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Introduction: Labor informality and the formalization of employment have already been widely discussed. However, the problem remains on the public and government agendas at both the national and subnational levels. Objective: The objective is to assess the design of the public policy instruments that the government of Nuevo León has implemented (2015-2021) for the formalization of employment. The target population of the instruments are the Micro, Small and Medium enterprises of the state of Nuevo León. Method and technique: Firstly, a documentary research in secondary sources was carried out. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were conducted with officials in charge of the public policy instruments for the formalization of employment. The people interviewed were: the Director of Support and Development for Small and Medium Enterprises of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the Coordinator of the Service Center for Small and Medium Enterprises of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the head of the State Commission for Regulatory Improvement of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the Coordinator for the Promotion of the Impulsa Nuevo León Program; the Director of Planning and Public Policies of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; and the Director of the Economic Development Commission of the Nuevo León Council. To systematize the opinions of the interviewees, the ATLAS.ti computer program was used and the categories created are presented in Table 2. Finally, the ideology of the actors involved was contrasted with three key precepts of neoliberalism that were identified. Results: 1. The Government of Nuevo León does not have information about the number of jobs generated by the companies that receive government financial support. 2. The planning of public policy instruments is carried out, mainly, by the private sector. 3. The business chambers of Small and Medium Enterprises are the ones that are mainly involved. 4. Financial support is granted after companies go to the government to request it and there is no research and development. 5. Financial support is mainly concentrated in the formal Micro, Small and Medium-sized enterprises, but there is no updated registry. 6. Monitoring is carried out as long as the companies continue to attend to the offices of the government of Nuevo León. Conclusions: It is concluded that it is necessary to redesign the public policy instruments under the leadership of the government of Nuevo León and to link, specifically, the target population of the programs with the forms of state intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study shows the perceptions that the so-called «Guachimanes» have about their informal working conditions on the issue of security in Costa Rica. Despite the important role that these people play and the wide perception of insecurity in the country, little is known in whose hands the safety of the neighborhood is, much less its working conditions. Objetive: Due to the above, this study explores the informal work conditions in private security from the perceptions of the Nicaraguan migrant, to describe from their own experiences, to demonstrate and reflect on the work environment and the dignity of their labor rights and as human beings. Method and technique: This is an exploratory study with qualitative nature, the data were compiled through a methodological instrument of semi-structured interviews in different neighborhoods of the Gran Área Metropolitana (GAM) chosen directly upper-middle-class neighborhoods, in which the cabins and boom gates were present. Results: Different perceptions were found about their work's conditions, which objectively in few cases are considered attached to the workers' rights. These conditions despite not being optimal for migrants due to their irregular status in the country, they accept them even if they are considered «bad or regular». Conclusions: Finally, the conclusion is reached that the Nicaraguan immigrant, due to his condition in the country, is forced to renounce his rights on many occasions for fear of nonsubsistence in it. Therefore, measures are urgently required against informality in the private security sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article constitutes an empirical contribution regarding the correlation between economic informality and the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Based on interviews with merchants in the informal sector of the city of Huancayo, the pandemic-related impacts are analyzed in relation to income and livelihoods. It is argued that informal employment played an important role in the tragic indicators of public health in the country. The intrinsic flexibility of this type of activities, specifically for walking merchants, and the lack of access to systems and programs of social security were the main reasons that people worked in this sector to replace the income they lost due to confinement. Thus, the notion “replacement of income” in the economy appeared during the pandemic. The heterogeneity among those who carry out informal work, specifically in terms of their access to different resources, enabled such work and enabled some people to control their exposure to the virus. It is concluded that the focus on economic formalization of the last decades of financial liberalization are not considered advantages that informal activities offer in relation to formalization. In fact, informality continues to offer the best opportunity for immediate income and highly flexible options, in particular for adapting to crisis situations like the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition of labor competencies acquired, as