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Copyright of Ciencia y Educación (2707-3378) is the property of Duanys Miguel Pena Lopez and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Improving efficiency in the application of irrigation water, due to its scarcity, is a matter of concern to all decision-makers in the country, since it is not possible to continue managing the precious liquid with current guidelines. Studying the efficiency of irrigation in Cuban agriculture as a combination of resources will allow us to know where the application of water will be of greater benefit, always in combination with other resources used in the production process. In this context, the use of non-parametric techniques such as data envelopment analysis is convenient, given its flexibility and ability to handle the productive characteristics of entities. The analysis of irrigation by means of DEA, will allow to evaluate where the management of the water is carried out in a more efficient way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Economicas: Investigacion y Reflexion is the property of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Religación: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades is the property of Religacion: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Criterio Libre is the property of Revista Criterio Libre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Covid-19 pandemic caused an unusual population mortality rate. This paper aims to determine a causal relationship and its incidence between the Technical Efficiency (TE) of health systems and the Covid-19 mortality rate. Using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology and the OLS, GLS and 2SLS adjustment methods, in 108 countries grouped according to per capita health expenditure, it was found that a 1% increase in the TE of the health systems of the analyzed countries reduces the number of deaths from Covid-19 by between 61 and 127 per hundred thousand inhabitants, concluding that the efficiency of expenditure was transcendental in the prevention of mortality caused by the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ensayos - Revista de Economía is the property of Ensayos Revista de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Innovar: Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Sociales is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the relationship between sport and territorial development. From a Data envelopment analysis (DEA), the Malmquist index and a Tobit regression model, with the use of investment, competitiveness and sports success variables, we want to delve into the knowledge of this binomial for the specific case of the Spanish Autonomous Communities for 2011, 2015 and 2018, first and last year for which data is available, and an intermediate year. The main results show important territorial differences and specificities in sport in Spain and reinforce the close relationship mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since in Argentina the Primary Health Care Centers (CAPS) are financed by public funds, the analysis of their efficiency becomes relevant in order to propose improvements in their performance. In this work, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) is applied to evaluate the technical efficiency of CAPS operating in a city in the interior of Argentina. For this, the CAPS are grouped according to the available specialties (nursing, medical clinic and pediatrics) and the following are used: a DEA BCC (Banker, Charnes y Cooper) output oriented model and a Super-efficiency model to evaluate the technical efficiency in each group. The results differ between the groups. In the CAPS that offer the 3 specialties, most are efficient. On the contrary, in the CAPS that have an infirmary and a medical clinic, as well as those that only have an infirmary, most of the CAPS are considered inefficient. It is concluded that it is possible to improve the efficiency in the use of public resources assigned to the first level of care in the city, based on the increase in the number of consultations or the reduction in the number of working hours, which would allow improving the access to health care for the most vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expenditure that countries make on health systems is related to public health indicators, which include child survival rates and life expectancy, so this relationship can be considered a measure of the efficiency of the health system for each country. This article develops a retrospective descriptive research on health systems. The sample is made up of 19 Latin American countries, and for each country the efficiency of health expenditure was evaluated by means of an enveloping analysis of data oriented towards outputs with delimited variables. The variables used are: public expenditure on health, private expenditure on health, life expectancy and survival rate (neonatal, under 5 years). This information was taken from the World Health Organization and World Bank data repositories. The results of the research indicate that total expenditure on health presents an average annual growth rate of 5.5% and mortality rates (at 5 years and neonatal) were reduced by 41% and 33% respectively. The efficiency of health spending ranged from 90% to 100%. The group formed by Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Jamaica and Nicaragua are the benchmarks in health spending, with respect to child survival rates and life expectancy according to the results of efficiency during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a methodology to calculate the sustainable added value of the processes (SVA) that form a supply chain (CS), through a comprehensive indicator. The methodology consists of six steps and uses as methods the Life Cycle Analysis and the methods of Diakoulaki and Saaty, based on multiple criteria. When applied to a CS of