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Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents studies that investigate the effects of ocular yoga on reducing visual fatigue and improving binocular function in young patients. It is mentioned that modern life, with its increased visual demands, can generate symptoms of visual fatigue. Ocular yoga exercises include practices such as blinking, moving the eyes in different directions, and performing acupressure on the palm of the hand. The mentioned studies show that performing these exercises can reduce symptoms and improve parameters such as phoria in near and distant vision, accommodation ease, and near point of convergence. However, the need for further research with representative samples to generalize the results is emphasized. [Extracted from the article]

The article analyzes the effects of eye makeup products on the ocular surface and tear film, warning about possible adverse effects such as inflammation and dry eye syndrome. The importance of conducting further studies on this topic is highlighted, and recommendations are provided for the proper use of eye makeup. On the other hand, the article "Availability of health services in rural areas" addresses the lack of access to health services in these areas and proposes solutions such as improving health infrastructure, implementing telemedicine programs, increasing the training of healthcare professionals, and promoting collaboration among different stakeholders to improve the availability of health services in rural communities. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To describe ocular rosacea, in order to guide an accurate diagnosis and treatment. Materials and methods: A systematic search of full-text review articles was carried out in databases such as PubMed, Ebsco Host Proquest, Medline, Elsevier, Scielo, and Springer, as well as literary texts related to the topic, written in English, Spanish, German, French, and Portuguese. A search strategy was implemented using keywords such as "ocular rosacea," "management and pathophysiology of rosacea," "dry eye," "dysfunction of meibomian glands," and "Demodex." Studies were selected from a publication period between 2000 and 2015. Conclusion: The management of this disease is aimed to control signs and symptoms through the application of conservative measures, systemic therapy, topical ocular application; in advanced cases, surgical intervention is chosen. All the above allows affirming that the main objective of visual health professionals is to minimize ocular damage by preventing future complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the increase in strains resistant to antimicrobials in recent years may be due to their indiscriminate and excessive use. The World Health Organization (WHO) has promoted global surveillance of antimicrobial resistance; however, the biggest limitation is a lack of reliable data in some countries. Studies such as the Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular Microorganisms (ARMOR) (2009 and 2013) and the Tracking Resistance in the United States Today (TRUST) report that the most prevalent microorganism in infections worldwide is Staphylococcus aureus, with a high percentage of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which are of great importance for public health due to their high resistance to antimicrobials. Objetive: To identify the main antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from infections or from ocular microbiota. Methods: A systematic review of literature in EBSCOhost databases: Academic Search, Medline, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Springer, PubMed, and Google Academics, with keywords such as ocular, antimicrobial, and resistance, between 2010 and 2017. Results: 30 articles on antimicrobial resistance from the last seven years were analyzed. In most countries, the genus Staphylococcus (S. aureus, 45%, NEC, 37%), Pseudomonas (8%) and Streptococcus (7%) were predominant. The lowest percentages were Corynebacterium (2%) and Klebsiella (1%). Conclusions: Most of the ocular isolates reported in the global context show resistance to beta-lactams. Increased resistance to these antibiotics implies a serious therapeutic problem in the hospital setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize the visual and ocular morbidity of the population treated in the Caribbean and insular region, based on the reports from the individual records of the provision of health services (RIPS), years 2009-2010. Methods: descriptive retrospective observational study; descriptive statistics, frequency tables and percentages were used. Results: For 2009, the average age was 28.68 years, the most reported gender was female and most of the data was found in a population between the ages of 15 and 44. The predominant health scheme was the contributive scheme. The 326,071 data analyzed in the RIPS were distributed in 110,897 for 2009 and 215,174 for 2010. The predominant disorder was disorders of the conjunctiva with 53.39 % for 2009: Nonspecific acute conjunctivitis was the most frequent one (15.37 %), followed by pterygium (13.55%). For 2010, accommodation and refractive disorders predominated (30.59 %), followed by disorders of the conjunctiva, with 21.97 %. Conclusions and recommendations: The most frequent pathologies can be related to risk factors such as the environment. It is important that individuals