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The plots of Billy Budd and The Bonfire of the Vanities are organized entirely around a lawsuit. In The Pickwick Papers the trial is only a part, though an important one, of a series of related adventures in which the main characters of the novel participate. In the three novels there is a trial in which the accused is found guilty, although he is actually innocent. In The Posthumous Papers of the Club Pickwick, the author's main purpose is to present the operation of the legal system, in which the modus operandi of unscrupulous lawyers, who rely only on cheating and deceiving methods, is at the beginning of and determines the outcome of the lawsuit. In Billy Budd, an innocent is sentenced to death in order to preserve a supposed higher interest: the common good. In The Bonfire of the Vanities, political factors, personal interests, resentments and other worldly elements determine the outcome of the trial. In the three cases, the watchmaking mechanism that a lawsuit appears to be is completely overcome by factors outside it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper systematizes and compares, based on the reasoning of the U.S. Supreme Court and its decisions, four pairings of concepts that arise from discussions on the operability of the presumption of innocence in the AngloAmerican legal system. The article illustrates that the partial conclusions in each of these comparisons must be reached by arguments consistent with the normative foundation of the presumption of innocence principle in order to find the defining characteristics of said principle. Ultimately, the paper sets forth a definition of the presumption of innocence that encompasses each of the partial conclusions thus reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies the interpretative and qualification legal problems posed by the criminalisation of rape offences in Peru by examining the most contemporary case law and specialised literature. Through a teleological and systematic legal interpretation of these offences and applying a gender perspective, preliminary alternative solutions are constructed. The main legal conclusion reached is that, with the incorporation of the modality of "taking advantage of any other environment that prevents the person from giving free consent" in the offence of rape in its basic modality (article 170 of the Criminal Code), the Peruvian legal system has incorporated a model based mainly on the absence of consent for sex offences. This model, in turn, is close to the "yes means yes" approach to consent, based on a conventional, constitutional and teleological interpretation of the wording of the criminal offence. This paper also reaches other important legal conclusions about the criminal offence of rape, such as the feasibility of its coverage of cases of stealthing, the legal viability of its commission by compenetration and not only penetration, by improper omission and without requiring lewd intent in addition to regular intent, among others. Finally, considering these conclusions, articles 171, 172, 173, 174 and 175 of the Peruvian Criminal Code are systematically examined and congruent legal interpretations are proposed. One of the most relevant is the unconstitutionality of the criminal offence of rape by deception (article 175) and the rationale for its redirection to article 170, as the former could be used to argue that deception is not a suitable modality for committing rape against an adult or adolescent victim over the age of 13, preventing the adequate protection of sexual autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of the search for victims of enforced disappearance usually includes the recovery of the identity of the remains that are found. This paper highlights the legal dimension of identification and its quality as a decision about the proof of a fact, which can be analyzed with the conceptual tools of the theory of legal evidence. On that basis, it analyzes the question about the applicable standard of proof considering the recent Chilean experience, which shows how positive DNA evidence has tended to consolidate as a sort of golden standard, exclusive and excluding, for the identification of human remains in the case of enforced disappearances. However, that standard of certainty will be often difficult to meet because of deterioration of DNA in the remains samples obtained, because of the scarcity of samples given the practice of massive clandestine exhumations or because of a lack of relatives' samples for comparison. The paper explores the questions that then open up, regarding both the possibility that other forensic evidence may be acceptable as sufficient and the treatment of the unidentified remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than a hundred years, the study of the parties involved in a crime has been extensively researched, becoming a crucial topic in the field of criminal law. Although there is a considerable amount of research on this issue in the common law and civil law systems, there has been a notable lack of interest in comparative law studies between the two systems. This paper presents a comparative law study between the aforementioned models, offering a parallel and analytical analysis to understand their application and the challenges associated with the implementation of these categories. These categories are increasingly universal in Western criminal thought and policy, which makes this analysis systematic, complex and articulated. The analysis will focus on the German Criminal Code interpreted in the light of the theory of the act dominion and the Model Penal Code, serving as a harmonizing instrument for various criminal codes prevailing in the U.S. The need for comparative studies on U.S. criminal law and the German Criminal Code will be highlighted. With the internationalization of criminal law, comparative studies are becoming indispensable, as it is in this area that the clash of legal cultures occurs. A comparative study between the two models aims to determine the extent to which each system has similarities and differences. This study seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the