electromechanical products, it was possible to obtain the SVA of each process and with it the value that each one contributes to the economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability. These results demonstrate the novelty and feasibility of applying the developed methodology and its differences with other existing ones in the specialized literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Economicas: Investigacion y Reflexion is the property of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Education Policy Analysis Archives / Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas / Arquivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas is the property of Educational Policy Analysis Archives & Education Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the presence of the pandemic caused by covid-19, digital platforms were implemented to continue with the education processes from isolation. In the case of higher education that imparts various areas of knowledge, different results were identified in the use of the same digital platforms. In response to this, it was necessary to analyze how the technological characteristics implemented at a higher level in Mexico have influenced the participation, attendance and evaluation of students by area of knowledge. Therefore, a data envelopment analysis was performed to measure the efficiency of the inputs and outputs described by the literature; the limitations of the research was circumscribed by the amount of data to be analyzed. As a result, it was identified that the greater the number of features added to the digital platforms, the better levels of participation, attendance and evaluation of students by academic area. Likewise, when considering future lines of research, it is considered ideal to elaborate on the various methods of digital evaluation, such as the digital portfolio and feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Colombia, numerous methods have been implemented to measure the efficacy of secondary education institutions. The purpose of this study is to establish the efficiency of these institutions, using an innovative methodology known as Stochastic Non-Parametric Envelopment Analysis of Data (StoNED) with an output-oriented measurement. A visualization of the relationship between efficiency and the management of the education secretariats by department is proposed. Institutions are taken as decision units, based on the results of students' SABER 11 tests, considering two levels of aggregation, by institution and by department. A slight difference is found in the proportion of institutions that present technical efficiency with respect to those that do not. Moreover, it is identified that most of the institutions that do not present technical efficiency are those of an official nature, and those located in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to calculate the level of efficiency and productivity of the main seaports in North America in 2010-2018. The methodology used in the first stage is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in which the technical efficiency is calculated, later in a second stage the change in productivity is obtained by instrumenting the Malmquist Index, which is disaggregated into two factors: "change technical" (Frontier-Shift) and the "efficiency change" (Catch-Up). The results show that on average it was the port of Los Angeles that had the highest growth in productivity, however, the values obtained in general indicate the lack of port policies for the terminals to better optimize their resources and encourage port development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study is to measure the technical efficiency in secondary education institutions (IEM), in Florencia, Colombia, and to identify actions to strengthen educational management from the perspective of the rectors. The research is of a mixed type and the technical efficiency indicator was determined in a sample of 18 IEM, based on the analysis of the data envelope. An interview was conducted with the Directors of the IEMs and a DOFA (Weaknesses, Opportunities, Strengths, Threats) matrix was constructed. The results indicate that 39% of the IEM are efficient and 61% have potential for improvement in the use of classroom capacity and teaching work. Awareness activities are proposed for the academic community and parents, on the importance of the educational process and results of the Saber tests and the fulfillment of the resources for the School Feeding Programs and transportation service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expenditure that countries make on health systems is related to public health indicators, which include child survival rates and life expectancy, so this relationship can be considered a measure of the efficiency of the health system for each country. This article develops a retrospective descriptive research on health systems. The sample is made up of 19 Latin American countries, and for each country the efficiency of health expenditure was evaluated by means of an enveloping analysis of data oriented towards outputs with delimited variables. The variables used are: public expenditure on health, private expenditure on health, life expectancy and survival rate (neonatal, under 5 years). This information was taken from the World Health Organization and World Bank data repositories. The results of the research indicate that total expenditure on health presents an average annual growth rate of 5.5% and mortality rates (at 5 years and neonatal) were reduced by 41% and 33% respectively. The efficiency of health spending ranged from 90% to 100%. The group formed by Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Jamaica and Nicaragua are the benchmarks in health spending, with respect to child survival rates and life expectancy according to the results of efficiency during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a