involved in the area of visual and ocular health are adequately trained and that they undertake primary prevention campaigns focused on health promotion and specific protection, in order to preserve ocular integrity and prevent the most frequent disorders in all types of population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize the visual and ocular morbidity of the population treated based on the reports from the individual records of the provision of health services (RIPS), years 2009-2010, in the departments from the central region of Colombia. Materials and methods: retrospective descriptive study. The RIPS from Chapter VII of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Version (ICD-10), were included: eye diseases and related. For statistical analysis, the 59 codes of Chapter VII of ICD-10 were reclassified into 18 codes established by the Ibero-American Epidemiological Network in Visual and Ocular Health (Reisvo) and the following variables were taken into consideration: age, gender and health coverage scheme. Results: The most frequent diagnoses were disorders of the conjunctiva (2009: 60.1 % and 2010: 25.4 %) and accommodation and refractive disorders (2009: 20.9 % and 2010: 43.9 %). Eyelid disorder was the third most common diagnosis in both years (2009: 9.5 % and 2010: 4.4 %). Rate of blindness and decreased visual acuity were 3.1% in 2010. Conclusions: Accommodation and refractive disorders are highly prevalent in the region and primarily affect two population groups: children and adults. This raises an alert for the Ministry of Health and Social Protection because uncorrected refractive errors are the leading cause of visual impairment and the second leading cause of blindness in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize the visual and ocular morbidity of the population treated in Colombia based on the reports from the individual records of the provision of health services (RIPS), Chapter VII of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Version (ICD-10), years 2009-2010. Materials and methods: A descriptive retrospective observational study was conducted of the visual and ocular morbidity of the population treated in Colombia according to the RIPS reports; the 58 diagnostic codes were reclassified into 18 categories, according to the Reisvo classification; the demographic variables of age, gender and health protection scheme were taken into consideration, as well as the clinical variable of diagnosis code; univariate and bivariate analysis were performed. Results: 775,989 RIPS from 2009 and 1,605,714 from 2010 were analyzed, corresponding to Chapter VII of ICD-10; most of them were female, 54.3% from 2009 and 58.4% from 2010. The predominant health scheme was the contributive scheme, with 73% for both years. The most frequent diagnostic groups in 2009 were disorders of the conjunctiva (55.9 %), accommodation and refractive disorders (23.1 %), eyelid disorders (9.9%), blindness and decreased visual acuity (2.2 %); for 2010, they were: accommodation and refractive disorders (44 %), disorders of the conjunctiva (23.4 %), eyelid disorders (4.4 %), blindness and decreased visual acuity (3.8 %) and glaucoma (3.7 %). Conclusions: The most prevalent diagnoses in the two years evaluated were: accommodation and refractive disorders, and disorders of the conjunctiva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The journal Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular was born in 2003 as a necessary instrument to disseminate the research findings of the Faculty of Optometry at the Universidad de La Salle; in this way, it has been established as a one-of-a-kind scientific publication and a reference model for Latin America. Objective: To present to the reader the history, trends, challenges, and difficulties of the journal during its 14 years of existence. Methodology: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the six editors who collaborated in the publication, as well as a bibliometric analysis was developed from a search in Publish or Perish, based on data found on Google Scholar and in the journal itself between 2003 and 2017. Results: The editors highlighted the journal's main challenges and achievements, evidenced in the important number of research and review articles published in indexes and databases. The bibliometric analysis found that the journal has published 334 articles: 166 research articles, 161 reviews, and 7 case reports. Additionally, the thematic area with more publications is functional optometry, with 82 articles, and the most cited document is from the area of pediatric optometry, with 40 citations to date. Conclusion: Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular has a scientific nature and complies with quality standards. It has published important advances in the field of functional and pediatric optometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize the visual and ocular morbidity of the population treated in the Pacific region, based on the reports from the individual records of the provision of health services (RIPS), years 2009-2010. Methods: descriptive retrospective observational study; the analyzed data was obtained from the 2009 and 2010 RIPS. For statistical analysis, sociodemographic variables (age, gender, insurance and geographic region) and clinical variables (regrouping of ICD-10 codes in Reisvo coding) were taken into consideration through descriptive