similarities and differences between the systems of the Model Penal Code (common law) and the German Penal Code (civil law) with the aim of exposing the extent to which they differ and, thus, to improve the application of criminal categories in a context of internationalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Religion or Life’s Encounter with Itself”. This paper attempts to offer a comprehensive approach to the religious phenomenon, considering that religion— understood as the attitude that each life has towards the brute fact of life—constitutes an anthropological universal. I claim that there are three emotional places or types of vital pathos that allow sketching three basic modes of articulating the religious: the pathos of disenchantment, the tragic pathos, and the pathos of wonder. After discussing the dialogues, tensions, and transitions between these, the paper concludes with a vindication of wonder as the genuine experience of a strictly religious life—that is, a life reconciled with totality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Univocity and Intuitive Science in Spinoza”. This paper seeks to investigate the Spinozist theory of knowledge. The starting point of my argument is a reading hypothesis that connects the univocity of the real with intuitive science. The aim is to demonstrate that the cognoscitive access provided by the third genre of knowledge is the only means to attain knowledge of the totality of Nature. Accordingly, the paper shows, on the one side, that both imagination and reason provide us only with incomplete and biased knowledge of the real. On the other side, it shows that—notwithstanding their shortfalls—these cognoscitive perspectives are authentic and true, and are present in the third genre of knowledge. Finally, the paper shows the coherence of the Spinozist system and its proposal of intuitive science—knowledge of the unity underlying all perspectives—as the human ethical destiny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“‘The Spectre of Marburg’ wanders around the Operative Aesthetics. Luis Juan Guerrero, ‘Evolutive’ Reader of Heidegger”. This paper aims to analyse the reading of Martin Heidegger’s thought offered by Luis Juan Guerrero in his Operative Aesthetics. I claim that “The Origin of the Work of Art” plays a central role in the work of the Argentinian philosopher. However, this does not mean that Guerrero is not an original author or that he is a mere commentator of the German philosopher. On the contrary: the Argentinian philosopher offers a productive reading of Heidegger which allows him to build his own and authentic philosophy. By focusing on Heidegger’s essay on art and on the first volume of the Operative Aesthetics, this paper analyses three essential issues: the concept of tool, the world-earth relationship, and the bond between history and truth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I interrogate the images of childhood in the model of respectful parenting from a sociological perspective. I am interested in problematizing the notion of agency in articulation with the new social studies of childhood. To this end, I describe the main characteristics that define respectful parenting from the perspective of its followers, and I focus on the example of complementary feeding where I delve into how it produces a view of babies which enhances their agency when it comes to managing the feeding process. This paper is based on previously conducted qualitative ethnographic research about the experiences of middle-class mothers who follow this style of parenting in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The migration of Venezuelans nationals to other Latin-American countries has been defined as the most significant migratory phenomenon in the recent story of the region, with Colombia being the country that hosts the highest number of Venezuelan nationals. From a human rights perspective, this article critically analyzes the response of the Colombian State to address migration from Venezuela. The objective of this article is to show that Colombia has preferred to govern this migration through the creation of ad hoc permits, instead of recognizing the need for international protection of this population and their status as refugees. To this end, this paper analyzes the Colombian regulatory framework on migration and refuge and, in particular, the response of the Colombian State to the migration of people from Venezuela. Its central argument is that the Colombian authorities have opted for the design and implementation of alternative measures of migratory regularization, as it was at the time the Special Permit of Permanence and is today the Permit for Temporary Protection. This article concludes by stating that the approach to Venezuelan migration has led to a clear detriment to the refugee system, today collapsed and with no prospect of reform or strengthening. This is so because the institutional design of the Colombian refuge entails a host of obstacles that discourage applicants from following this path, even when they require international protection. The authors of this paper use legal dogmatic as the main research methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the distinction drawn by R. A. Duff between attacks and endangerments as two different kind of wrongs, this paper advocates a view of the crime of conflict of interest in the public sector as implicit endangerment against government decisions. This view is supported by different empirical studies, which demonstrate that, in scenarios of conflict of interest, although agents do not act with a deliberate purpose of benefiting themselves, their decisions tend to privilege their private interests. In addition, it is argued that, according to the perspective defended, the scope of the offense should include interests and acts of a non-economic nature. It should be clarified that the purpose of this paper is to contribute to the development of a normative theory of negotiations incompatible with public office which determines how this crime should be regulated, regardless of the specific way in which each legislation defines such behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Phenomenological