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Introduction: Coffee is a highly mycotrophic plant, its interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has been studied among different tropical countries. The majority of the published works indicates that coffee is benefited from the mycorrhizal association, where the AMF confers protection against pathogens and diseases, increases water absorption, as well as it increases the adaptation of the plant at transplant from nurseries to the main plantation. Objective: A review was made where we summarized and analyze the research reports of AMF with coffee from at least the past 10 years, focused on AMF global species distribution, nutritional benefits of the association and interaction with pathogens. Methods: We retrieved available bibliographic data from coffee producer countries in public databases. We considered published works from 2000 to 2019, nevertheless, we included classic papers on the topic, outside that period, mainly the ones performed in Brazil since 1986. We organized the number of reported species per country, we look for synonyms, grouped them by family, genera and species. The reports that only reported genera or where ambiguous were used as reference but not considered for the final analysis. We summarized the reports of the benefits of the AMF interaction in coffee, as well as pathogen tolerance. Results: The collected data shows that there are more than 100 AMF species associated with coffee, which represents more than a third part of the total of reported species worldwide. We found that Colombia has the highest richness, but it also has the highest number of published reports. Conclusions: This information shows the benefits of the incorporation of AMF to coffee plantation programs, because these fungi are a key element in coffee plant nutrition, nevertheless, the coffee variety should be considered when introducing AMF, as not all associations has been efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present a historical series of Colombian GDP from 1888 to 2013. For that purpose we have employed an expenditure approach to reconstruct the GDP for the period 1888-1929. We linked it to the official statistics data of the DANE. The result is expressed in 2011 purchasing parity dollars for international comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the process of economic globalization significant impact on the food industry, one of the most important was the predominance they now have multinational companies in this sector, even in alternative systems such as organic farming and fair trade were observed. However, for organized peasants who produce organic coffee and participate in fair trade, it is reluctant to give this production strategy because it is a way to survive and maintain its system of social reproduction in their condition as peasants, despite challenges this implies them. In this paper we analyze the socioeconomic impact of this production strategy in peasant families that are integrated into organizations of Chiapas. We start to recognize coffee growers as part of the peasantry and the constant current problems faced to keep an exclusionary system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coffee bean is object of researches in our country since this represents a greater percentage of Colombian exports Several studies have focused on field research, soil survey, pest management, spraying, among other. But there are few researches about coffee beans at the microscopic level, In this paper is the analysis of the vibrational structure of comercial coffee beans, by spectrometric techniques Raman microscopy in situ and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for determination of its organoleptic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper correlates the practices of agricultural work in the coffee and sugar cane plantations with the lifestyle of workers, with a particular focus on the impact for older people in the central part of Veracruz, Mexico. Research shows that while coffee and sugar cane generate different lifestyles, they do not generate substantial differences in quality of life. However, they involve a different approach to life projects and life style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture has drastically transformed landscapes and ecosystems on this planet. These changes alter the supply of goods and ecosystem services thereby impacting human well-being. There are significant environmental impacts associated with modern agriculture and green revolution technologies. This has promoted the development of agricultural production systems that try to reduce the environmental impact and/or improve the well-being of producers. Agricultural certification is one such strategy. This set of management practices promotes agricultural production that simultaneously generates some environmental, social, economic, and quality benefits. Shade-grown coffee production is one of these environmentally-friendly management practices. This paper describes this kind of agricultural production and discusses some of the changes associated with certification as well as the impact it has had on the landscape of Aratoca (Santander). The article also analyzes the differences between certified and non-certified producers. It concludes with some suggestions for the certification process in order to make it a win-win (environment-society) situation for different kinds of coffee growers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee harvesting with the aid of mechanical means becomes impracticable for the immense majority of coffee producers in the world, due fundamentally to that, in general, in the moment of the crop, the plants contain fruits in all their maturation status and have not been able to be developed machines that guarantee a selective detachment of the cherries during harvest operation. In a first study (Symposio do Café do Brasil. EMBRAPA), a modal analysis of coffee fruit-stem system was made. Starting from this analysis, the possibility of achieving the selective detachment of the fruits (removing of a high percent of mature fruits and low percent of immature ones) can be expected if the vibrating frequencies of the machines that use this work principle, are selected in the surrounding of a vibration mode "in contrafase" of the fruit-pedicelo-peduncle system. In this first study, an analysis of the first twelve vibration modes of different configurations of the fruit-pedicelo-peduncle system of coffee, was carried out. This study resulted enough for the analysis of configurations with one fruit for peduncle, but it was insufficient for an analysis of the behavior of configurations with two or three fruits for peduncle. In this paper an study of 25 vibration modes of fruit-pedicelo-peduncle system of coffee (coffea arabica) varieties "Red Caturra" and "Yellow