statistics and frequency tables. Results: The most frequent ocular and visual disorders found in the Pacific region in 2009 and 2010 were disorders of the conjunctiva (39.9%) and accommodation and refractive disorders (28%). They are mostly reported in females between the ages of 15 and 44. It was also found that the most common health regimes in this region are the subsidized and contributive schemes. Conclusions: The most frequent visual and ocular abnormalities in the departments of the Pacific region between 2009 and 2010 are disorders of the conjunctiva and accommodation and refractive disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting alterations in the visual development of children is one of the optometrist's missions, in order to prevent the onset and complication of visual problems. Objective: To identify the refractive, motor, and pathological status of the anterior and posterior segment in children from two child development centers (CDC) in Pereira, Colombia. Materials and methods: This descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study examines the socio-demographic characteristics and visual and ocular morbidity of children in socioeconomic strata 0 and 1, according to the clinical records of examinations carried out in 2012 and 2013, and based on the children examined in 2014 and 2015. Results: 718 subjects were evaluated from the two CDCs, 46.1% female and 53.9% male, with a mean age of 46.2 months (SD ± 12.5). The ethnic group with the highest representation was mestizo (83.7%), followed by Afro-Colombian (13.8%), and indigenous (2.5%). The average spherical equivalent (M) was +0.34 D and the average cylinder was 0.17 D (J0), with a with-the-rule axis. The most prevalent refractive state was emmetropia (66.0%), followed by hypermetropia (16.0%), astigmatism (15.0%), and myopia (3.0%). Anisometropia had a prevalence of 5.2%; strabismus 1.1%; blepharitis 4.0%, and bacterial conjunctivitis 1.0%. Conclusions: The most frequent diagnoses were emmetropia, orthophoria, and blepharitis; most of these data are different from those found in other ethnic studies reported in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of visual and ocular disorders in the departments of Amazonas, Arauca, Caqueta, Casanare, Guainia, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupes, Vichada and Guaviare, for years 2009-2010. Methods: descriptive retrospective observational study; the population included 65,945 individual records from the provision of health services (RIPS). For statistical analysis, the following variables were taken into consideration: age, gender, socioeconomic level, insurance, geographic region, diseases of the eye, and ocular adnexa (Chapter VII of the list of the International Classification of Diseases [ICD-10]). Descriptive statistics, frequency tables, morbidity indexes and prevalence rates were used. Results: Amongst the visual and ocular disorders described in the RIPS, most of the records found were for the average number of diagnosis of disorders of the conjunctiva in 2009 and 2010, with 59% and 34%, respectively. On a second instance, 22% of accommodation and refractive disorders was found in 2009, with an increase up to 36% for 2010. Such diagnoses were more frequent in the age group of 15-44 years, in both years. Conclusions: The most common eye diseases were anterior segment disorders, mostly of the conjunctive type, and the most common refractive error in the diagnosis group of accommodation and refractive disorders were presbyopia and astigmatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize the visual and ocular morbidity of the population treated in eastern Colombia, based on the reports from the individual records of the provision of health services (RIPS), Chapter VII of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Version (ICD-10), years 2009-2010. Materials and methods: A descriptive retrospective observational study was conducted of the visual and ocular morbidity of the population treated. Results: 343,219 RIPS from 2010 and 768,561 from 2009 were analyzed, corresponding to Chapter VII of ICD-10; most of the RIPS were female, with 54% in 2009 and 58.2% in 2010. The most frequent diagnostic groups in 2009 were disorders of the conjunctiva (52.6 %), accommodation and refractive disorders (26.8 %), eyelid disorders (9.5%), disorders of the lacrimal apparatus (2.6%), blindness and decreased visual acuity (2.2 %). For 2010, there was a significant increase in the report of disorders of the crystalline lens (4.6 %) and glaucoma (2.1 %); the other most prevalent diagnoses this year were accommodation and refractive disorders (50.5 %), disorders of the conjunctiva (21.2 %), eyelid disorders (4.2 %), blindness and decreased visual acuity (3.1 %) and impaired vision (2.2 %). Conclusions: The most frequently reported disorders in 2009 in the eastern region were disorders of the conjunctiva and, among these, pterygium, followed by acute conjunctivitis. In 2010, the most frequently reported diagnoses were accommodation and refractive disorders, astigmatism being the most prominent one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To quantify the ocular biometric parameters, the corneal biomechanical properties, the anatomical configuration of the optic nerve and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in a group of children through non-invasive techniques. Material and methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and non-randomized study was conducted in 293 healthy Caucasian children between the ages of 6 and 17. The subjects were divided according to refractive error. Results: A statistically significant correlation was found between axial length (AL) and corneal hysteresis (CH) (p < 0.001). CH decrease was also found with increasing myopia, and CH increase with increasing hypermetropia (p < 0.001). In the posterior segment, a positive correlation was found between the average thickness of the RNFL and the CH (p = 0.01). Likewise, a decrease in the average thickness of the RNFL was observed with the increased AL (p < 0.001) and myopia (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The mechanical strength of the anterior segment of the eye is affected in myopic subjects at early ages and in severe myopia, regardless of age. Lower CH values, in addition to a reduction in the corneal viscoelastic damping capacity, indicate the existence of a more easily deformable optic nerve, together with a thinning of the RNFL, especially in myopic children. This study provides normal values of these parameters and makes it possible to correlate them with refractive errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: to know the socioeconomic, demographic, labor, and academic characteristics of the graduates of the Optometry Program of Universidad El Bosque, between 2013 and 2022. Methods: cross-sectional study, in which an electronic survey was sent to 365 graduates of the Optometry Program. The instrument included 54 questions on demographic, socioeconomic, labor, and postgraduate academic training variables. Results: of 190 graduates who responded to the survey, 79,7 % were female and 90,6 % were between 21 and 30 years old. 76,3 % remained single, 76,8 % did not have dependents and 81,6 % did not have children. 41,1 % lived in a family home and 40,5 % had their own vehicle. There was no statistically significant difference in the sociodemographic variables between men and women, but there was in monthly income, which, from $ 4 000 000 onwards, was more frequent in men (p = 0,0005). 22,6 % of graduates had done or were doing postgraduate studies. 96,3 % practiced the profession of optometry at that time, 69,5 % as dependents and 16,3 % as independent. The most frequent professional fields were clinical refraction (82,6 %), contactology (51,6 %) and primary eye care (50,0 %). Conclusion: almost all graduates practice the profession, especially in the care role and including not only aspects of refraction and ophthalmic optics, but also the formulation of drugs, thus showing their contribution to improve the visual and ocular health of Colombians. Additionally, their average salary is above that of other professionals in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to describe opportunistic bacteria that cause eye infections. For this effect, a literature search was performed in various databases (PubMed, SciELO, EBSCO Medline, ProQuest, ScienceDirect and Scopus) and books. It was found that opportunistic bacteria causing eye infections are resident or transient inhabitants of the ocular microbiota: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium sp, Propionibacterium sp, and Micrococcus; of the environment: Enterobacter erogenes, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Bradyrhizobium, Aquabacterium, Brevundimonas, and Bacillus; and of animals: Francisella tularensis, Chlamydia psittacii, and Leptospira. These bacteria cause conjunctivitis, blepharitis, dacryocystitis, endophthalmitis, cellulitis, keratitis, and uveitis in immunocompromised patients, more often than 37%. In addition, most species are multi-resistant to antimicrobials, due to which they represent a public health problem that requires the study of their habitats and their modes of transmission, as well as diagnosis and monitoring by staff of visual and ocular health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cat scratch disease is a zoonosis distributed throughout the world where cats are the primary reservoir of Bartonella henselae, with the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) as the primary vector among them. Such disease is characterized by predominantly systemic manifestations in the brain, eye, liver, spleen, and bone. We present the case of a 29-year-old female patient who consulted for decreased visual acuity (VA) and pulsatile eye pain of intensity 8/10 according to the visual analog scale (VAS) in the left eye (LE), without symptoms nor clinical manifestations in the right eye (RE). She presented associated symptoms like unquantified fever and neck pain. The ophthalmological clinical examination revealed a vascularized optic disc with poorly defined edges, concomitant macular edema, retinal thickening, and lipid exudates in the central 6 mm, with a clinical presentation associated with a macular star. Fluorescein angiography (FAG) revealed papillary hyperfluorescence by staining in the arterial phase and optical coherence tomography (OCT), with an altered internal retinal profile and architecture. Serology was positive for Bartonella henselae (IgG 1: 256; IgM 1:32). The timely recognition of ocular signs and clinical support through diagnostic images favors resolution and visual recovery through pharmacological management with antibiotics and anti-inflammatories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Orthokeratology is