Analysis of Children's Playing as a Modality of Perceptual Phantasy". The experience of playing is not unknown to anyone of us. As children we have all entered the world opened by phantasy and toys. This paper makes explicit --from a phenomenological perspective-- how this particular mixture of perception and phantasy takes place. To avoid confusing this experience with a hallucination or a mere simulation, I claim that playing can be analysed as a particular modality of perceptual phantasy in the "as if" mode. This modality, based on the neutralisation of a perceptual apprehension, enables the opening of the world of phantasy that is deployed in playing. Accordingly, this paper is divided in 3 parts: First, I present a general description of phantasy consciousness; then, I propose an analysis of perceptual phantasy in the experience of theatre; third, I describe the specificity of this modality of phantasy consciousness --called perceptual phantasy-- in the intentional structure proper of children's playing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the cultural identity expressed by The XII Travelers Memorial of the Southwest in El Paso, Texas, USA. According to the monument's statement, the memorial is an ongoing regional project formed by "... 12 heroic bronze monuments celebrating the multicultural contributions of both men and women to the development of the Southwest." The paper's argument is threefold. First, it argues that the XII Travelers project could be regarded as a collage that incorporates different historical and cultural references into a single narrative. Secondly, by doing this, the memorial blurs spatial scales and builds a regional history with El Paso at its center. Finally, the paper suggests that the construction of this heroic and multicultural regional identity must be understood in relation to growing tourist activities and the expectations that visitors have about a Southern border area in USA. The research is based on a critical review of the material produced by The XII Travelers Foundation and the examination of the characters and monuments of Fray García and Juan de Oñate, the only two approved travelers of the proposed list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Jean-Luc Marion, the subject is responsible for the phenomenalization of the given. This process—characterized as “hermeneutic” by the author—implies a discrimination concerning which is the most adequate way to show the phenomenon. For this to be possible, however, a modality of thought which does not deal with objects but with events is needed. This paper argues that this modality—suitable for deciding the way of phenomenalization of the given—can be found in practical thought. Firstly, I trace back this possibility to the Cartesian esteem. Secondly, I discuss it with reference to the Aristotelian prudence. Finally, I relate both approaches to comprehension (Verstehen), a concept that Marion picks up from Heidegger and Gadamer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though Paul Ricoeur did not write an entire work about Spinoza, many interpreters have pointed out the relevance of the thought of the Dutch philosopher—and specially of his Ethics—to Ricoeur’s oeuvre. This paper seeks to show the significance of Spinoza’s notion of conatus in the hermeneutical and ontological approach of the French philosopher. Specifically, it analyses an important conceptual node in the last Study of Oneself as Another. The analysis mainly considers those passages of Spinoza’s works that are quoted. It tries to expand the understanding of them considering the context in which they appear, in order to see if this allows to confirm the abovementioned relevance of Spinoza in Ricoeur’s philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the grounding of the possibility of a critique of general linguistics or linguistic theory based on an interpretation of a passage of Heidegger’s Letter on Humanism. According to my interpretation, the metaphysical conception of language generates an obliteration that does not allow to understand the phenomenon of language or languages. However, I claim that such a conception and, therefore, the obliteration itself are part of the phenomenon of language and not something external that can be avoided. Therefore, I raise the question if linguistics supports such a conception and defend that the obliteration diagnosed by Heidegger requires a discrimination of the fundamental concepts of linguistics and its presuppositions. I suggest as a work hypothesis in the context of critical practice that it is not linguistics itself that supports this conception – such as it is observable after the discrimination of its fundamental concepts– but rather its presuppositions. Consequently, I claim that the fundamental concepts of linguistics –when critically considered– deconstruct the presuppositions according to which linguistic theory conceives language and its own theoretical grounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the way in which linguistic accuracy is formulated in El libro de estilo de la lengua española (2018), the latest normative publication by the Real Academia de la Lengua (Royal Spanish Academy) and the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (Association of Academies of the Spanish Language). We show that more than half of the rules listed are of a diffuse, or fuzzy nature. We study three kinds of fuzzy rules: rules with a low deontic load, which have little prescriptive character; confusing rules, which are imprecise or subjective in nature; and rules for highly specific cases, with a very limited field of application. Finally, we note that it is not unusual for these three types to appear together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to trace the morphologization process that allowed the formation of a prefix from an adverb, both coinciding in the form no. In order to do this, we consider the theory of grammaticalization to analyze a corpus of 794 Spanish words with no-, gathered from different sources from the 13th to the 21st century. The results show the different stages of the change process in which the adverb expanded its contextual distribution, which allowed it to appear before nouns. In this context, the adverb acquires the typical characteristics of a negation prefix, with specific meaning nuances according to the type of noun base it attaches to: total negation for deverbal nouns (no inclusión, ‘non-inclusion’) or partial negation in the case of concrete nouns (no libro, ‘non-book’). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to present an unknown text in the fields of philology and the history of science: the Diccionario de medicina peruana (Dictionary of Peruvian Medicine), by Hermilio Valdizán (1923-1961). To this end, we analyze the macrostructure, microstructure and iconostructure of the nine volumes that constitute this monumental contribution to the historical, anthropological and ethnographic studies of the pre-Hispanic and colonial culture of Peru, to which Valdizán dedicated more than two decades of tireless documentary and compilation work. We offer a study of the lexical units included in this lexicographical repertoire, as well as the areas of specialization to which the word list compiled by Valdizán belongs, the lexicographical sources that he used for the preparation of his work and the presence of the indigenous element. This will be accompanied by a review of the biobibliographical, encyclopedic and linguistic contributions preserved in this dictionary, which is revealed as a fundamental piece to understand and (re)construct the medical history of Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the spelling regulations implemented by Facebook and Twitter users during the national strikes of 2019 and 2021 in Colombia. From a glotopolitical perspective, the study identifies the discursive constructions associated with spelling adequacy in virtual interventions (comments and posts) as well as in public spaces (graffiti) within the context of these social movements. The topoï that support these discourses are located, and the argumentative strategies employed by individuals in their publications are highlighted. The analysis focuses on the underlying ideologemes of these interventions and reveals that both proponents and opponents of the strikes share conservative perspectives regarding spelling, often linking it to factors such as education level, intelligence, and criminality. Finally, the research uncovers a relationship between the unrestricted surveillance of spelling regulations and the defense of social regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis is a chronic disease of the female genital tract, the etiology of which is still unclear. The purpose of this paper is to analyze, from a biopsychosocial perspective, the structure of social representations of endometriosis of women with this disease and healthy women. To this end, an exploratory survey was conducted by administering an online questionnaire. The results made it possible to identify those particular type of social representations, the controversies, articulated differently and often contradictory in their peripheral elements. These results provide a useful basis for the construction of intervention strategies to avoid the "epistemological purgatory" in which many women are forced to live due to the discrepancy between the subjective experience of endometriosis and its expert knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of a descriptive analysis, and as a starting point to a new research line, this paper examines the potential impact Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) technologies may have on academic integrity, manifested in the learning and evaluation processes of law classes at the university level. The article takes as its premise the definition of academic integrity as a set of values and argues that a series of risks arise from the GAI that threaten those values, such as excessive dependence and trust in the GAI, the unreallizability of the pedagogical project and the loss of competitiveness of educational institutions, among others. To minimize or nullify such risks, and thus prevent them from affecting academic integrity, four mitigation measures are identified to be applied in university environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on Andrea Durbach's work around post-conflict transformative gender justice, this paper asks if criminal justice for conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) can bring about transformative gender justice in Latin America. The paper offers a comparative analysis of two judicial cases of conflict-related rape: the Sepur Zarco case in Guatemala and the Manta y Vilca case in Peru. The paper argues that domestic courts can have important transformative effects on victim-survivors, their families and on criminal justice practices for CRSV, when international standards for evidentiary practice are adhered to within the specific local context of the case in question, as was the case of Sepur Zarco. If international standards of evidentiary practice are not considered, it is much less likely that such cases are transformative, in fact, the process might do harm, as in the case of Manta y Vilca. Therefore, criminal justice processes are not by default transformative, but good practice can be important to transformative gender justice by providing redress for victim-survivors and affected communities, unsettling hierarchies and building accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Materialism and Art in Walter Benjamin". This paper analyses the issue of materialism and its relationship with art in Walter Benjamin's thought. This is a controversial issue in the debates around Benjamin. The article examines in detail Benjamin's two fundamental texts on this topic: The Author as Producer and The Work of Art in the Era of Mechanical Reproduction. Before this, the paper puts the problem into context, considering the times and, in particular, Benjamin's relationship with Brecht, which was seen as one of the key elements to understand Benjamin's material turn. This fact disturbed some of his colleagues --like Adorno, Horkheimer and Karplus-- who saw Brecht as an excessively orthodox materialist. This paper argues, however, that, although Benjamin turned towards