a priority, from experience and non-formal learning, as a device that contributes to improving labor insertion, the continuity of studies, professional orientation, labor trajectories and, in general, long-term education. of life, is very useful both for people, companies and for the country in general. The low level of education and skills development that is typical in the informal economy often leads to low productivity, low wages and poor working conditions that trap informal sector workers once they start their work experiences and tends to make them remain informal. One way to solve this problem is the provision of labor competency certification mechanisms that allow the worker the promotion and motivation to acquire new competencies. In this sense, it is proposed to analyze the level of progress of the Certification of Labor Competencies in Paraguay so that the certification for labor competencies is recognized or validated in the educational system, as a qualification path, which allows people to continue their their studies and work paths based on their certified skills. A key factor of the National System of Professional Qualifications (SNCP) is to have mechanisms that allow the recognition and certification of skills and prior learning of people, regardless of how and where they were acquired, as a fundamental part of promoting learning through throughout life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to study the evolution of the Argentinean labor market over the last three decades in the light of an approach that takes into account the structural determinant of the national economic cycle: the relationship between the lag in international productivity and the availability of sources of compensation for it, at each moment in time, under the different models of accumulation. To this end, the dynamics of different relevant labor variables (employment, wages, the evolution of the urban informal sector, and the quality of employment) are analyzed in stages identified according to the general economic dynamics: 1991-2002, 2003-2011, and 2012-2021. The main conclusion is that only in instances of a particularly high flow of ground rent (2008-2011) a genuine improvement in the employment and living conditions of the Argentinean population was achieved, which failed to reverse the pronounced deterioration that had occurred since the mid-1970s. This deterioration was the result of a growing differentiation in the conditions of reproduction of the labor force, which has its correlation in the marked fragmentation that characterizes current Argentinean society vis-à-vis that of the early 1970s, which stood out in the regional panorama. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In Villavicencio city in 2018, the population had the Informal economy as the income source for the middle of the population, one quarter of the population were in poverty, and in turn, one quarter were registered as victims of the armed conflict. In this condition, a huge group of people dedicated themselves to street sales as an alternative to unemployment and thus achieve their livelihood. Objective: This article aims to analyze the livelihoods of street vendors in Villavicencio to achieve the reproduction of their life in the face of national social policies in the period 2010-2018. Method and technique: The qualitative methodology was selected from the Latin American Configuration ism approach and the social policies that the national governments developed and that reached this population was observed. A case study was developed with in-depth interviews with a population of 12 people dedicated to street vendors in Villavicencio. Results: The livelihoods of this population were identified from the economic, financial, social dimensions, and concerning the State, making visible from their point of view, the interpretation of reality and the role of the national government in the face of its problems. Conclusion: This research contributes to the understanding of the popular economy, the living conditions of street vendors and vendors, and the urgent need to know their context for the development of social policies related to this huge and heterogeneous population group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the working conditions, habits and lifestyles associated with food insecurity among women with subsistence jobs in Medellín, Colombia. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized primary data obtained through an assisted survey, incorporating the Latin American and Caribbean Scale of Food and Nutritional Insecurity. Subsequently, this information was correlated with explored working conditions, habits and lifestyles. Results: 72,6% of participants were under 60 years old, 43,0% lacked work permits, 63,0% worked more than 8 hours per day, and resided in poorly conditioned houses. Additionally, 80,3% were sedentary or minimally active, and half reported consuming only one or two meals per day. Greater food insecurity was explained by actors such as occupying dwellings in poor condition (adjusted prevalence ratio [RPA] =2,08, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.11 - 3.91), working more than 8 hours per day (RPA=3.55, CI=1.53-8.23), eating in the living room of the house (RPA=3.23, CI=1.22-8.50), dining alone (RPA=2.71, CI=1.19 -6.16), and consuming meat =5 times per week (RPA=1.70, CI=1.07-2.70). Conclusion: The identified conditions and factors contributing to food insecurity could be addressed through public health interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely known that informal sector lacks labor rights. In this sense, the welfare of the population is violated. Therefore, the study of this sector is of interest. Thus, the present research has a double objective: knowing the