a subspecialty of contact lens research, dealing with the adaptation of gas permeable contact lenses, whose aim is to temporarily reduce visual defects. It proved to be an effective treatment for myopia and low astigmatisms, as well as for hypermetropic errors. This article presents a literature review in databases and books that describe and analyze the advances on how orthokeratology lenses work on the ocular surface of hypermetropic patients over time, on orthokeratology designs in hypermetropia, as well as on the parameters for the efficacy of this procedure, and its contraindications and risks. Thus, it provides further information for visual and ocular health professionals on the importance of orthokeratology in hypermetropic errors as a method of correction, as well as on other approaches that can meet the visual needs of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: A bibliographic research was carried out to examine the main complications that occur in the wearing of soft contact lenses. Objective: To compare complications in ocular surface in contact lens wearers regarding daily disposable soft contact lenses versus reusable soft contact lenses. Methodology: By means of a review of studies published since 2010 through the meta-search engine Google Scholar, twenty articles were detected that met selection parameters. Studies published in three languages (English, Portuguese and Spanish) were analyzed, and exclusive searches were conducted in each language. Results: The content of the studies was classified into three main parameters, which serve as comparative elements between daily disposable soft contact lenses and reusable soft contact lenses: a) handling, maintenance and storage; b) useful life of lenses; and c) biocompatibility. Conclusions: According to these studies, the main problems associated with the use of soft contact lenses may be due to poor handling and hygiene of both lenses and their accessories, and to the use of cleaning solutions. Regarding these aspects, daily disposable soft contact lenses present some advantages, besides the factor of useful life. As for biocompatibility, both types of contact lenses showed the same characteristics and potential complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biofinity EnergysTM contact lenses (CLs) incorporate the Digital Zone OpticsTM design, which has been developed to manage computer visual syndrome (CVI). The objective of the present study is to compare contrast sensitivity (CS) and optical aberrations induced during wear of Biofinity® and Biofinity EnergysTM LCs. A total of 14 subjects attended a single visit in which they were fitted with two LCs at random without the subject or the evaluator being aware of the lens under study. Visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS), monocular and binocular, were assessed. In addition, ocular aberrometry was analyzed and the adaptation of each LC was tested. As results, no significant differences were seen in the adaptation of the LCs. Monocular and binocular VA was lower during wearing the Biofinity EnergysTM LCs (p = 0.002 and p = 0.045, respectively). Monocular CS was found to be decreased for the frequency of 18 cycles per degree during wearing the Biofinity EnergysTM LCs (p = 0.008). However, binocularly, only a trend to decreased frequency of 3 cycles per degree was found with the same LCs (p = 0.06). The magnitude of optical aberrations increased for oblique tetrafoil (Z-4 4) (p = 0.022) and secondary astigmatism (Z2 4) (p = 0.002) with Biofinity EnergysTM LCs. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Digital Zone OpticsTM design of Biofinity EnergysTM LCs induces certain higher order aberrations, which could explain the consequent decrease in VA and SC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe and analyze, through a literature review, the OCT (optical coherence tomography), HRT (Heidelberg tomography) and GDx (nerve fiber analyzer) diagnostic technologies in glaucoma, as an approach to clinical optometry. Materials and methods: A systematic primary literature search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Elsevier, among others; literary texts related to the subject, written in English, Spanish and Portuguese, were also included. The information was selected within a period of publication between 2007 and 2014. Conclusion: The OCT uses a wavelength of 820 nm, assesses the retina and determines the appearance of the disease; HRT works with a 670 nm diode laser and generates three-dimensional images of the optic nerve, making it the most specific diagnostic technology to assess glaucoma; GDx employs a 780 nm polarized laser and evaluates the optic nerve, and is therefore ideal for monitoring the disease, as it determines minimal changes. Such equipment has a favorable applicability for detecting and monitoring the glaucoma; regardless of what instrument is used, it is essential for the professional have the competence to interpret the results and correlate with a clinical examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myopia is the most common refractive defect in the world. It begins in the first years of life, due to an interruption in the emmetropization process. These refractive modifications are attributed to changes in axial length, corneal curvature, and lens power, accompanied by a genetic origin, which increases the chances of children to become myopic when their parents have