materialist positions throughout the decade of the 30s, his materialism was not like the one defended by the Marxist orthodoxy of the time, though, indeed, it went beyond Adorno's modernist approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Kant's Aesthetics and the Problem of Aesthetic Judgement in Music". This paper reconstructs the place of music in the division of the arts proposed by Kant in his third Critique, focusing on the aspects that make music an art difficult to characterise. For this purpose, it exposes the foundations that allow situating music at the highest levels of Kant's incipient system of the arts, as well as the reasons that allow placing it on the lowest ones. In addition, the paper approaches the problem of the pendular place of music as a beautiful art and as an agreeable art, recovering and contrasting different passages of Kant's Critique of Judgement. To complement this last aim, readings from different thinkers are reviewed, considering, on the one hand, those who claim that Kant characterises music as a beautiful art, and, on the other hand, those who claim that he characterises it as a mere agreeable art. Finally, this paper presents the conclusions that allow to understand that music's double possibility, as a beautiful and as agreeable art, depends on the ways in which the subject relates to music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Marx and the Critical-Philosophical Foundations of the Public Sphere". This paper presents the presuppositions that enable a critical reflection on the public sphere from a Marxist perspective. It begins by considering the context of recent discussions concerning Marx's political ideas, and the relevance of the concept of public sphere in order to show the importance of some of Marx's critical concepts for political philosophy. The text is the result of a research project aimed at constructing a conceptual framework to develop a critical analysis of the public sphere today. This research has already established that some key issues, linked to the concepts of language and experience, were present in Marx's work. In this sense, the paper presents a novel reflection to the extent that it deals with the actuality of Marx's thought through the analysis of a contemporary political problem that allows to highlight the critical and radical implications that Marx's philosophical-critical foundations have for contemporary discourse and political institutions such as the public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The alētheia of Cats. Balthus, Rilke and the Problem of the 'Open'". This paper takes as a starting point the artistic collaboration between Rainer Maria Rilke and Balthazar Klossowski -Balthus-, which took the form of a book entitled Mitsou. Story of a Cat, illustrated by the young painter and foreworded by the poet. This case study serves as a guiding thread running through a deep analysis of the problem of the "Open", a noumenic concept coined by Rilke in his creative exchange with Balthus. This concept was specifically discussed by Martin Heidegger. Thus, the present paper attempts to address the implications of affinity and confrontation between Rilke and Heidegger and to explore the metaphorical figure of the cat as the expression of certain animality within the unveiling that takes place in the Da-sein. For this purpose, it will also be necessary to explore theoretical key approaches taken from Ortega y Gasset and Schopenhauer, as well as critical positions particularly relevant in this field defended by Giorgio Agamben and Jacques Derrida, which tend towards an animalistic ontology of alētheia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Practices of Friendliness: An Interpretation of Byung-Chul Han's Thought". This paper analyses the philosophical-political postulates present in Byung-Chul Han's work, in order to propose, through an exegesis of his thought, the concept of the practice of friendliness as an ethical-political project focused on developing what the author calls a "praxis of delay". Such a praxis should revitalize the vita contemplativa, in opposition to the digital neoliberal rationality that dominates reality sustained by a model of society based on performance and competition. The paper is divided into three parts: first I conceptually delimit the performance society; next I present Han's rebellion approach, taking as a starting point the concept of the revolution of time; finally I develop the practical approach of his idea of systemic subversion. All of this is done based on an analytical systematization of his work, for which the bibliographic-documentary research method is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to demonstrate that the solution rendered by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in the Southern Bluefin Tuna Case, although epistemically superior to the one that would have involved only considering the experts advising of each of the opposing parties dicta, would, in any case, prove to be sub-optimal. Indeed, such a forum, despite the provisions to that effect of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 289 article, would refrain from consulting and discussing with the experts the merits of the question submitted to its consideration. As a direct implication of such decision, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea could not have contributed to the knowledge, by the opposing parties, of the merits of their claims in a transcendental manner to the terms in which those parties raised, initially, their own claims. As a straight consequence of such a decision, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea deprived itself of any possibility of providing a truly consistent contribution to such dispute resolution, regardless of the following Arbitral Tribunal's decision merits. In this sense, this paper attempts to prove the strict causal relationship between failing to consider the otherness dictum and making epistemically deficient decisions by means of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ruling in the Southern Bluefin Tuna Case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a first detailed study of the ethnozoological