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The article presents a reprint of the article "Aptitud de la mujer para ejercer todas las profesiones," by Soledad Acosta de Samper, presented at the Congreso Pedagógico Hispano-Lusitano-Americano in Madrid, Spain in 1892. Acosta discusses women's roles in 19th-century society, particularly in Latin America, and examines the intense academic and social debate surrounding this topic. She also analyzes the schooling women receive in educational systems and compares women's roles in various countries in Latin America and Europe.

It is urgent to make a change of strategy that successfully faces the energy transition to achieve the 2030 sustainable development goals, the armed conflict in Europe, the high price of energy supply and the high energy dependence at European and national level. In this scenario, the energy community, as a new legal entity, driven by European regulations, can be considered an effective tool to fight against climate change, accelerating the energy transition and guaranteeing a fair and inclusive energy system so necessary in our country. At the national level, the legal framework that regulates energy communities is insufficient. Thus, is it necesary a legal, technical and financial development to promote the constitution of such entities. In this paper, we study their legal nature, proposing, within the framework of Social Economy organisations, the associations and cooperatives as suitable legal formula. They have similar characteristics, provide environmental, social and economic benefits for their members, under principles of voluntary, inclusive and democratic participation; in order to improve the quality of life of citizens; in short, to work on behalf of people and our planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the importance of Internationalization Policies in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and aims to describe the technical-methodological aspects taken into account in the construction of Strategic Internationalization Plans within the framework of the project called "Development of Internationalization Policies". Internationalization in Higher Education Institutions" (DHIP2) and reflect them in marketing actions to improve services. The institutional international strategy, the structure of the International Relations Offices (ORIs), international mobility, the internationalization of the curriculum, the internationalization of research, synergy with the territorial context and visibility, were the priorities addressed, therefore, the conclusions refer to the continuous improvement of the internationalization process related to these priorities and how they contribute to the quality of the ORIs services. For the elaboration of this paper, a qualitative approach of documentary analysis was taken into account. Horizontal cooperation between HEIs, both from Latin America, Europe, and also from other regions of the world, constitutes an essential tool for the achievement of the Policies that are designed in each HEI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on an understanding of the global immigration control regime as one of legal violence. It analyses the specialist literature that reveals the existence of an economy of deportability, understood as the unequal distribution of the forms of state power in the lives and freedoms of non-nationals, with gender playing a preponderant role. Taking a gender perspective, a selection of texts from the past two decades are reviewed that analyse the deportation and anti-trafficking apparatus in Europe, the United States and South America. The literature corroborates the existence of a gendered economy of deportability that generates social suffering that, in different ways and to differing degrees, shapes the (im)migrant presence in the national order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze, in comparative terms, the way in which the migration control regime operates in the Americas and at the borders of Europe. Through the analysis of research carried out in both spaces, I show that a swarm of institutions, actors and forces have been developing to form a control system that both manages and discards migrants. In this sense, the governance of migration today is a chapter, and not a minor one, in the restructuring and reshaping of postcolonial relations between countries, nations and classes of people in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to justice is one of the main problems faced by consumers in the 21st century. In this sense, this paper analyzes the consumer's position in the face of new technologies and their access to justice. In addition, through a comparative approach, it studies the one-stop shop model existing in Europe and its possible implementation in Chile. Finally, an analysis is offered on the use of new technologies in the legal process and how they can improve access to justice for the consumer. In this way, it identifies the existing progress in Chile in this area, as well as the need to improve the consumer's position in relation to new technologies and how they can reduce barriers to access to justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent electoral successes of right-wing and far-right actors in different parts of the world have prompted discussion on various topics: the causes of their rise, their characteristics and strategies, the motivations of electorates and the depth of the right-wing shifts in a range of societies. This paper proposes key themes for systematising this debate and some clues to understanding the rise of the right in such diverse and heterogeneous national realities. It also suggests recovering a constructivist conceptualisation of "authoritarian traditions" in order to analyse the mobilisation strategies, behaviour and coordination of right-wing groups from a perspective that highlights their dynamic and innovative nature. This approach allows us to (re)think authoritarianism as the result of symbolic practices and discourses that are assembled, (re)invented and updated to serve various purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specialized local production in agrarian societies can be understood in the dynamics of the places where it is developed, based on two concepts: Appellations of Origin and Terroir. These concepts emerge from precision production practices, while being part of rural traditions and heritage of peasants and artisans in Europe and other regions with delimited productive histories and vocations. This paper aims to give an account of different experiences and notions related to these concepts, emphasizing their transformation and resignification processes according to the contexts of production, marketing and consumption where they have been implemented. The methodology reviews documents that discuss the concepts, both in the places where they have originated and in other latitudes where these have been worked in an applied or critical way, thus dealing with a diversity of approaches. The paper proposes a reflection on the inputs that the Terroir and the Appellations provide for the development of opportunities in rural production scenarios, such as those found in emerging regions of Latin America. In addition, it concludes with a review of elements ranging from the physical, organic and bioclimatic conditions of these vocations, to the sensitive, territorial, cultural and popular elements that also shape them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the present paper sets out to characterize the publication dynamics of collaborative research partnerships between Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean (EULAC) region in the last forty years. Objective: we adopt two approaches when analyzing data based on the following assumptions: 1) collaboration is characterized by a central relationship established between researchers from