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A sample of wooden implements that come from two pre-Hispanic sites in the Casma Valley (Bahía Seca and Huaynuná), among which fire starters stand out, were manufactured from wood, which histological analyses of the vascular anatomy indicated the use of Prosopis sp. wood “algarrobo”, using thick and thin secondary branches. These findings indicate that the generation of fire in pre-Hispanic times was carried out using technological knowledge and the use of wood, in this case using a species that has the characteristic of having resinous wood, favorable for the generation and obtaining of fire, a technology that would have extended over the period of 3,000 years in the prehistory of the Peruvian coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juglans neotropica Diels (Walnut) is a highly desired species for the various products obtained from it. Its wood is considered fine and has different uses, which is why it is important to correctly identify the species; However, there are various descriptions that make its optimal identification difficult, so it was proposed, in addition to describing the anatomical (macroscopy) and organoleptic characteristics of the wood, but also, by comparison, determining the general characteristics of the species. The study was carried out in the province of Imbabura, northern Ecuador, the trees were selected based on the NTE INEN 1158 standard: the anatomical characteristics based on the IAWA list and the COPANT standard No. 30:1-019; while for the organoleptic characteristics the NTE INEN 1163 standard was used; It is worth mentioning that the Virtual Color Atlas digital resource was used for color; Furthermore, by comparison, the macroanatomical characteristics and general organoleptic properties of the wood were obtained. It was evident that the analyzed characteristics of Juglans neotropica Diels wood present differences in terms of descriptions, however general descriptors were determined to facilitate the identification of the wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robinia pseudoacacia, native to the United States of America and naturalized on various continents, is the third most cultivated fast-growing broadleaf in the world. In Argentina, cultivation for productive purposes is minimal, its local market is small, and there are few studies on its behaviour in commercial forestations. Due to the possibility of constituting a viable productive alternative, the adaptation of the species and the lack of data on its productive behaviour in the region, the aim of this contribution is to integrate different forestry-productive aspects of R. pseudoacacia. Dendrology, growth, yields, uses, pests and fungal diseases, seed production and propagation methods of the species were reviewed. Due to its plasticity and adaptation in the region, R. pseudoacacia constitutes a silvicultural alternative with a potential production of quality and multipleuses wood. Although, under proper management, the production of quality wood is promising, studies are needed on productive behaviour, management, yields, products, the real impact of pests and diseases, and market niches in the region. There are sources of local genetic material that would allow starting a breeding program from naturalized populations in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Argentina, the cultivation of Robinia pseudoacacia is uncommon, and there are few studies on its behavior in forest plantations. Forestry research in the Alto Valle has been mainly oriented to the commercial cultivation of "poplars" and "willows" (Salicaceae) and there are not any records on the cultivation of R. pseudoacacia. Due to the lack of information on the cultivation of this species in the region, this review aims to integrate different botanical and ecological aspects of R. pseudoacacia to evaluate its feasibility as a silvicultural alternative in the Alto Valle de Río Negro. A bibliographical review of botanical and ecological aspects of the species was carried out, as well as local field studies. Information on the nomenclature, taxonomy, distribution, habitat, and ecology of the species is included. Robinia pseudoacacia presents plasticity and is adapted to the agro-ecological conditions of the region, so its cultivation is feasible. We expect to describe, in future contributions, aspects of the forestry-productive type that complement this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this research study is to examine the chemical composition of Samanea saman (Rain tree) wood, oil, and seed meal through chemical analyses to explore potential applications. The study area is a 300ha extension with S. saman trees that are used for shading mainly. Wood and seeds are collected, dried, and crushed. Wood analyses characterize its humidity, extractives, ashes, lignin, cellulose, and holocellulose. Oil is extracted from seeds to assess its physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile. Seed meal is examined by conducting a proximal analysis. The results reveal that S. saman wood is rich in cellulose (45.3%) and holocellulose (63.6%). S. saman oil contains a high proportion (81.77%) of unsaturated fats and its seed meal has high protein and carbohydrate content. In conclusion, the chemical compositions of S. saman wood, oil, and seed meal have adequate characteristics to make paper, medicines, and food, among other derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2018, the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development, the FAO, and the European Union have been supporting the implementation of eight pilots involving community natural forest management. To this effect, a characterization of the wood value chain of each forest area was performed along with the compilation of their wood harvesting costs, in order to identify bottlenecks and areas for improvement, as well as to move towards the formalization of initiatives and their sustainability. This article analyzes the costs and the harvesting and market conditions in four forest areas, and it identifies the main barriers that influence the model's sustainability. The results indicate that said barriers are specific to each area and, although there are common factors among areas, they should not be generalized for a national model. These findings suggest the need for specific actions in each cluster, which are presented as recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the main preferred woods for the furniture manufacture in the provinces of Pinar del Rio and Artemisa. The method used to measure the preferences of the specialists was the so-called Hierarchical Analysis