creation of means of payment by the banking system, which leads to defend credit orientation policies. It concludes with several macroeconomic policy proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine the effects of economic growth on inequality and poverty in the municipalities of the state of Nayarit, Mexico, in the period 1990-2010. The municipal evolution of each one of the variables is analyzed using inferential statistics, and the type of relationship between them is determined. Through linear regressions, its intercausality is established. The conclusion is that there is an inverse relationship between economic growth and the three types of income poverty, and a direct relationexpansion rates of gross domestic product per capita) and income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the dynamic association between foreign direct investment (FDI), public investment of local governments (IPUB) and economic growth for the 32 states in Mexico grouped by region and level of competitiveness for the 2006-2015 period. In particular, we examine the crowding-in and crowdingout effects of the two types of investments, as well as their impact on economic growth. We employ a panel data vector autorregression (VARP) model from which we obtain evidence indicating that IPUB shocks have a negative impact on the response of IED and also that IPUB responds positively, but weakly to FDI. We also find a negative and significant response of regional GDP growth to IPUB shocks, particularly in the north of Mexico. Finally, we find that shocks to FDI do not encourage GDP growth and that states in the south even experience negative rates of growth of per capita GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frustration in Latin America with neoliberal economic reforms has reawakened a number of debates, especially about inequality (Palma, 2019a) and productivity growth --in 2018, the region's average productivity was just 8% higher than in 1980, equivalent to an annual average growth rate of just 0.2%--. Meanwhile, in the previous cycle, from 1950 to 1980, productivity levels more than doubled, with an annual growth rate of 2.8%. One of these debates is related to the problem of deindustrialization --in particular, the question of whether it is "premature" or if it includes a component of "Dutch disease"--. This paper analyses the role of manufacturing in economic growth, and shows the dynamics of that deindustrialization in high-income as well as middle-income countries. It concludes that the success of emerging Asia is rooted in its ideological pragmatism, which led it in the 1980s and early 1990s to use reforms as a mechanism for strengthening and accelerating their already ambitious processes of industrialization --not for carrying out a "non-creative destruction" of their manufacturing, as happened in almost all of Latin America--. This in spite of the fact that many of the industrialization processes in emerging Asia suffered, in its time, from similar problems to those experienced by Latin American industrialization, if not worse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are important sources of social and economic development in the Latin American region. This paper aims: (1) To study the state of the process of industrialization of cocoa, produced and marketed by PyMES located in the province of Los Ríos, Ecuador, (2) To test the effectiveness of some proposed strategies to overcome the deficiencies found in the process. To achieve these goals, statistical methods were applied to a group of ten SMEs in the region. It was concluded that there exist deficiencies in the process and that the proposed strategies are effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to address a theoretical reflection, empirically based, on the state of the strategic infrastructural capabilities of the Latin-American States in the XXI century. The specific problem to which this reflection is directed is the relative lag of those capacities for the mobilization or development of social and economic resources. Three basic aspects stand out: the capacity for governance, the capacity for innovation and the capacity to generate social capital. In these three categories, decisive in the modern world, the Latin American States share common characteristics that differentiate them from other regions of the world. Without delving into a definitive typology, the text suggests that the answers to the question of strategic lag require renewing the theoretical and methodological approaches, and advocates an interdisciplinary analytical strategy of political development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]