nomenclature in Urarina, an Amazonian isolate language spoken in Loreto, Peru. Based on a corpus of more than 250 lexical items gathered through fieldwork, we describe and analyze the main linguistic strategies used in the formation of Urarina animal names. As a result, eight naming strategies are proposed for Urarina animal nomenclature, and the relationship between these strategies and the formation of simple and complex lexemes is discussed. The paper contributes not only to the documentation and description of an Amazonian isolate, but also to the comparison, both typological and areal, with other languages of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grammatical agreement, a property of inflectional languages such as Spanish, consists of a formal association of different syntactic constituents. Even though it is a categorical morphosyntactic phenomenon, in Peruvian Spanish non-agreement occurs in different communicative contexts, due to certain social factors that will be analyzed in this paper. Based on a variationist perspective, we intend to identify and analyze non-concordant (NC) utterances extracted from the PRESEEA-LIMA corpus (directed by the author) in several linguistic contexts related to the constituents of noun phrases and verb phrases. An overview of the quantitative results will be provided in this paper. Moreover, we will approach data from both a heuristic and a hermeneutic point of view, through a reinterpretation of the role of quantitative value in the determination of linguistic variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Inter-American Court of Human Rights has declared the violation of the right to dignity in various judgments based on the provisions of section 11 of the American Convention on Human Rights, which establishes the right to respect of honor and recognition of dignity. This section does not refer to the right to dignity explicitly, but it has been used by the aforementioned court to declare the violation of dignity as a right. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the right to dignity has an object determined by the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Consequently, the first part of this paper will address some doctrinal positions on dignity with emphasis on two authors that have proposed systematizations of the concept of dignity as a right. Then, the second part will continue with a study of the origin of section 11, which intends to determine how and why the word «dignity» was included in the aforementioned section. Subsequently, this paper will analyze the cases in which the Inter-American Court of Human Rights declared the violation of the right to dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a descriptive-evolutive, dogmatic and comparative study on the collective processes of the European Union (EU). On November 25th, 2020, the Union adopted one of its most awaited legal instruments: the first legislation, that is supposed to create a European collective action mechanism for monetary relief. According to Directive 2020/1828 on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers, and repealing Directive 2009/22/EC, member States have to adopt the transposing measures by December 25th, 2021, and give effect to them on and apply them to representative actions that are brought on or after June 25th, 2023. The European movement for collective litigation started approximately three decades ago. It earned official European recognition in competition law in 2005, owing to the European Commission's Green Paper on Damages Actions for Breach of the EC Antitrust Rules, followed by the White Paper of the same title in 2008. From 2013 to the emission of the recent 2020 directive, the particularity of community collective redress and inhibitory guardianship has proven to be holistic, unlike the US class action model. This paper analyzes the three pillars of the European vision on collective redress seeking, namely: a) the extrajudicial alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, b) the regulatory and public policy mechanisms, and c) the collective processes or litigation. The interplay of these three pillars makes the European Union's view on the matter singular as it proposes a system of incentives, prudence and safeguards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops and explains step by step how a company used lean accounting tools to identify cost savings and how these savings are integrated into a project investment evaluation. Little is known about the use of lean accounting tools in small and medium-sized companies operating in regional economies of Latin America, and this study is designed to continue expanding our knowledge of the subject. The tool used is value stream mapping and it is shown how it allows to identify cost savings, which is the first stage to calculate the recurring cash flows that is a critical building block of traditional project evaluation tools. This study is based on a real case that links aspects of production method and improvements applying lean manufacturing and financial indicators of the project. The development of the investment project allowed the company under study to improve delivery times, operation safety, production stability, process automation and increase the overall processing capacity of the plant. It also made visible sources of inefficiency in the current process that impacted parts handling, operating costs, rework, and direct labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the relevance that Small and Medium Enterprises [SMEs] have in the growth of a country, therefore the objective of the work is to analyze the accounting regulatory alternatives that countries such as Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Mexico, and some basic aspects of Chile, Bolivia and Brazil have assumed in the process of adoption of IFRS for SMEs; for this purpose a qualitative methodology is used, based on a documentary review and focused on accounting for the common and recurrent problems of the convergence process. As a result of the respective content analysis of the documents found, the following categories of the problems encountered are established: effects of the