Process through the application of a survey to 350 individuals related to the consumption of wooden articles. The results obtained allowed us to define that the most preferred woods for the production of furniture are Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq., Cedrela odorata L., Cordia gerascanthus (L.) Moldenke, Hibiscus elatus L. y Tectona grandis Sw. From the application of the hierarchical analysis of the species selection process, it is stated that the most accepted species is Swietenia mahagoni, presenting an acceptance range of 100 %. Respondents also state that the attributes associated with quality aspects have a great impact on the preference of the product over the designs, when the furniture is made of solid wood. Based on the forest management project of the Costa Sur (Artemisa), Pinar del Río and Macurije (Pinar del Rio) agroforestry companies, it was defined that Pinus caribaea var caribaea, Eucalyptus saligna, Samanea saman, Gmelina arborea y Acacia mangium have the potential to be used in the furniture industry based on their volumes and permanence in the forest heritage of the companies studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries, resources from the forests were indispensable for the survival and daily life both in the rural world and in the cities. Wood, used for the construction and manufacture of tools, coal and firewood were considered essential fuels for households and for the operation of numerous crafts and became essential elements whose use needed to be carefully regulated by both the kingdom's and local authorities. The main objective of the present study is to analyse the conflicts which derived from the use of these resources and its impact in the courts of justice for the violation of the ordinances in a territory in the interior of Castile, the Montes de Toledo, which was subject to the feudal regime of the City Council of the capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A palimpsest defines a superposition of events, like a piece that has been redrafted. Wooden toys take shape from the flesh of tree, giving it a second "life", not natural but symbolic. Thereby, we will endeavour to propose a semiology of children playthings as symbolic containers of wonder, to then study the paradigm of wooden playful artifacts in the Ancient Mediterranean. Digging through archaeological materials, iconographic and literary sources, we will explore how the craftsman, anonymous maker often overlooked by art historians, turns wood into an image, that is to say a semiotic artifact serving the most diverse children and adults imaginaries. Likewise, we will endeavour to link the "renaissance" and the improvement of wooden toys with some technical advances, such as the discovery of the pedal lathe in the 12th century, followed by the introduction of hydraulic mechanisms in the 16th century, which has liberated the maker's hands and finetuned the finishing of the pieces. Already present in the infant tombs of Coptic Egypt, 3rd and 4th centuries AC, this "minimal sculptures" flowed into the daily life of the main Mediterranean and continental cultures, surviving even the current Global Plastic Village. Furthermore, yo-yos, tops, windmill toys and hobbyhorses, dolls and rocking toys lead us along the paths of religious beliefs, Christian moral literature, both holders of folk modern tales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We approach the study of the wood used for the construction of the galleys in the area of El Puerto de Santa María and the necessary material to carry out the repairs of these ships, based on two new writings located in the General Archive of Simancas. With this article we intend to bring to light new data that contribute to the study of the naval industry in El Puerto de Santa María, specifically in the galleys, as well as the groves that are part of its closest natural environment that were used as the main material for the shipyards in the area. Finally, following the line of study of the ships in the last quarter of the 16th century, we inform on the cost and material of the repairs to the galleys in Cartagena, as well as the name of the four most outstanding galleys, according to the documentation from Valladolid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the factors that produce the deformations of the wood can help to a suitable selection of the material before its sawing. One way to address the problem of deformation is with the understanding of the mechanisms that regulate it. The objective of the work was to describe the behavior of the movement of water during the drying of wood as an influential factor in the deformations of the same during this process from a theoretical model, which unifica features Newton's dynamics of a system of particles and schemes of the methods of the finite elements. This model allows to establish in detail the qualitative and quantitative influence of the humidity in the nature of the deformations, which facilitates to value the experimental results, to make predictions in the practical activity, and to obtain a considerable saving of resources and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the main characteristics of the compounds produced with cement, sand and lignocellulosic waste for the production of woodcement compounds. Residues of Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris (bamboo) and Manllkara sp. (maçaranduba) were used to determine compatibility with Portland cement CP IV-32. The physical-mechanical tests were carried out in the Forestry Technology laboratories, belonging to the Forestry Science Department, at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, and the Federal University of Espirito Santo, Brazil; based on the ABCP standard, 2002. The mixture used was 1: 0.05: 3: 0.4, respectively cement, lignocel lulosic, sand and water. From the hydration temperatures obtained, it was possible to establish the possibility of using Portland cement CP IV-32 in the production of cement-wood-sand-water compounds. During the determination of the degree of compatibility of the cement with the bamboo and maçaranduba, the resistance to the compression presented the most evident results for the non-structural use of the obtained compounds. The non-destructive method of stress waves proved to be an excellent tool for determining the dynamic elastic modulus of cement-wood-sand-water compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The micro businesses are particularly important for national economies, not only because of their contributions to the production and distribution of goods and services, but also because of the high potential for job creation. They