characteristics of people working in the informal sector and knowing if there is wage discrimination. Both objectives were fulfilled with information from the National Occupation and Employment Survey (ENOE, for its acronym in Spanish) of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). The space and time of the study are Mexico City (CDMX), in the third quarter of 2020, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. For the first objective, a Probit model was used, taking as dependent variable whether the person works in the informal sector or not. The following characteristics were considered as independent variables: gender, age, schooling, whether the person is studying, whether he/she is married, hours worked per week and monthly income received. It was found that age and hours worked per week did not influence the probability of working informally. As for the second objective, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) model was used, whose dependent variable was monthly income as a function of four dummy variables: gender, whether the person is studying, whether he/she is married and whether he/she works in the informal sector. It was concluded that there was wage discrimination, with women who studied and worked in the informal sector receiving, on average, a lower wage during the coronavirus epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over time, the role of women in the world of work has evolved and despite the implementation of new laws whose objective was to build a society and a more inclusive, participatory, democratic state, without discrimination, racism, hatred, or division. There are still inequalities towards women. This document will analyse the impact of labour inequalities in the informal market in the period 2006-2019 through the application of an econometric model of time series in relation to the variables Minimum Wage, Unemployment Women, Salaried Workers, and Level of Poverty. The results of the model lead us to conclude that the barriers imposed on women in the formal labour market led to unemployment among women continuing to increase and unfortunately, they have to seek income on a day-to-day basis, moving further into the informal sector in Bolivia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Los mercados laborales de África Subsahariana se caracterizan por una división de género entre los sectores formal e informal, que proviene de una racionalidad introducida por la segmentación legal colonial racista con sesgo de género en varios regímenes jurídicos dentro y fuera de la legislación laboral. La segmentación en los entornos poscoloniales no puede entenderse ni superarse sin analizar los orígenes institucionales coloniales específicos de mercantilización del trabajo. El «empleo típico colonial en condiciones de explotación» en África Subsahariana favorecía la contratación formal de hombres negros africanos al servicio de empleadores europeos, excluyendo o marginando a las mujeres y las relaciones laborales domésticas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Siguiendo el marco de Dingeldey et al. (2021), pero con un enfoque cualitativo, se analiza la segmentación legal del trabajo en China, la India, Malasia y Viet Nam, prestando atención a los niveles de exclusión y a las jerarquías de protección otorgada. El autor observa varios factores que diferencian a estos países de los del Norte y que determinan sus mercados de trabajo: el tamaño relativo de la población activa que opera fuera de la cobertura efectiva de la reglamentación laboral; la terminología jurídica, de difícil traducción a los idiomas occidentales; y la historia jurídica, especialmente en lo que respecta al desajuste entre los marcos jurídicos y el mercado laboral resultante del colonialismo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: En el presente artículo se examina cómo han evolucionado las funciones reguladoras de la legislación laboral en la región de la Comunidad de África Meridional para el Desarrollo (SADC) y se señalan casos de segmentación legal del mercado de trabajo. Los autores explican las características demográficas de la economía informal en los Estados miembros de la SADC y concluyen que, a pesar de la constitucionalización del derecho del trabajo, los mecanismos de legislación laboral de la región contribuyen sustancialmente a la segmentación legal de la economía. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is much debate around whether labor informality reflects situations of exclusion or whether it constitutes a valuable alternative for those who work in this sector. This paper contributes to the discussion by comparing the characteristics of those who move from the formal to the informal sector with the characteristics of those who remain in formal sector jobs during the 1995-2019 period in Argentina. Multinomial choice models are used for this purpose. The influence of such movements on the variation of wages is also evaluated. Both sets of evidence reveal that the positions in the informal sector, taken as a whole, do not seem to constitute a desirable destination for those who work in the formal sector. However, there is also evidence of heterogeneity in the informal sector, since the profile of those who move to one of its segments -that of employers- is consistent with the idea of voluntariness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Los estudios sobre plataformas digitales de trabajo indican que internet brinda nuevas oportunidades de ingresos en el mundo en desarrollo, pero no se ha investigado el uso de los medios en línea sin intermediarios en el sector informal. Utilizando datos de la etnografía digital y entrevistas con trabajadores en Indonesia, se examina cómo los mototaxistas y los trabajadores domésticos accedieron al