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SARS-CoV-2 is a newly discovered beta coronavirus at the end of 2019, which is highly pathogenic and poses a serious threat to human health. In this paper, 1875 SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequences and the sequence coding spike protein (S gene) sampled from the United States were used for bioinformatics analysis to study the molecular evolutionary characteristics of its genome and spike protein. The MCMC method was used to calculate the evolution rate of the whole genome sequence and the nucleotide mutation rate of the S gene. The results showed that the nucleotide mutation rate of the whole genome was 6.677 × 10-4 substitution per site per year, and the nucleotide mutation rate of the S gene was 8.066 × 10-4 substitution per site per year, which was at a medium level compared with other RNA viruses. Our findings confirmed the scientific hypothesis that the rate of evolution of the virus gradually decreases over time. We also found 13 statistically significant positive selection sites in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. In addition, the results showed that there were 101 nonsynonymous mutation sites in the amino acid sequence of S protein, including seven putative harmful mutation sites. This paper has preliminarily clarified the evolutionary characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States, providing a scientific basis for future surveillance and prevention of virus variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper examines the inner workings of Chinese human smuggling organizations. Contrary to widely held conceptions about Chinese organized crime, most alien smugglers are otherwise ordinary citizens whose familial networks and fortuitous social contacts have enabled them to pool resources to transport human cargoes around the world. They come from diverse backgrounds and form temporary alliances to carry out smuggling operations. With the exception of a shared commitment to making money, little holds them together. The smuggling organizations mostly resemble ad hoc task forces and are assembled for specific operations. These organizations have clear divisions of labor with limited hierarchical structures. We discuss the theoretical implications of their unique organizational characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper proposes a critical reflection that validates the concept of translocality. I argue that the notion of locality, although indispensable in anthropology, often inscribes or even "locks up" culture in time and space, thus contributing to the institutionalization of the global-local dichotomy. In contrast, and supplementing it, translocality, as a concept, requires the recognition of forms of cultural exchange where the relations among blurred local groups foster the production of cultural hybrids and the transcendence of dichotomies that essentialize the local. Using my fieldwork in Chiapas and Yucatan, Mexico, where I have studied "local" medical knowledges, gastronomy, and identity, respectively, I uncover the mechanisms that produce forms of action that transcend the spatial-temporal limits generally presumed by the concept of "locality" and that are deployed to counter new forms of cultural colonialism. Looking at medical knowledge among speakers of different indigenous languages in Chiapas and at nutritional and dietetic knowledge in Yucatán, I show how, "locally" individuals and groups of people engage in forms of negotiation and appropriation of universalized discourses, to forge culturally hybrid discourses that are inscribed in the interstices of the global and the local. I argue that the concept of "translocality" suggests shifting temporal and spatial attributes that help us overcome the conceptual limits imposed by the local-global dichotomy. It also prevents representations of the local as static and unchanging forms anchored in a definite territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Obesity Reviews is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The debate in Australia about youth wages and youth employment has been underway for a decade. It has generated much heat because no one in their right mind wants to do anything that would harm young people. Many critical aspects of the current situation need illumination, however, for a sensible reform path for youth wages to be found. On close inspection, the case for fundamental reform of youth minimum wage provisions is compelling. Virtually all nations have minimum wage laws. What distinguishes Australia is the system for setting minimum wages. Whereas other countries legislate minimum wage laws directly through parliament, in Australia these are set by independent industrial tribunals.

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Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Internationale de Securite Sociale is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Internationale de Securite Sociale is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Es éste un estudio de caso de una importante innovación en lo que respecta al suministro de atención de salud a los pobres de las zonas rurales: el Régimen Yeshasvini de Seguro de Salud destinado a los labradores y campesinos de Karnataka, India. Este régimen se inició en 2003 y el razonamiento lleva a argüir que se trata del plan de seguro de salud más amplio del mundo. En su segundo año, este régimen diseñado en formas tales que vencen varios obstáculos para la provisión de seguridad sanitaria a las poblaciones rurales, ha cubierto la asistencia quirúrgica y ambulatoria de aproximadamente 2,2 millones de agricultores muy dispersos, a cambio de una baja prima anual de aproximadamente 2 dólares estadounidenses. En el presente artículo describimos y evaluamos dicho régimen en su primer año de funcionamiento y exploramos sus posibilidades de convertirse en un modelo general para el mundo en desarrollo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Un número significativo de jubilaciones anticipadas en razón de las enfermedades relacionadas con el VIH/SIDA, viene reduciendo el número de personas asalariadas y amenaza la viabilidad de los regímenes obligatorios de seguridad social administrados por la Oficina Nacional de Seguridad Social de Zimbabwe. La economía se encuentra en recesión desde