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The content of this paper involves a crucial phenomenon in the analysis of the labor market: the description of adequate female employment in Ecuador. The present paper examines the relationship between the behavior of the female employment rate and the evolution of some of the most critical variables of direct selling firms in Ecuador, such as sales revenue, solvency ratio, liquidity ratio, and assets return. The panel data technique of dynamic mean groups [ardl (1,1,1)] was used to generate empirical evidence. It was found that the liquidity ratio, solvency ratio, and income of direct selling firms show an effect statistically significant on adequate female employment. However, it is considerably small, implying that the productive linkages generated by these firms do not tend to substantially impact the generation of better-quality jobs for women in Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show, based on the results of a questionnaire applied in May 2020, the conditions in which the female students of a unit of the National Pedagogical University (UPN) in Mexico City have continued their studies during the Covid-19 pandemic. The concept of intersectionality allows us to show that the social and economic disadvantages (job insecurity, unpaid work, economic dependence) in which the students lived before the pandemic intensified, particularly for those who work in the education sector, since they had to add to the tasks they were already performing working from home and caring for people within the home (triple burden). Given this situation, it is suggested to develop strategies focused on women in the education sector (particularly those who are still in training), so that the pandemic and the eventual return to the classroom do not result in work overload and worsening of their working conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public Administrations have a significant role to play in improving opportunities in public employment for people with disabilities. The main objective of this paper is to verify the importance of effectively achieving more diverse, inclusive, and egalitarian public administrations. The research covers the degree of implementation of the existing regulations on access to public employment; specifically, the process of applying corrective measures for possible inequalities that strengthen protection and guarantee effective equality of opportunities in access to public sector employment for women with disabilities. Despite the enormous normative production, this study shows the lack of practical specificity and the need for greater involvement in the implementation and evaluation of the actions design. The year 2020 is a turning point for the incorporation of a more cross-sectional approach, made concrete through a shift in the organisational paradigm towards diversity, which is yet to be realised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "glass ceiling" is defined as the obstacles that obstruct a woman to achieve high-level positions in organizations. The aim of this paper is to analyze the current situation of women in senior management positions in the Mexican context, in order to measure how much the glass ceiling affects dieir professional development. For that, a documentary research was conducted by collecting information from both, companies listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange (BMV, according to its initials in Spanish) companies, as well as recent publications by the business sector in Mexico. The main finding of this study shows that on average, women who make up the Board of Directors in companies listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange companies, only reaches 4-56%, additionally, of the 500 best companies to work in Mexico, only 3% arc directed by women, and, of the 50 most powerful women in Mexico, only 14% arc company executives. Which shows that despite the advances that have occurred in relation to gender equality is still difficult for women to overcome the glass ceiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between economic development and the entrance of women into the labor market. In particular, it reviews the links between female labor force participation [FLFP] and several variables associated with development —economic structure, income level, poverty, inequality, marginalization, human development and other specific gender indicators. This essay analyses the case of municipalities in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. Based on empirical study, a causal relationship framework between FLFP and the development of regions is proposed. This paper concludes that women's participation in the economy has a significant impact on development; therefore, regions must formulate public policies that create more opportunities for the incorporation of women into the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents some questions, from a perspective of gender, about the relationship between work and women. The objective is to review the trajectory begun three decades ago by the conceptual rupture suffered by work, and consolidated by the social use of time research. The main interest is to focus on domestic work studies. This point of view tries to show this work as a feminine activity that contributes to the daily well being of people. The paper also would like to point out some other arguments oriented to explore the reasons why care appears so distant from work issues. Finally, the conclusions appeal to social care as a necessary challenge for new social policy making in the Welfare State, particularly in the agenda of gender policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper analyzes the role that multinational oil companies played in the formation of social concepts and citizen participation which were promoted in the oil camps of Venezuela and which served as an important model for varios sectors of Venezuelan society. The experience in oil camps reconfigured regional identities and introduced a new lifestyle, reformulating the use of public and private space, the management of time, and also comsumption patterns. Conscious of the dislocation that employment In the new and unfamiliar oil industry implied, companies sought to incorporate the family into this process and redefined the role of women as key to the socialization process. This paper analyzes the participation of intellectual goups, and the middle class which colaborated with the oil companies in order to promote a national cultural project and civil society which would promote certain legitimacy in relation to the transnational companies in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I intend to reconstruct, from an ethnographic perspective, a number of situations lived in an urban organization of unemployed workers at the city and the suburbs