convergence process on the users of financial information and decision making, asymmetries in the accounting treatment in the IFRS for SMEs, costs in the generation of information, and, some demographic and particular aspects. Finally, the alternatives of accounting regulation for SMEs that have been developed in some Latin American countries are collected, finding that some countries have adopted IFRS for SMEs, such as Colombia, others allow IFRS for SMEs on a voluntary basis, such as Argentina; Mexico has local standards and Brazil opted for convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the main criteria and standards developed in the field of international human rights law that delimitate the scope of the right to a special treatment in the execution of the penalty of deprivation of liberty for juveniles in contrast with adults. The work identifies the concrete consequences of the need for a specialized execution of sentences for juveniles in the regulation of institutions and guarantees established in favour of minors within the execution of the sanction of juvenile imprisonment, and then it determines how they have been recognized and developed by the corpus juris of international human rights law (international legislation, doctrine and case law). First, the paper analyzes how the reinforced protection of juvenile prisoners is recognized in the international human rights system, concluding that it is widely recognized. Then, it argues that this reinforced protection requires differences with respect to the treatment of adults, which can be systematized in five areas that are subject to a detailed review: orientation of the execution of the sentence of juvenile imprisonment, prison conditions, prison regime, good order and control mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through descriptive and econometric analysis, this paper examines the conceptualization and effect generated by the tax rate of Income Tax on the profitability of companies. First, applying a descriptive-analytical methodology, the conceptualization of the factors that affect the tax rate and its behavior over time was verified. On the other hand, to measure the impact of the income tax rate on profitability, a company from the agrobiotechnology sector listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange was used during 1993-2018. Among the outstanding findings, in the case of Mexico, the corporate rate is a standard tax rate whose behavior presented minor changes throughout the period studied. Nevertheless, the results of the empirical tests allow us to affirm that the rate has a significant influence on the business profitability of the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ceramic sequence for the Early Intermediate Period in the Central-South coast is poorly known. The excavations undertaken at the archaeological site of Huaca Malena, in the Asia-Coayllo Valley, as well as the survey of the lowerand mid-valley posit the presence of a ceramic style that may have been shared with the neighbouring valleys of Mala and Cañete. This paper presents the first stylistic sequence for the Asia-Coayllo Valley, which appeared at the beginning of the Early Intermediate Period, spread over the Unchor sector in the middle valley, and was succeeded by a tri-colour style that has been identified at Huaca Malena (in the lower Asia-Coayllo valley). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From its capital in the Ayacucho highlands of Peru, the Wari Empire spread its influence over 1300 lateral kilometers from Cajamarca in the north to Cuzco and Moquegua in the south. Along its southern periphery, Wari presence has been documented most convincingly between 1000 and 3000 meters in elevation in valleys such as the Ocoña, Majes, Sihuas, Vitor, Chili, and Moquegua, where archaeological survey has been carried out in parts of this 300-kilometer stretch of the southern Peruvian sierra. In this paper, I examine the evidence for a Wari southern road and the settlements that connected the far southern part of Peru and eventually to the Ayacucho heartland to the north. I argue that the quichua ecological niche is a primary focus of Wari cultural landscapes and dictated the placement of the principal Wari road network. I further examine the organization of settlement along the proposed royal road, as well as the symbolic and demographic components of its route. Finally, I investigate the role of the Wari road in promulgating a Wari imperial political economy in the far south. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“The Relationship between Intuition and Invention in Mathematics: A Consideration from the Points of View of Henri Bergson and Henri Poincaré”. The French authors Henri Bergson and Henri Poincaré call attention upon intuition and its relationship to mathematical invention. Both authors believe that intuition is an intellectual process that requires individual experience both physical and mathematical. They also claim that the results of intuition are to be observed in the surface of consciousness, i.e. in mathematical language. Additionally, both authors believe that intuition is necessary for mathematical invention. This paper shows the coincidences between Bergson and Poincaré concerning the relationship between intuition and invention. It investigates how its definition leads to the understanding of intuition as a process and, finally, how the idea of a dynamic scheme—introduced by Bergson to explain invention—is implicitly present in Poincaré’s thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“David Hume on Materialism”. During the 17th and 18th centuries, an intense debate concerning materialism took place. This paper aims to describe David Hume’s position within this debate. I claim that, even though Hume rejects substantialist metaphysics to focus on the study of perceptions, he defends a position concerning the relationship between mind and matter. However, this position is rather complex to reconstruct since it is not explicitly stated in the texts edited during Hume’s life. I propose to define it as a restricted materialism since, regarding the nature of mind, Hume discards both the materialist and the