represent an excellent means to boost economic development and a better distribution of wealth. Mexico, like other countries in the world, has micro-business as an economic backbone. In the State of Yucatan, micro-businesses are also crucial for development. However, they face increasing difficulties due to competition and changing markets. Complicating its permanence in the market and causing its closure. For this reason, quality in the service has been used as a tool to boost competitiveness, in a way that allows the survival of these micro-businesses. This analysis is particularlyimportant since the crafts are the cultural heritage of the nation. The methodology is a quantitative approach, not experimental, cross-sectional and descriptive, determining differences between expectations and perceptions of clients based on the quality in the service of 10 micro-businesses, located in a field study and who agreed to participate in the study., applying an adaptation of the SERVQUAL instrument of Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Berry [1], with 19 items and a Likert scale of 7 points. Finally, the obtained results are discussed, and proposals are made for designing strategies to improve the quality of the service and the permanence in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines the results of the archaeobotanical analysis of desiccated woods and wood charcoal fragments from La Fortaleza granary (Santa Lucía de Tirajana, Gran Canaria). These results constitute the first xylological and anthracological data from such storage spaces, suggesting wood-gathering activities local to the granary. The most abundant taxon is the Canary Island Pine, which would have been of preferable use for the refurbishment of the space. Anthracological analyses applied to other granaries in Gran Canaria would contribute to a global picture of wood use by aboriginal groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species Quercus cubana A. Rich is the only true oak of the flora of Cuba, already recognized as Cuban endemic, exclusive of the west of the country, limited only to Pinar del Río and with a widespread use in rural life, because its fruits, commonly called acorns, are used as animal food for pigs because they have a high fat content, and its wood is useful in obtaining charcoal to make food. The research was carried out in three moments, starting from the selection of the individuals, using the Quercus cubana A. Rich species, which for its complexities has made difficult the introduction of this one in the industry of secondary transformation of the wood. The objective has been to determine the behaviour of the friction coefficient of this species on surface of wood and metal, obtaining as a result the existing variation between the different sections of the pith towards the bark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is undeniable that industrial activity remains a core sector in the economic functioning of the territories. But the spatial strategies of companies are not stable, they have been modified looking to monetize their benefits. These processes affect the status of the territories where they are located. This paper focuses on reviewing the significance of these processes within a traditional industry, the wood processing industry, and within a specific territory, Galicia which possesses raw material and which has always used the resource, first as a craft and later, as a manufacturing sector, always with the main goal of adapting to new business strategies. In this work the past and present to adapt to possible changes in operating strategies of processing activities is observed and how it translates into the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of Zumárraga, in the province of Guipúzcoa, is fortunate to preserve its original late Gothic wooden parish church. The geometric analysis has shown the high speculative level of its architectural design and the extraordinary coherence of its system of proportions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood's supply was an essential aspect for the Kingdom of Valencia during the medieval centuries. The large plain around the coast and the forest shortage caused, firstly, the development of supplying strategies and, secondly, the creation of specifical orders in order to guarantee it. In that sense, Júcar and its tributary Cabriel played an important role in the trunks traffic coming from the mountains of Cuenca. Also, the surrounding countryside was primordial in the procedure. In this article we are going to analyse the methods in use in the Almoravid period and the circumstances of the trunks navigation on the river after the conquest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Record of the entry of pine wood in Argentina from historical buildings. The objective of this work is to analyze under what period was introduced pine wood from historical buildings in Argentina. The work is based on characterizing and determining wooden pieces of historical constructions. Were analyzed woods belonging to: The Pioneers Museum (Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz), Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (Salsipuedes, Córdoba) and Céspedes Tower (Jesus María, Córdoba). Ten samples were analyzed corresponding to wooden roof structures. Terminology of the Nomenclature Committee of IAWA for characterization of wood was followed. The timber identification keys that were used are: Jacquiot; Clement, Greguss and García Esteban et al. Pinus woods were used in the three analyzed buildings. These buildings date from the late nineteenth century and certified the importation of gymnosperm wood, from the middle of this century. These references allow discerning the constructive habits. From these studies, we can infer changes in the use of wood in the country and opening up to European and American markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to explain the origin and most relevant characteristics of vernacular housing in the lower Guayas River Basin. Most o f the existing buildings were built by craftsman in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, during the cocoa boom whose economic impact made it possible to introduce architectural improvements and changes that had been in development since colonial times and which soon became known as the traditional wooden architecture of the Ecuadorian coast. Some of these buildings are still standing in both urban and rural areas, in spite of the indifference towards this type of architecture, whose contribution is still not fully recognized as part of Ecuador's built heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]