this refractive condition. Objective: To gather information on the process of emmetropization and anatomical changes that cause the development of myopia in schoolchildren. Methodology: A literature review was carried out based on a search of different databases. Results: Anatomical factors can intervene in the successful process of emmetropization; however, the amount of axial growth and the initial refractive error are the most influential characteristics, which produce changes in corneal and lens power. The numbers reported in different countries for children under 5 years old are encouraging; however, as age increases, prevalence also increases disproportionately, due to genetic and environmental factors. Conclusions: The mechanism of emmetropization is related to the growth of the eyeball: its biometric components are responsible for changes in refraction. These anatomical modifications are mostly influenced by genetic aspects in the first years of life. In the following years, increase is related to environmental and occupational factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To determine the prevalence of non-strabismic binocular vision dysfunctions (NSBVD) in subjects studying in public schools in Pereira. Materials and methods: 508 students between 5 and 19 years of age were subjected to a full optometric assessment. This included measurement of ocular deviation (prism cover test); positive and negative fusional reserves (3 and 0.40 m); near point of convergence using a real object and red filter and light; stereopsis (Randot stereotest); AC/A calculated, accommodative response (Nott retinoscopy); flexibility of accommodation (flipper ± 2.00 D at 40 cm), and amplitude of accommodation (push up and push down). Diagnostic criteria suggested by Sheiman and Wick and the American Optometric Association were followed. Results: NSBVD was present in 19.5% of the participants, as well as an accommodative and a vergence problem in 1.8% of them, while one of these alterations was found in 17.7%. Conclusions: Although the prevalence of NSBVD was high, it was lower than reported in previous studies, mainly because the population evaluated in those works came from optometry clinics, which lead to an overestimation of the frequency of these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protocol of the Iberoamerican Epidemiology Network in Visual and Ocular Health (Reisvo) was standardized through the development of a pilot study. Standardization was measured through the test's repeatability and reproducibility, as well as through its degree of agreement with the reference standard. Methodology: There was evaluated a group of healthy schoolchildren between 5 and 15 years of age, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria under the guidelines of Resolution 8430 of 1993. Two observers performed three measurements of static retinoscopy, and an expert performed cycloplegic retinoscopy. Results: Spherocylindrical forms were converted to Fourier analysis in three components: M, J0 and J45. Intra- and inter-examiner agreement, measured with intraclass correlation coefficient for static retinoscopy, was high in component M, both for intra- and inter-examiner agreement in static retinoscopy, and for correlation between static retinoscopy and cycloplegic retinoscopy. The agreement for components J0 and J45 was weak or zero, and they did not show clinical differences between observers. Conclusions: Static retinoscopy showed good repeatability and reproducibility compared to cycloplegic retinoscopy in implementing the Reisvo protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To establish a standardization protocol for Randot 2® and Color Vision Testing Made Easy ® (CVTME®), in order to use them as benchmark tests within the protocol of the Ibero-American Network of Visual and Ocular Health (REISVO). Methodology: Clinical trials with methodological support, expert judgment, standardization of tests, and organization of pretest and pilot test were selected. A descriptive observational design was used for diagnostic test. The pilot test was conducted in 19 school children between ages 5 and 15; the assessment was carried out at the Optometry Clinic of the Universidad de La Salle. Results: In the CVTME® test, intra- and inter-examiner correlation provided a good degree of agreement among the observations: repeatability, reproducibility, and responsiveness to the test were 100%. In the Randot 2® test, intra- and inter-examiner correlation provided a degree of agreement between low and good; responsiveness to the test was 100%. Conclusions: Data on agreement were good; the intermediate precision level in the Randot 2® test represents relative accuracy, both individually and in group. The CVTME® test is robust and is not sensitive to external factors; while the Randot 2® test is sensitive to external factors, affecting measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet light comprises wavelengths with high energy values that can have an impact on human health, which is increasingly worrying the health sector. Therefore, self-tinting lenses have become an alternative for eye protection. However, the loss of transmissibility of these lenses may represent difficulties in visual perception in environments where the luminous flux is reduced. It is important to take into account the transmissibility capacity of the photochromic coatings of ophthalmic lenses, taking into