mercado de trabajo por medios sociales durante la pandemia de COVID‐19 cuando las plataformas no estaban autorizadas a operar. Aunque los medios sociales ampliaban las oportunidades de empleo, el éxito dependía del tamaño de las redes sociales de los trabajadores y estaba limitado por los algoritmos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico has an economically active population of nearly 48 million inhabitants, sixty percent lacks of social protection. Throughout the country's history has been a strong division between workers at the formal sector who have access to the social security system and informal sector who has lacked of any protection. The informal sector represents sixty percent of the economically active population and within that universe there are four self-employed dimensions recognized by the social security law for their integration in the social security system. This article is a critical analysis of the legal framework to show the regressivity of the Mexican social security system towards self-employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One third of patients in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) do not use the formal health system to access healthcare. Aim: In this manuscript we analyse the therapeutic decisions of hypertensive and diabetic patients in rural eastern DRC and the reasons for these decisions. Setting: The study was conduct in two health zones (HZ) in South Kivu (Bagira and Walungu), DRC. Methods: A mixed-methods convergent study was conducted from November 2018 to December 2018. Quantitative data were collected using a questionnaire and qualitative data were collected using focus groups. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and a Fischer exact test, while the qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Out of 382 subjects declaring a chronic pathology, hypertensives and diabetics represented 21.5% and 7.9%, respectively. Health facilities were the first therapeutic choice of the chronically affected persons. The alternative therapeutic choices found were the use of prayer rooms, consultation with traditional healers and self-medication. Poverty, ignorance, the pharmaceutical business, and the socio-cultural dimension of the disease are the main causes of alternative therapeutic choices for hypertensives and diabetics. Conclusion: To ensure appropriate care for patients with chronic diseases in rural areas, it is important to establish a bridge of regulated collaboration between the formal and informal health sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic inclusion of the vulnerable and/or excluded from the market constitutes an element of unsustainability both for the market and for states, societies and economic agents. In his works, Adam Smith addressed this problem by proposing a double reciprocal system of economic behavior: the exchange of equivalents, based on self-interest and the contract between the parties, and inclusive reciprocity, based on the benevolence and active participation of the parties. involved and/or affected. While the former was shown to be the most suitable for establishing relationships between economic agents within the market, the latter offered the possibility of achieving effective inclusion of both the vulnerable and the excluded. The objective of this work will be to propose an inclusive reciprocity of Adam Smith, developed through the cordial recognition of Adela Cortina, as a mechanism of effective economic inclusion of vulnerable economic agents and non-economic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small producers of exempt goods face the dilemma of remaining in the informal sector, in a regime of no responsibility, or yes liability in front of VAT or SIMPLE regime; the greatest tax benefit for them corresponds to the possibility of requesting a refund of the VAT paid in the acquisition of inputs for their production, as a higher cost or expense; The purpose of this research is to analyze said tax benefits in a comparative way in each of the tax regimes that have been established in Colombia during 1989 -2020. For this, the comparative law methodology is used based on regulatory changes; Similarly, the participatory action method is used as it enables the development of research with a community of small milk producers located in the north of Antioquia, in which the degree of fiscal ignorance is identified, the regime in which the find and the ability to make the administrative and accounting changes necessary to access tax benefits as producers of exempt goods. With this, the most beneficial option for small milk producers can be established in relation to the tax regime in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to characterize the insertion to the informal labor market in young people who are part of the tourism sector of Santa Marta, for which the employability resource was addressed, since it is understood that in informality there are also strategies, skills and knowledge that affects the income, permanence and mobility of the worker. For this, it was necessary to approach the phenomenon from an interpretive paradigm, with a qualitative perspective and phenomenological design, the sampling was by type case, in which nine young people between 19 and 27 years of age participated who were engaged in less unstable traditional informal work. The technique used was the semi-structured interview, Bardin's content analysis and the discursive practice of the narrative line were applied. The results allow us to recognize that young people are inserted into informality through close people, as well as develop the social skills necessary to be more attractive in this market, evidencing their employability in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]