Caturra" is presented. As a result of the study four variants of counter-phase vibrating mode of the fruit-pedicelo-peduncle system were founded, being able to recommend the more promissory mode for selective harvest of coffee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the experimental results of the spectral analysis if optical images of samples of cherry coffee fruits. The spectral processing was performed in the electro-magnetic radiation visible spectrum through an acoustic-optical filter (FAO) manufactured with a Tellurium Dioxide (TeO2) crystal. The speed at which processed images are obtained is superior to those obtained with methods based on DIP (Digital Image Processing), and they are considered as an analysis in real time. Particularly it is shown that that this kind of devices represent an excellent alternative in the processing of images for industrial application in the selection of coffee grains according to their maturation stage and in general with a less DIP processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies involving selective coffee harvesting by shaking, indicates the necessity to apply to fruit -- stem system significantly high excitement frequencies in comparison with those that are habitually applied at the international practice. To reach the predicted frequency levels, in the order of 150-200 Hz, by mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic means, is very difficult due to the presence of friction couples in these types of mechanisms that would suffer premature waste by the relative high speeds. It's for this reason that the development of electromagnetic vibrators in which the inertial mass, when moving inside a magnetic field, avoid the direct friction among kinematical couples, is a current task. In this paper, the mathematical modeling of a vibratory system of two degrees of freedom is made, using the method of the mechanical impedance, in order to obtain the frequency response of the system, and to determine the design parameters of a shaking device able to achieve certain levels of amplitude of the vibrations at the high required frequencies. From the study also emanates the conclusion that in such shaking device, the natural frequencies of the vibratory system should be contained in the range of the exciting force frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researches directed to increase the indicators of efficiency and quality during coffee harvest mechanization constitutes an important topic at present time. The determination of the physical-mechanical properties of fruits and fruit-stem system is an indispensable stage during these investigations. In this paper the results on the determination of a group of dimensional, inertial and elastic properties of the fruit-stem system of coffea arabica variety Catuai in different ripening stages, related with mechanical harvesting of this crop, are presented. Also, the bending moment required for the rupture of the fruit-stem union is determined. Methods of processing of digital images, as well as strain gages techniques were used during the investigation. As result of measurement of the different properties, substantial differences on dimensional, inertial and elastic characteristics of green and ripe fruit were found, like as in the bending moment required to fruit detachment and in the detachment patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main difficulties during mechanical coffee harvesting by vibration, consists on the presence of a great percent of green fruits in the harvested mass, that which constitutes a non resolved problem at international level. In this paper, starting from the evaluation of mathematical models of the fruit-stem system dynamics, recommendations are offered about the vibration frequencies to apply in order to achieve a better selectivity during the detachment of ‘arabica caturra’ coffee cherries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

They are reported the yields of the different solar dryers tested for coffee dry, and they are explained the observed differences starting from the kinetic information contents in the first part of the present paper. It is accomplished, furthermore, an energetic and economic analysis of the process in the different evaluated technological options. To validate the solar technological proposals are compared the economic results of the dry in these installations with those obtained in the conventional dryers named "Guardiola". The energetic requirements of the coffee dry were estimated by thermodynamic and kinetic procedures. The results obtained by one and another route are different, what can be determined by differences in the dry mechanisms of the process in each one of the used experimental methods. The calculations demonstrate a significative difference between the obtained yields for solar dry of coffee in the dryers here identified with the names "Secador Solar Multipropósito" and "Secador Solar de Tambor Rotatorio". Independently of the above referred differences it is demonstrated that both solar installations are overdimensioned from the energetic point of view. The costs of the coffee dry process follow the sequence (for the tested technologies approaches): SSM and SSTR dryers > conventional drier "Guardiola" dry process carried on blackened floor. An integral analysis that involves kinetic, energetic and economic considerations permits to propose a general strategy for the extended use of the solar technologies to dry coffe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the procesing of the coffee of the Guamuhaya mountainous group large numbers of organic pollutants are generated. One of them is the pulp, which contains acid pH and high load of phenols and polyphenols that are toxic for most of the soil fauna. To give an efficient use to this compound is one of the main alternatives to this environmental problem. For that reason the objective of the present work was to determine the effect of the coffee pulp in proportion 3:1 on the structure of the soils Acrisol Alúmico Crómico (AAC), Cambisol Éutrico Húmico (CEH) y Cambisol Éutrico (CE) with different stages of sustainability. To complete the objective was calculated the distribution of the aggregations in the dry and humid sifters, the coefficients of structural stability and the index of average weight of aggregations considered by diameter. For the prosecution of the information was used the statistical program STATGRAPHICS Plus for Windows 5.1 and the factorial test ANOVA. Was obtained as main results that the coffee pulp can be used like a compound to improve the soil structure because it increase the aggregation of the soil fractions, principally the 5 and 3 mm, decrease the contents of dispersed particles less 0.25 mm and increase the average weight of each conglomerates useful for the agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]