account their capacity in both visible and ultraviolet light. The objective of the present study is to determine the time variation of visible and ultraviolet light transmissibility in photochromic lenses of CR39 and MR8 materials. A study in which photochromic lenses of two materials (Cr-39 and MR8) were exposed to light for a period of 9 months, was carried out by taking transmittance readings at the frequencies of 535nm and 365nm, both at the beginning and at the end of the measurements. As a conclusion it was obtained that the photochromic lenses of both materials present a variation in the transmittance of both wavelengths as a function of their time of use and exposure. However, the variations found in the comparison between the two types of lenses and not over time are considered significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La retinosis pigmentaria (RP) comprende un grupo de enfermedades degenerativas de la retina que afectan la función y el campo visual. Se caracteriza por ceguera nocturna y pérdida de campo visual periférico, y suele tener debut precoz y juvenil. Este artículo tiene como propósito describir los hallazgos clínicos visuales y oculares en 12 pacientes con retinosis pigmentaria. Para esto, se evaluaron 12 pacientes con RP, mediante examen visual, campimetría y retinografía. Se halló que el 50 % de los pacientes presentó astigmatismo hipermetrópico y 42 %, astigmatismo miópico. Un mayor acúmulo de pigmento en zona superior de retina se observó en el 41,7 %, con agudeza visual entre 20/400 y percepción luminosa. Un tercio de la muestra presentó baja visión profunda y umbral de sensibilidad ≤ a 18db. El escotoma relativo fue más frecuente, aunque en agudezas visuales entre 20/400 y PL el 25 % y 41,7 % de los pacientes presentaron escotoma absoluto en ojo derecho e izquierdo respectivamente. El uso de corrección en pacientes con escotoma relativo generó mejoría en el 41,7 % y 33,3 % (ojo derecho e izquierdo). Todos presentaron palidez cérea del disco óptico y el 92 % atenuación arteriolar. Se concluyó que los signos característicos del fondo ocular de los participantes con RP fueron palidez cérea de disco óptico, pigmentación en forma de espículas óseas, atenuación arteriolar, campo visual ≤10° centrales con visión en túnel. Los pacientes con baja visión profunda presentaron mayor acúmulo de pigmento en retina superior periférica, umbral de sensibilidad menor de 18dB y escotomas de tipo absoluto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing and its applications in optometry is the main topic of the article. 3D printing is an additive manufacturing process in which layers of different materials are deposited to produce 3D objects. Although its application in optometry is still in its early stages, it has the potential to revolutionize design and manufacturing in the ophthalmic industry. Some possible applications include the design and manufacturing of contact lenses, ocular prosthetics, and frames. Several studies have demonstrated the usefulness of 3D printing in the adaptation of contact lenses, the manufacturing of lenses for color blindness, and the creation of personalized glasses. Its use has also been explored in the manufacturing of supplies for patients with low vision and in the educational field to create schematic eye models and anatomical structures. 3D printing technology offers the possibility of producing unique objects at a low cost and generating personalized solutions for patients. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Science & Technology in Ocular Health & Vision / Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular is the property of Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Salud Visual y Ocular and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En los niños, la prescripción de medicamentos para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de patologías de segmento anterior representa un gran reto para los profesionales de la salud, debido a que se requiere de un amplio conocimiento sobre el momento de prescribirlos y de ofrecer tratamientos efectivos, con mínimo riesgo de generar efectos adversos. Este trabajo tuvo como propósito referenciar aspectos que se deben tener en cuenta en la formulación de medicamentos tópicos oculares, para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de patologías oculares de segmento anterior, en niños menores de 12 años. Para esto, se adelantó una búsqueda y revisión documental, en diferentes bases de datos académicas y científicas, como SciELO y PubMed, en el periodo 1993-2019. Dentro de los resultados, se describen aspectos importantes, como la farmacocinética y fisiopatología, para tener en cuenta en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las patologías oculares más frecuentes en la población infantil con base en la recomendación de los autores. Finalmente, se concluye que, para la prescripción de medicamentos oculares en la población infantil, es fundamental determinar las dosis adecuadas para evitar efectos tóxicos, considerando aspectos de fisiopatología y farmacocinética. Se evidencia la oportunidad de ampliar la investigación en Colombia sobre medicamentos tópicos oculares, así como la necesidad de que se comercialicen en nuestro país antibióticos de este tipo para pacientes menores de 6 meses, y antialérgicos y antiinflamatorios para uso en menores de dos años. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]