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In the face of SARS-CoV-2 infection, an uncontrolled and unregulated response of the innate immune system can cause local and multisystem organ damage, which is characteristic of patients admitted to hospitals and who die from this virus. See some of the factors involved in the severe pathological pictures of this infection, mainly in men, in articles published between 2010 and 2021 and specialized books. Research shows that age, gender, race, and blood group (specifically A), coupled with factors such as immunosenescence and comorbidities, are crucial in the severity of the disease. Finally, it is suggested that, although men and women have the same probability of becoming ill with COVID-19, men are more likely to die because they have more ACE2 receptors in plasma, greater esterase activity, produce more proinflammatory cytokines, and respond differently to hormones (testosterone favors the innate immune response more while estrogens favor the adaptive one) and to the effects of dopamine inhibitors, involved in the inflammatory response. In addition, androgen hormones regulate the TMPRSS receptor and induce metalloproteases involved in adhesion and fibrotic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fungi, β-Glucans (bG), composed of glucose, perform various functions, such as compo-nents of extracellular matrices and energy reserves. The interest in its study is due to its im-munomodulatory and antitumor properties. The present review comprehensively presents the molecular interactions behind these effects that are still limitedly understood, so there is a knowledge gap related to their mechanisms and effects in humans. A relevant aspect found through the nonsystematic exploration of the literature is the ligand-receptor dynamics be-tween: β-Glucans (bG) and molecular pattern receptors (PRRs) key in their recognition, such as Dectin1 and the membrane-type complement receptor. 3 (CR3), separately and together. Thus, bG, Dectin1 and CR3 were shown to orchestrate a cellular immune response. It is es-sential to recognize the need for: a specific molecular weight monitoring standard and further research on β-glucan receptors, such as CR3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cnidarians depend on innate immunity for protection against both their own and external biological agents. It consists of three main immunological processes: 1) immune recognition, 2) intracellular signaling, and 3) effector response. Objective: To critically review current knowledge of the molecular repertoire involved in the immune response in cnidarians, its role in symbiosis, and possible biotechnological applications. Methods: We used keywords such as immunity, and immunological recognition in cnidarians, in the NCBI, Scielo and Google Scholar databases, for the last decade. Results: Cnidarian immune recognition consists of molecular pattern receptors and responses such as the mobilization of molecules to the site of infection, microbial ingestion, and the formation of molecules that activate signaling cascades. The signaling phase involves translation mediators that activate transcriptional genes and intracellular signaling cascades that initiate defenses. Effector responses include surface layer mucus, antimicrobial peptides, reactive oxygen species, and the cellular response mediated by phagocytosis. Conclusions: Immunity in Cnidaria is mediated by complex defense mechanisms composed of pathogen recognition receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, effector cells and molecules responsible for pathogen elimination, and recognition of symbionts. There is a potential for toxin compounds useful as antimicrobial molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innate immunity and cellular adaptive immunity are considered the first lines of defense against fungal infections in humans. Most of the major opportunistic mycoses occur in individuals with defects in innate and/or cellular adaptive immunity. Morbidity and mortality rates associated with infections caused by fungal pathogens are high, and prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these infections remain somewhat difficult. Altered immune function is thought to cause an increased susceptibility to fungal infections in the host and determine the severity and characteristics of the infection. Non-specific cellular immunity mediated by macrophages, neutrophils, and NK lymphocytes provides efficient protection against fungal infections in healthy individuals. For this reason, the increase in systemic fungal infections is undoubtedly related to the increase in the number of patients with congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies. There is increasing clinical and experimental evidence that antigen-specific cellular immunity plays an important role in host protection against fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection with the new coronavirus (sArs-cov2) is a challenge for any immune system since, as it is a novel entity, individuals have no immunological memory and it has meant a paradigm shift in the way of addressing viral infections. our immune system is capable of orchestrating an innate response that can contain the virus through Pattern recognition receptors (Prrs) and a large number of cytokines such as InF-γ, Il-1, Il-6, Il-12, Il-18. and tGFβ as well as chemokines (ccl2, cXcl10, cXcl9 and Il-8) that are capable of activating the inflammosome to organize the inflammatory response and, on the other hand, to activate the acquired immunity with activity of lymphocytes with th1-type response and B lymphocytes that produce functional antibodies against the virus. however, it has been evidenced in a group of patients, especially the elderly or patients with comorbidities, that the number of lymphocytes may be lower, which is correlated with greater morbidity and fatality. on the contrary, children have a greater quantity of lymphocytes, which could explain why the disease is less severe in the pediatric age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia, Tecnología y Salud is the property of Ciencia, Tecnologia y Salud and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de Caracas is the property of Academia Nacional de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medicina (Buenos Aires) is the property of Medicina (Buenos Aires) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Infantile obesity constitutes an important health problem at the present time that is experiencing an increment in the entire world. In obese people the excess of white adipic tissue generates a low degree chronic inflammatory response, when increasing the secretion of inflammatory molecules and diminishing the anti-inflammatory ones-- adiponectin and cytosine--. At the moment it is recognized that the adipic tissue possesses implications in the innate immunity because in the adipose cell, Toll-like receptors are expressed and drive to a cascade of intracelular signaling when being activated, and the beginning of an inflammatory response is promoted this way. Due to the importance of the topic, in this work this cellular process and its influence in the beginning and the perpetuation of the proinflamatory state in the obesity is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]