mixed methodology employing data envelopment analysis, this article evaluates the relative efficiency of 19 Colombian National Army research groups to create collaborative improvement plans that produce synergies and generate better future results based on the indicators and characteristics evaluated. The results show a wide margin for improvement for the groups evaluated. However, six of these groups have a relative efficiency of 100 %, indicating a higher level of maturation. Thus, we propose a sponsorship program by these six groups for the group-sets resulting from an allocation model with clear purposes. This design would allow significant advances in the Army's research system results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The situation of violence in Mexico shows an alarming trend as the number of committed crimes increased by 10.9% in 2021 compared to 2020. In fact, 75.6% of the Mexican population perceives the insecurity. Due to the above, it is necessary to strengthen public security to combat this trend. However, the resources allocated to the public security in Mexico are limited. Although there are studies that investigate what causes the violence in Mexico, so far there is no study that measures the efficiency of combating the violence related to budgetary, human, and material resources of the public security. This article investigates the efficiency of combating the property violence in 206 municipalities in the Northwest region of Mexico through the Data Envelopment Analysis. The results show a low efficiency (56.67%) with significant differences between the states in the region. Baja California is the state with the lowest efficiency (17.61%), whereas the highest efficiency is found in Durango (67.25%). For the last, the need to carefully plan changes in the police force and the public security infrastructure was noted to improve the efficiency and the level of security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Economicas: Investigacion y Reflexion is the property of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Saber, Ciencia y Libertas is the property of Saber, Ciencia y Libertad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Panorama Económico is the property of Universidad de Cartagena and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rect@: Revista Electrónica de Comunicaciones y Trabajos de ASEPUMA is the property of ASEPUMA Asociacion Espanola de Profesores Universitarios de Matematicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Nicolaita de Estudios Económicos is the property of Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this research was to propose variables to be used as a basis for analyzing efficiency in the nickel mining. Compared to the rest of the world, in Cuba the application of mathematical methods that do not require specification of a functional form has been limited, so this research proposes Data Envelopment Analysis as an effective benchmarking tool. This technique makes it possible to identify elements that determine the establishment of goals and contributes to the development of action plans that allow companies to be efficient in an environmentally responsible manne Based on the results, it is proposed to use the tons of nickel produced in Cuba as a product variable in the efficiency analysis. The technical indicators such as input or resource variables and the technical indicators (capital productivity), expressed through the Global Effectiveness of the Equipment (OEE), and labor productivity, as well as the economic and environmental indicators that are better weighted in the selected units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Amazônia, Organizações e Sustentabilidade (AOS) is the property of Amazon, Organizations & Sustainability - AOS / Amazônia, Organizações e Sustentabilidade (AOS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dimensión Empresarial is the property of Universidad Autonoma del Caribe, Departamento del Atlantico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Signos is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyse the technical efficiency in terms of innovation of the firms in the service sector in the Uruguayan economy. Therefore, we use data from the 2010-2012 Innovation Activities Survey of the National Agency for Research and Innovation (ANII). In a first stage, we estimate the level of efficiency of each company through a Data Envelopment Analysis model, incorporating the inputs and outputs related to the innovative activity of the firms. The results reveal that, despite the effort made in terms of investment in innovation, the results are still very poor. On average, the companies analysed could increase their innovation production by 44.5% given the resources invested. Subsequently, we explore the relationship between innovative efficiency and several characteristics of the firms. In this sense, we found that medium-sized firms have lower efficiency than small and large companies. The results can be useful for both those responsible for the area of innovation of the firms, as well as to the institutions that provide support in the field of innovation (such as the ANII), since they provide substantive evidence to improve the orientation of the innovative strategy to be followed by firms in the service sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciências da Administração is the property of Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Ciencias da Administracao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Education Policy Analysis Archives / Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas / Arquivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas is the property of Educational Policy Analysis Archives & Education Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The application of stochastic DEA models using Bayesian Statistics is a technique that has been emerging in