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La transición hacia el uso del papel para la enseñanza de la escritura en las escuelas elementales públicas en México no fue sencilla. Al finalizar el siglo XIX, se había cuestionado el uso de las pizarras por el riesgo que representaban para la salud, pues muchas veces los estudiantes borraban sus escritos con saliva y el material con el que estaban fabricadas no siempre guardaba las especificaciones necesarias, además el ruido al escribir era insoportable. En cambio, el papel, desde el punto de vista higiénico, pedagógico y estético, fue considerado un material superior frente a la dureza de la pizarra, el brillo de la superficie y la poca precisión que se obtenía en el trazo de las letras. Derivado de este planteamiento, se vislumbró seriamente la posibilidad de la adopción de papel en las escuelas oficiales. Sin embargo, este material era escaso y muy caro. Hacia el cambio de siglo, sólo dos fábricas de papel podían surtir a las escuelas y era necesario que abarataran el precio, que el sistema de distribución garantizara el abastecimiento y que el suministro fuera continuo. Este artículo analiza el inicio del proceso de reconversión de una tecnología para la enseñanza como era la pizarra por el papel. Analizo el gasto que significó y cómo esta modificación fue resultado de una multiplicidad de relaciones sociales, culturales, económicas y políticas que se entrecruzaron para dar una nueva configuración del tiempo, el ruido y los valores establecidos en el salón de clases. The transition to the use of paper in public elementary schools in Mexico was not easy. At the end of the nineteenth century, the use of slates had been questioned due to the health risk they represented since students often erased their writing with saliva and the material with which the slates were made did not always meet the necessary specifications. On the other hand, paper, from a hygienic, pedagogical and aesthetic point of view, was considered a superior material compared to the hardness of the slate, the shine of the surface and the lack of precision obtained in the tracing of the letters. Derived from this approach, the possibility of changing materials in official schools was seriously envisioned. However, the paper represented a very high cost. Only two paper mills could supply the schools and it was necessary to lower the price, and guarantee the supply by enhancing the distribution system. This article analyses the beginning of the conversion process of a technology for learning to write such as the slate for paper. I analyse the expense that it meant for the authorities and families, how the change was the result of a multiplicity of social, cultural, economic and political relations that intersected to give a new configuration of time, noise and established values in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This work examines the poetry collection Junín (1930) by the Peruvian author Enrique Bustamante y Ballivián (1883–1937). While a part of the Latin American avant-garde expresses a fascination with the rise of new machines in the metropolis, this article demonstrates that Bustamante y Ballivián responds to this trend by representing machinery of a different kind – extractivist machinery – in a different type of space: the Andes. The author also engages with the indigenista avant-garde poetic proposals of his Peruvian contemporaries. Unlike them, the poet does not aim to give voice to the indigenous subject, nor does he idealize or solely link it to nature. Instead, he portrays it as 'coupled' to the mineral extraction machinery. Additionally, the poet depicts this machinery as invasive, contaminating and destructive to the landscape and its inhabitants. This work argues that Junín emerges as the first poetic representation of the ecological impacts caused by large-scale mining exploitation in the Andes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the dictatorship of Francisco Franco (1939–1975) Catalan literature suffered a terrible blow, mainly in the censorship of books published in Catalan. In this period of cultural repression, the objectives and characteristics of the mission of translating foreign poetry in the Catalan-speaking regions were determined by special socio-historical circumstances. This article presents a panoramic investigation into the dissemination of Chinese poetry in Catalan culture during the Franco dictatorship. The various aspects of the investigation and the period in which it was carried out have been studied: the publications, translation and editing, the motives of Catalan translators in carrying out their work and the influence of socio-historical elements on the dissemination of the translated poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyses the struggles with Franco's censorship that José María Castellet had to face when he embarked on three anthology projects that were decisive in the history of post-war Spanish poetry. The particular severity with which Nueve novísimos poetas españoles (1970) was received invites us to focus on this anthology, which, with qualities that should have made it more resistant, fell foul of censorship in a way that its anthological predecessors did not. On the one hand, reflection on this paradox leads us to venture hypotheses about the dynamics of the repressive body's actions. On the other hand, a thorough analysis of the censorship dossier of Nueve novísimos allows us to draw some interesting conclusions. It is true, for example, that the elliptical diction introduced by the novísimo poets protected the anthology from a much wider purge. However, the censorship actually practised, which polished the more obvious aspects of its insurgent vocation, was enough to alter the historical reception and, by extension, the historiographical significance of a book that was stubbornly denied its subversive substance. The discovery of an unpublished composition by José María Álvarez is certainly not the least of the surprises of the archival side of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titian's work has from the sixteenth century to the present day motivated an important series of literary allusions and ekphrastic or culturalist exercises. This study addresses, in a way that is unprecedented, a critical analysis of the presence of Titian and his work in Spanish Renaissance and Baroque poetry. A considerable number of great authors (from Gutierre de Cetina to Lope de Vega and Quevedo) show Titian's influence on their works over a wide range of literary themes and techniques. Within the field of study of the ancient relationships between painting and poetry, the texts selected in this work are important because they represent a first lyrical interpretation of the brilliant Venetian painter in Spanish literature, a precedent for the rich and heterogeneous contemporary poetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1753 the Arte de la lengva metropolitana del reyno cakchiquel o gvatemalico by José Ildefonso Flores, was published. This was the most complete, detailed and rigorous grammar of the colonial era that describes the language of the Cakchiquel. For this, and like other grammatical texts from the New World, the model of Antonio de Nebrija's Introductiones latinae (c. 1488) is used, which causes many problems for Flores since there are many differences between the two languages. Despite the importance of this grammar and its interest for Missionary Linguistics, it has been the subject of only brief and partial studies and investigations, which is why an exclusively linguistic work is necessary that describes and analyses its content in detail. This work describes and analyses the structure and content of the Arte de la lengva metropolitana del reyno cakchiquel o gvatemalico , the context in which it was composed and the sources that inspired it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Index.Comunicación is the property of Index.comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)