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This paper seeks to test the hypothesis that Banco de México defines its monetary interest rate policy based on other variables, far from the interest rate, going against the principles of the Taylor´s rule. An econometric study with Acyclic Directed Graphs (GDA) is proposed, which according to the bibliographic review would be a pioneering application in the object of this study, to measure causal relationships on various variables. The data was obtained from Banco de México and INEGI. The results reveal that the definition of the reference rate in Mexico is likely to follow the guidelines of the Federal Reserve in the United States, mostly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the economic and social impact of federal tourism policy on the six Magical Towns in the State of Veracruz during a decade. Using an descriptive, quantitative approach, it contrasts the evolution of human development indexes, welfare conditions, the degree of marginalization and the tourism GDP of the Magical Towns. Findings point to differentiated results. Coatepec and Orizaba report high development and welfare indexes and low marginalization, while tourism does not even represent 5% of their economic activity. However, Xico, Coscomatepec, Papantla and Zozocolco show a high dependence on tourism activity, ranging between 12% and 20%. In conclusion, the magical towns program requires the inclusion of efficiency criteria: the achievement of social welfare objectives implies that resources should be channeled to municipalities with greater socioeconomic challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper performs an impact evaluation on the income in rural households in the regions in different regions of Mexico, considering the Bienestar's programs. To carry out this evaluation, the realization of Kernel Matching is considered to calculate the Average Treatment Effects. The source of information for obtaining data is the National Household Income-Expenditure Survey (ENIGH) for the year 2020, which is published by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). From the results it is found that there are differences in the benefits, considering that they are not always statistically significant, in addition to the fact that the impacts of these policies vary according to the area that is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations claims that education is a crucial element in reducing poverty rates in any country if it is accessible, adaptable, acceptable, and affordable; known as the 4A's of education, which are considered within the national education policy. This paper analyzes the effect of the 4A's of education on multidimensional moderate-income poverty and extreme income poverty in Mexico in the years 2010 and 2020. This is achieved with the analysis of microdata from the Module of Socioeconomic Conditions of the National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure (MCS - ENIGH) 2010 and 2020 and with dichotomous logit models. The results indicate that the 4A's have a greater effect on the reduction of multidimensional extreme income poverty than on moderate, even over different periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs a panel data model to study the impact of six key variables, three of them directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic, on Mexican manufacturing exports. The panel comprises the 21 manufacturing subsectors and monthly data during the January 2020-December 2022 period. Moreover, the model specification entails supply- as well as demand-side variables. The two estimation techniques are ordinary least squares and twostage least squares. The second estimation procedure corrects for endogeneity problems and is complemented by remedial measures to achieve more efficient parameter estimates. Along these lines, the evidence is robust in showing that manufacturing exports respond positively to an increase in external demand, a real currency depreciation, a drop in unit labor costs (ULC), a wider coverage of vaccination campaigns, and a relaxation of social distancing measures. Given that ULC fall as labor productivity rises, there is a valid rationale to conclude that investing in highquality formal education, training and skill development could be an effective measure to raise exports. Likewise, the effects of the vaccination efforts highlights the relevance of coordinating economic policy with health policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the complexity of dialogue in ethical impasses is approached from Wittgenstein’s point of view. With the analogy of language with games, Wittgenstein shows us what it means not to share the same background of implicit rules. In the case of ethical impasses, two points of view with different ethical backgrounds are opposed. However, this does not imply ethical relativism, since the fact that the backgrounds are different does not presuppose that they have nothing in common. Establishing a dialogue requires an “embodied understanding”, that is, seeking similarities by means of explicit figures that are not separated from the implicit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between justice, the question of who is entitled to economic rights, and the role played by the new economic order that followed the Second World War in America in shaping the structure of public institutions. It highlights that the abstract philosophical discussion around fairness and the design of political institutions emerges at the end of the 20th century as a result of the collapse of the positivist conception regarding who was entitled to enjoy economic privileges linked to citizenship, a conception that contemplated the political endowment of economic privileges on a professional class that was to conform an elite with the task to dynamize each local economy. The disappearance of this consensus has given way to today’s anarchic, and deeply unfair, “gig” economy, an economy that at times resembles very much the scenario the world saw before the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper contrasts the use of the expression “mechanisms” to refer to practices or institutions that perpetuate structural injustices against other practices that pursue democratic effects. Despite the mechanistic terminology they employ, it is argued that Robert Goodin and Adrian Vermeule agree on using a pragmatic approach that emphasizes the agency of individuals, countering functionalist methodological perspectives. In this sense, their work can be aligned with studies on deliberative systems driven by John Parkinson and Jane Mansbridge to explain the development of democracy in complex societies. The purpose is to explore adjustments in those mechanisms to make them more equitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charles S. Peirce was interested on logical machines developed in the late 19th century and discussed whether they could develop the authentic semiotic processes indispensable for deductive reasoning. Is it possible for machines to have a genuine capacity to carry out inferences? In this paper, Peirce's arguments are analyzed, who argued that deduction, in general, cannot be reduced to mechanical factors. To this end, reference will be made to the idea of theorematic reasoning, which is fundamental for mathematical proofs and goes beyond mechanical procedures. The idea of semiosis in Peirce will also be explored, which seems to extend to the organic realm, but not to the artificial inorganic world of machines. Finally, some conclusions will be drawn about Artificial Intelligence from Peirce’s semiotic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fine is a traditional means of sanction and is used in different legal systems. This paper analyzes the system of fines used in the Mexican federal system. There are many segmental works on this subject, but this time a holistic approach is used, in order to propose a systematization on the basis and common nature of these sanctions, as well as their technical differences in the criminal, administrative, fiscal, procedural and different autonomous constitutional bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explain the relationship between Human Rights and moral universality from a constructivist paradigm. From an ordinary perspective, Human Rights are universal. This attribute has been disputed from different forms of skepticism (classical utilitarianism, neo-Aristostelianism, cultural and ethical relativism). From a constructivist point of view, Human Rights are not the product of a descriptive analysis, but the outcome of a suitable procedure of construction. The distinction between moral realism and Kantian constructivism is equivalent to the difference between a path of discovery and a path of invention in ethics. In this sense, Human Rights are the outcome of an impartial procedure of moral justification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of economic openness on wage dispersion. To this end, using a fixed effects panel model, we evaluate the impact of exports and foreign direct investment (FDI), as well as productivity and education, on wage dispersion in 14 economic subsectors in Mexico during the period 1999-2021. The main findings show that: i) increasing exports tend to diminish wage dispersion; ii) the flow of FDI seems to increase wage dispersion; iii) productivity and the heterogeneity of the productive network are determining factors in the dynamics of average wages. In this context, it is important to implement a variety of industrial and labour policies to effectively absorb the dynamic advantages associated with economic openness, such as the reduction of wage dispersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates, using a panel data model, that mainly firm-specific (microeconomic) versus macroeconomic variables affect the long-run profitability of a group of banks in Mexico in the pre- and COVID-19 periods. Interbank deposit, deposit rate, bank size, size of non-performing loan portfolio, delinquency, operating expenses, traditional deposit, salary, unemployment, and interest rate have statistical influence on bank profitability, but this relationship changes in the COVID-19 period. These results can be useful in the decisions of the different areas of banks, as well as for the design of public policies aimed at maintaining the stability of the banking system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]