recent years, to be used it, simulation of multivariate probability distributions is necessary. A bivariate generator for continuous variable will be presented. Additionally, a discretization has been created on it to achieve simulations of a posteriori distributions with easy way to apply it. Application of the generator to two functions of bivariate probability density will be presented, one of them normal, with their respective tests of goodness of fit. Data from the education sector was used in the database of the DANE (National Administrative Department of Statistics) Colombia to solve the problem of a Bayesian stochastic DEA model. The results show the utility, power and easy implementation of the generator proposed in this type of problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, predicting the behavior of the Benchmark Banking Indicator (ibr) has become relevant due to its importance in the Colombian money market. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the efficiency of lstm networks for generating predictions of time series --through their long and shortterm memory-- that are comparable with the arima predictive model for econometric studies. The incidence of the representative market rate (trm) and the rate of 10-year public debt bonds (tes) was analyzed and compared to the ibr, seeking to determine its correlation through the Pearson method. Finally, the model efficiency was evaluated with the mean square error (rmse), using a multivariable lstm network with three inputs (ibr, tes, and trm) and one output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economica (00130419) is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Semestre Económico is the property of Sello Editorial de la Universidad de Medellin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Nicolaita de Estudios Económicos is the property of Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the study of welfare systems, the relation of the social expenditure and the indicators of vulnerability as poverty rates or income inequality indexes focus a great interest in the literature. In this way, we evaluate the productivity of social transfer policies of EU15 states, which are the countries with more consolidated Welfare States within EU28, during the period 2011-2015, with data envelopment analysis. Subsequently, with a fuzzy clustering method we identify the existing patterns of social expenditures and their efficiency. We identify three groups. The first of them embeds most of the Nordic and continental welfare states. The second group is only made up with Luxembourg and Ireland, that are the countries with the lowest social spending but at the same time, they are within the group of efficient countries. The third group is made up of Mediterranean welfare states and United Kingdom and they are the less efficient countries in reducing vulnerability indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expenditure that countries make on health systems is related to public health indicators, which include child survival rates and life expectancy, so this relationship can be considered a measure of the efficiency of the health system for each country. This article develops a retrospective descriptive research on health systems. The sample is made up of 19 Latin American countries, and for each country the efficiency of health expenditure was evaluated by means of an enveloping analysis of data oriented towards outputs with delimited variables. The variables used are: public expenditure on health, private expenditure on health, life expectancy and survival rate (neonatal, under 5 years). This information was taken from the World Health Organization and World Bank data repositories. The results of the research indicate that total expenditure on health presents an average annual growth rate of 5.5% and mortality rates (at 5 years and neonatal) were reduced by 41% and 33% respectively. The efficiency of health spending ranged from 90% to 100%. The group formed by Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Jamaica and Nicaragua are the benchmarks in health spending, with respect to child survival rates and life expectancy according to the results of efficiency during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, questionings have emerged on how public resources are managed. This work calculates the technical efficiency of municipalities in Chile, with special emphasis on the political factors that drive efficiency in the management of local resources. In particular, focus is placed on the relationship between political ideology of the local government and central government. To do this, we use a panel data of Chilean municipalities for the years 2010-2016. The methodology follows two stages. First, we estimate efficiency scores by the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. Second, a Fractional Probit model is estimated to explain these scores. The main results show that, on average, municipalities produce 49% achieve 49% less of output than the optimal. Higher levels of efficiency are obtained in larger, urban communes and with greater participation in the Municipal Common Fund. Efficiency increases when the mayor presents himself for a re-election and is reduced in the periods in which a left coalition governs. The later effect is reduced to the extent that the majority of the municipal council share the same ideology of the national government, suggesting an effect of the relationship between the central and local government on efficiency levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dimensión Empresarial is the property of Universidad Autonoma del Caribe, Departamento del Atlantico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dictamen Libre is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economía, Sociedad y Territorio is the property of El Colegio Mexiquense and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)