of Buenos Aires, Argentina. On one side, I describe and analyze how a certain complementarity of tasks takes place in the ways women and men participate. On the other, I show how the existence of an Espacio de Mujeres (Women's Space) in this organization strains the outlines and limits of those ways of participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship among income-conditioned transfer programs, universal child-care benefits, and women's paid labor. The proposal aims to establish a dialogue between the complex factors intertwined in the so-called "labor market" and such gender assumptions as underlie the program, with the purpose of contributing better, innovative proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on women and work are substantial; however, the relevance of the subject allows continue investigating and know the current experiences of its protagonists. It is precisely the purpose of this paper analyze contemporary reflections of mothers-fathers with respect to the exercise of motherhood and work. From the socio-cultural perspective, as part of a qualitative methodology, in-depth interviews were made to middle-class parents. Reported their reflections and the reasons why renounce women the labour field. Become critical reflections on the topic and proposed alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I endeavour to analyse on the field of action of Feminine Section, taking the province of Jaen as a frame of analysis. A province characterized by an important presence of the rural world, area where Female Section opened an important political - social labor on the women, emphasizing his traditional paper inside the private area and in the development of the rural economy. Nevertheless, in the last years of the Franco's regime, Female Section there tried to erase this past antifeminist helped the woman to increasing his presence in the labor sphere and in the public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In colonial society of eighteenth-century Buenos Aires, there was a series of women who Traditional historiography has not given their rightful place: working women. This study aims to analyze and re-evaluation of these females, there also arises a series of networks of "gender solidarity" among women in need of help, in which working women had a role. This is taken as the standard source that rose in the city of Buenos Aires in 1744; it throws a lot of information to understand this complex phenomenon. There will be a thorough analysis of all models of working women the pattern shows, from different perspectives. These ladies are a very heterogeneous group, as work motivations are very different: for aggregate found, being slaves, etc. But at the same time is to keep track of paper, which together with the work effort of these played the charity and solidarity and support for female survival at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this paper are twofold: first, to show the changes in the rates of economic participation and the sectoral and occupational integration of women workers in the State of Mexico. Second, to know the strategies that women have to use in order to work in industry because of the strong work flexibility, needed. One primary concern is the changes in labor markets, such as the increase of women's participation, segmentation, and labor market flexibility. Our study conceptualizes the labor market not just in terms of "location factors", but also in terms of social construction, focusing on the construction of flexibility as well as in the strategies of female workers in the industry to cope with demands of everyday work. We suggest the importance of a proper and necessary social regulation of labor markets, including the problems facing women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any discussion of obesity in the domain of health and beauty takes on a perspective with negative consequences for corpulent women. Overweight women are discriminated against, along with traditional sexism. Five related questions are discussed by analyzing on-line newspapers and personal blogs: different ways women are discriminated against in employment, the contexts of discrimination, the arguments used for legitimating that rejection, the arguments used by women in answer, and the differences in rejection of corpulent women and men. This rejection is articulated in a culture of segregation at work and a set of strategies intended to normalize discrimination. This paper attempts to specify the discourses of discrimination in the workplace, open the question to public debate, and stimulate thought about affirmative proactive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Birth intervals have rarely been considered a phenomenon worthy of study in developed countries, but rather a mere consequence of individuals' decisions about total family size and age at first birth. However, women may be using birth spacing as a strategy to make employment and motherhood more compatible. The aim of this paper is to shed light on the analysis of the influence that women's attachment to work and received help with housework can have on the length of second birth intervals. For this purpose, I have taken information from a sample of 871 Spanish women aged between 35 and 49. The data have been obtained from the Fertility and Family Survey for Spain, conducted in 1995. The results obtained from some multivariate linear regression models indicate that the strong attachment to work negatively affects the length of second birth intervals, especially among highly educated women. However, the positive effect of help with housework on the interval can counteract the influence of the abovementioned characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper refers to the relation between migratory processes, employment and education in women of rural origin, focusing the analysis on the domestic work. The ethnographic approach that guides our investigations analyses the practices of two groups of women: one of them, resident in the north of Cordoba, whose members did not attend educative centers at the time of fieldwork in schools,' and other composed by ladies who were students of an adult educational center. In both cases the individual histories, the way they faced survival, the decision to the move to the city and how those processes articulated with educative strategies, show tensions. These tensions may appear as subjective, but on several occasions they express deep structures of the social world. We asked ourselves: How does education takes part in the configuration of these processes, both in regarding the moment of leaving the country and the decision to move, and in the later stages of settlement and stabilization in the city? What are the meanings that women give to the migratory experience and how do they tie it with their educative and labor trajectories? We will approach answers these questions in this communication, but first we will refer to our viewpoint of the migratory phenomenon and the characteristics that domestic employment assumes in the process of relocation and settlement in a new space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, reasons of postponing motherhood by professional young women are explored and related with changes of course in their biographies, especially with those sociologically associated with individualization, by means a qualitative research on this demographic group in Caracas (Venezuela) and Santiago (Chile). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social role of women has gone through historical transformations which have meant moving from performing only domestic chores to taking part in other segments of society. Education, politics, economics, and particularly labor are the most significant ones. And labor is the main focus of this paper. Women take up 38,5 % of the active work force in Chile, with some of them holding important public positions as Ministers, Undersecretaries, Senators, Deputies, Ministers of the Supreme Court, Mayors, and City Council members. In various work environments women are subject to gender discrimination, which translates into limited job opportunities. Women feel discriminated against in (1) salaries, (2) access to management positions, (3) ethnic issues, (4) physical aspects, (5) social class, and (6) social (neighborhood) background. Some institutions concerned with labor discrimination include the National Service for Women, the Center for Women Studies, the Institute for Liberty and Development, the PRODEMU Foundation, the UN Economic Commission for Latin America (CEPAL), the International Labor Organization, and the Reproductive Rights Center, among others. The current legal system includes laws in line with the evolution of the social role of Chilean women. Thus, laws on sexual harassment, equal rights for men and women, pregnant students rights, civil marriage, family courts, domestic violence, filiation, work contracts, and Sunday rest are among the most important ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to examine the implications that the implementation of the Free Trade Agreement (FTAA) between the United States and Colombia would have particularly in the situation of Colombian women. The recent contributions that gender studies have provided to the social sciences and more specifically to economics, allow elaborating new ways of understanding issues concerning the national welfare and sovereignty from a usually marginalized perspective. The fact that there are not many studies that relate the gender factor with free trade, makes this paper a catalyst of the debate in this issue, which attempts to contribute in the analysis of the social impacts, standing specifically from a gender perspective, the implementation of the trade agreement would have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies microeconometric decomposition techniques with the purpose of assessing the determinants of the significant increase in the female labor force participation rate experienced during the period 1990-2003. In particular, we are interested in evaluating how much of the increase in the female participation rate can be explained by changes in the family structure or changes in the educational level achieved, and how much of this change is completely neutral to these factors. The increase in the education level of the female population is, without a doubt, one of the main determinants of the increase in the labor force participation rate. Surprisingly, changes in fertility do not seem to have a significant impact on the female participation rate. We didn't even find a parameter effect indicating that the patterns of the participation (elasticity) of women with small children would have changed substantially. Most of the parameter effect is due to a constant effect, which is particularly high during the period 1996-2003. That is, independently of the characteristics of the women, there is a generalized increase in the female labor force participation rate. This result is robust when controls for business cycles are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mexican-US border represents an illustrative example of the globalization processes due to the installation of assembly plants known as maquiladoras since the late sixties. This lead to massive employment of women and with it to a slow configuration of a female proletarianization in all of Mexico, which showed a strong correlation between the transnationalization of production process and the participation of working women. This article examine the convergence between maquiladoras, jobs and female employment as a complex relation that researchers have been trying to portray for almost four decades. With this in mind this paper reviews some of the main and well known academic and institutional analysis for the last few years in Mexico. This review should help to understand the complexity of female employment studies and the need to recognize these women as a distinct gender in the working world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper studies the venezuelan labor rights in regards to breastfeeding. It stems from the reform of the Reglamento de la Ley Orgánica del Trabajo published in Official Newspaper No 38426 of the twenty-eight (28) of April of 2006, that not only modified the duration of the period, but resulted in the faculty conferred to the Ministries of the Work and Social Security and the Ministry of Health in that through a joint resolution they could decide their extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the relation between the awareness emerging from female practices of social aid and care, and the process of becoming professional such practices, what supposes to include those practices into the modern rational ordering of knowledge. In this relation, the knowledge generated by women is produced in a subaltern condition; so legitimacy, prestige and social recognition are affected by the so-called "rational ordering". With this hypothesis in mind, the author expounds the notion of feminized profession. She points out the historic deepness of social aid and care practices, the cultural patterns that affect men and women behaviors, and the complexity of the value assignation to social and professional relations, when those values are culturally considered feminine. In this article, Social Work and Nursery are considered from the perspective of the professional cultures, which are conditioned in their development and recognition by gender prejudices and ideas. The importance of the foresaid concepts is discussed in the domain of public health, professional limit conflicts, and the subaltern position respect to the medical power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]