hace una década, con una elevada inflación y una importante pérdida de puestos de trabajo, lo que repercute negativamente en las cotizaciones al Régimen Nacional de Pensiones y de otras Prestaciones (NPOBS), y el Gobierno impone topes a los ingresos sujetos a seguro de los que se deducen las cotizaciones. En la actualidad, no se cuenta con estrategias coherentes para paliar los efectos desgastantes de estos factores en los regímenes de seguridad social. El objetivo de este estudio es el de proyectar prospectivamente el impacto potencial del VIH/SIDA, habiéndose impuesto topes a los ingresos del NPOBS en presencia de una elevada inflación. Se ha encontrado que el VIH/SIDA, determinará, en 2030, una una reducción de las cotizaciones proyectadas en el sistema en más del 30 por ciento. Podrían adoptarse unas estrategias en materia de políticas para ajustar y revisar con frecuencia los niveles de crecimiento de los topes impuestos en los ingresos sujetos a seguro, en línea con el aumento de la inflación, y para invertir en la prevención del VIH/SIDA, a efectos de mejorar en Zimbabwe el impacto negativo del VIH/SIDA y/o los límites de los topes en las cotizaciones a la seguridad social. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A efectos de evaluar mejor el papel de la seguridad social y de las políticas sociales en la determinación del bienestar, el presente artículo introduce la «tasa de seguridad desmercantilizada» (TSD), un instrumento de evaluación de una función importante del Estado social, el mantenimiento y el desarrollo de la seguridad económica de las poblaciones. Para ello, describe las convenciones para su utilización, analiza los principales componentes de las mismas en 20 países europeos en 2002 y simula las variaciones implicadas mediante una decena de modulaciones de sus componentes. El análisis de las sensibilidades de la seguridad económica desemboca en la puesta en evidencia de tres lógicas diferentes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de este trabajo es doble: por un lado, mostrar el desequilibrio actuarial del sistema de pensiones español de acuerdo con su configuración actual; por otro, medir cuál es el riesgo económico agregado al que estaría expuesto el pensionista si se decidiesen aplicar diez fórmulas de cálculo de la pensión de jubilación basadas en cuentas nocionales. Se utiliza un modelo de generación de escenarios multi-periódico, que proporciona hasta 10.000 trayectorias de los índices macroeconómicos necesarios para calcular parámetros tales como la pensión inicial, la tasa de sustitución (TS) o el tanto interno de rendimiento (TIR) y el valor en riesgo (VaR) del pensionista. Los resultados obtenidos se analizan tanto en términos objetivos como subjetivos. Las principales conclusiones son que si las proyecciones de los índices macroeconó-micos utilizados fueran mínimamente verosímiles, el sistema de pensiones acumularía un desequilibrio financiero adicional futuro tal que requeriría o bien una disminución considerable de la pensión inicial o una severa combinación de ajustes paramétricos. Desde la perspectiva del riesgo, para el beneficiario más adverso las fórmulas preferidas serían las que se basan en la variación futura de los salarios con pensión constante en términos reales; por el contrario aquellos beneficiarios menos adversos al riesgo preferirían fórmulas que proporcionen una pensión inicial menor pero que crece en términos reales al ritmo de la variación futura de los salarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Book reviewed in this articles: Política social, desarrollo y Estado de bienestar Stiglitz, Joseph E. Making globalization work. Vij, Ritu (comp.). Globalization and welfare: A critical reader. Deacon, Bob. Global social policy and governance. Castles, Francis G. (comp.). The disappearing State? Retrenchment realities in an age of globalisation. Carr, Fergus; Massey, Andrew (comp.). Public policy and the new European agendas. Faverel-Dapas, Brigitte; Quintin, Odile. L'Europe sociale. Van Langendonck, Jef (comp.). The right to social security. Riedel, Eibe (comp.). Social security as a human right: Drafting a general comment on Article 9 ICESCR: Some challenges. Fitzpatrick, Pamela; Ripley, Fiona; Singh, Anne. Migration and social security hand-book: A rights guide for people entering and leaving the UK. Berkel, Rik van; Valkenburg, Ben. Making it personal: Individualising activation services in the EU. Serrano Pascual, Amparo; Magnusson, Lars (comp.). Reshaping welfare states and activation regimes in Europe. Sinn, Hans-Werner, et al. Redesigning the welfare state: Germany's current agenda for an activating social assistance. Marston, Greg; McDonald, Catherine (comp.). Analysing social policy: A governmental approach. Wallace, Mike; Fertig, Michael; Schneller, Eugene (comp.). Managing change in the public services. Riesco, Manuel (comp.). Latin America: A new developmental welfare state model in the making? Krömmelbein, Silvia; et al. Einstellungen zum Sozialstaat: Repräsentative Querschnittsuntersuchung zu grundsätzlichen gesundheits-und sozialpolitischen Einstel -lungen in der Bevölkerung. Dobner, Petra. Neue soziale Frage und Sozialpolitik. Trabajo, ingresos, familia, exclusión Spicker, Paul. The idea of poverty. Lang, Kevin. Poverty and discrimination. Marx, Ive. A new social question? On minimum income protection in the postindustrial era. Bischoff, Joachim. Allgemeines Grundeinkommen: Fundament für soziale Sicherheit? Leisering, Lutz; Buhr, Petra; Traiser-Diop, Ute. Soziale Grundsicherung in der Weltgesellschaft: Monetäre Mindestsicherungs-systeme in den Ländern des Südens und des Nordens: Weltweiter Survey und theoretische Verortung. Stähler, Nikolai. Employment protection and unemployment: A theoretical analysis evaluating recent policy proposals. Kemp, Peter A. (comp.). Housing allowances in comparative perspective. La vejez y sus problemas Perspectivas de la inversión de los fondos de pensiones en América Latina. Immergut, Ellen M.; Anderson, Karen M.; Schulze, Isabelle (comp.). The handbook of West European pension politics. Asuntos de salud Dussault, Gilles; Fournier, Pierre; Letourmy, Alain (comp.). L'assurance maladie en Afrique francophone: améliorer l'accès aux soins et lutter contre la pauvreté. Beau, Pascal. Lettre ouverte au Ministre de la santé. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)