immaterialist positions; although concerning the causes of thought he comes close to materialist positions by using arguments based on experience and the analogy with nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“On Four Immanent Ontologies in Gilles Deleuze at the Crosspoint between The Movement Image and Difference and Repetition”. By serially arranging Difference and Repetition (1968) and The Movement Image (1983) this paper sketches four trails in Gilles Deleuze’s divergent ontology, showing how each of the montage schools of classical cinema implies a determinate inversion in relation to four facets of the philosophical tradition represented by Hume, Spinoza, Hegel and Descartes. The taxonomy of the cinema studies opens clear paths in Deleuze’s obscure ontology. The book of 1968 reveals the philosophical load implicit in the cinematographic developments; at the same time, it shows the divergencies and incompatibilities that growl under the apparent neatness of the classification of cinematographic images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under internal armed conflicts there is a group of social actors whose performing behaviors do not correspond to neither of the sides in conflict. These actors are neither civil population trapped at the middle of violence nor those compromised with any of the sides. It is state officials charged to accomplish administrative tasks, for example those assigned to education on disputed territories. This paper seeks to explore the notion of silent social actor in terms of its behavior and to draw the attention of the international community concerned about the silent actor on conflicts. This research is focused on a public university in Ayacucho, Peru, during the internal armed conflict (1980-2000) at the end of the last century. The research uses a methodology for studying memory of witnesses of this period and the reflexivity approach in Anthropology. This work proposes using the category of silent social actor characterized by the exercise of a restricted agency but subject to constant pressure from the contenders faced in the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies on anthropogonic myths and on the origins of patriarchy agree in pointing out that the myth of Adam and Eve is one of the most influential in shaping the identity and destiny of women in Western civilization. This paper analyzes a corpus of literary works from the 20th and 21st century written by Spanish and Latin American women writers that offer a female vision of the myth. By transferring the voice to Eve, they rewrite the plot and redefine the characters. The article focuses on the analysis of two of the modifications that these works, manifestly hypertextual, introduce with respect to the hypotext: Eve's perspective and voice, and the transformation of the story of the creation of the primordial couple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to analyze the anglicisms found in the fashion magazine La Moda Elegante (1860-1927). To do so, these words were extracted, and categorized according to their thematic areas, formal typology, frequency of use and first appearance. Previous editions of the dictionaries of the Royal Spanish Academy and the current edition of the Diccionario de la Lengua were consulted. Eighty-eight anglicisms related to fashion, social chronicles, sports and other topics were identified. They were mostly nonadapted and infrequent voices. A high percentage of these anglicisms were included in the dictionaries, and most of them are still valid in the current edition. These data show that they were novel concepts related to new realities which have been incorporated into our language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the linguistics column that Juan B. Selva published in the pedagogical journal La Obra between 1923 and 1927, with the aim of examining both the criteria of authority regarding linguistic knowledge, as well as the ideological assessments and attitudes expressed by the author in relation to the linguistic phenomena he describes. The analysis of the column (which was published in a context in which Argentina was witnessing the institutionalization of linguistics and the expansion of debates on language in the press) allows us to corroborate the centrality of normative issues, a characteristic feature of the genre. However, it also reveals the emergence of a discourse that rejects prescriptive positions and, instead, seeks scientific explanations for the linguistic phenomena it records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the social and stylistic variation in the speech prosody of the Spanish of Mérida, Yucatán. Assertive utterances from sociolinguistic interviews and discourse completion tasks are analyzed considering the social variables of age, gender and educational level. The prosodic analysis is carried out within the Autosegmental Metrical model (Pierrehumbert 1980, Ladd 2008) and with the Sp_ToBI labeling conventions (Hualde & Prieto 2015). The results show that this variety of Spanish is characterized by a prominent descent starting from the first tonal peak, the early-peak alignment in some prenuclear positions, and the presence of some non-falling boundary tones. The social and stylistic variation suggests that the last two are features that indicate vernacularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an analysis of the segmental phonological system of Maleku (Guatuso) on the basis of previously published phonological and phonetic descriptions. It has a particular focus on the distinctive features that contrast the phonemes, since no other publication has addressed this topic in detail before. In the patrimonial consonantal system, a total equivalence is established between the values of the features [sonorant] and [voice] if the phoneme classified as a voiced palatal fricative is considered a "sonorant fricative". On the other hand, in the innovative system, which incorporates four phonemes borrowed from Spanish, the contrastivity of the feature [voice] is activated due to the introduction of voiced stop phonemes that contrast with the unvoiced stops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]