one LAC and one EU institution, 2) bi-regional collaboration is characterized by a series of scientific publications forged with different scientists and institutions. Our hypothesis is to find out if the bi-regional scientific relations between the EULAC countries through international collaboration have been strengthened in recent years thanks to the institutional and investigative efforts to internationalize their research. Materials and methods: we offer a literature review that involves co-publications from EULAC institutions published from 1991 to 2016 to study bi-regional research collaboration in different areas. We evaluate the temporal evolution of EULAC collaboration, the leadership of the publications, and the type of research domain covered. We have found 43 research papers that comply with our criteria. We have divided these into three main horizontal categories: EULAC collaboration, Ibero-American collaboration, and Specific EULAC countries collaboration. Each category has been divided into vertical categories: All disciplines, and Specific disciplines. Results: from this review, it is possible to have a map of the EULAC bi-regional co-publications divided into key areas of knowledge and the countries with more straight or weak scientific collaboration. Conclusions: we have observed how many studies are focused only on a particular area like Biotechnology or Nanotechnology, with a lack of scientific literature in Social Science and Humanities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses binding judicial precedent. The semistructured interview was used as a methodology for execution and a total of thirty-two academics, from ten countries in Latin America and Europe, participated of it. The results are structured around the arguments for and against precedent as a theoretical position; to narrate how vertex courts and inferior courts behave on precedents; and finally, to know the roadblocks that prevent following precedent correctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an analysis is made of one of the essays, "Of Cannibals", written by Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) in the Renaissance period. The document's purpose is to describe, through reflective analysis, the contributions that this author gives to the so-called cultural relativism from the historical context of the 16th century. Given the time, the essay is considered "avant-garde" given the approach and reflection made by the author approaching what later in anthropology would be known as cultural relativism at a time when European culture was considered better than the rest of cultures in the world. By comparing the practices that pe- Columbians do, related to cannibalism, with those that Europeans do, the author realizes that "we" should think if our practices are really better than those of "others" -the Amerindians -. However, to this day, Michel de Montaigne's ideas are still present in a world where Human Rights and cultural relativism are debated. Universalism vs. Relativism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, collaborative economy is an emerging concept which is open to debate, including different meanings depending on the model to provide services, the kind of participant or the use of shared information and communication platforms. However, a distinguishing feature of the collaborative economy is the use of new technologies by the various agents concerned in order to get a common goal such as in the financial sector or in the education sector. This new approach can be transferred to already consolidated organizations, which are noted for pursuing a social interest against the interest of the capital. These organizations seek social benefit and not the economic benefit, seeking a positive social impact that can change society. It is precisely the digital component and the use of the technologies of information the aspect that distinguishes these emerging activities that are developing in recent years. Besides, they are changing purchasing behaviour and ways of doing business. These changes are having significant impacts in economic and employment terms, conflicts with traditional companies that are disadvantaged, or breaches of tax duties. But, at the same time, it also encourages many actions of collective interest, to the extent that digital platforms can be an effective tool to track achievement of the multitude of actions in favour of the community. The aim of this paper is to analyse how platform cooperativism could be a suitable way to carry out the improvement of social welfare in vulnerable districts. In order to enhance the renovation and improvement of neighbourhoods it is necessary an active participation by citizens and public administrations. In fact, a key element to obtain an increase of the quality of life is the implication of residents, who often propose the changes and renovation in their districts, with significant deficiencies of habitability and power consumption, accessibility problems and lack of services. There is a need to recover the consolidated city through urban rehabilitation and urban renovation. The urban renewal has a strong impact on Europe's economy and also on its citizens' quality of life because promote their social welfare. The Spanish urban planning tradition has been based mainly on the production of new city, disregarding the regeneration of consolidated city. Nowadays, Spanish government is concerned about an environment with derelict areas and substandard housing, and a largely obsolete housing stock. Therefore, current urban regulation encourages the urban renewal, the restructuring of building industry and the compliance with European legal requirements regarding sustainable development. In Spain, there are around 6 millions of houses that were built over 50 years ago. Therefore, it is especially necessary and suitable the option of promoting urban renewal and regeneration at different levels. Urban renewal projects are fairly complex to make because many actors are involved in these processes and as well as the activities that should be carried out. Therefore, the use of the new technologies can attract many people to actively participate in the urban regeneration projects design. These projects will improve the quality of life and welfare of citizens who live in deprived neighbourhoods. In this context, we carry out a theoretical revision of platform cooperativism, as well as the urban development regulation focused on urban rehabilitation, studying the economic players involved in the urban regeneration projects such us: owners individually or associated in community of house owners, building corporations, co-operatives, and public administration, in order to analyse the role played by each of them in the platform cooperativism. The community of house owners play a leading role in the processes of urban rehabilitation, they are principal actors because these processes have a direct effect on their lifes; not only from an economic point of view (costs that must be paid by individual citizens) and from a social point of view (improvements in the building made directly affects their quality of life). In this respect, a digital platform could be very useful in order to serve as link between all owners or all those affected by the processes and should provide information about the identified problems that need to be solved by urban rehabilitation. One of the key elements in urban renewal is the implication of the residents, who take part in the changes and improvements of their district. The cooperative initiatives produce cohesive urban neighbourhoods and they are associated with participatory planning approaches and collective action. The cooperative society contributes to social cohesion; therefore this could be the economic organization more suitable in order to develop the urban renewal. The urban rehabilitation cooperative and the use of digital technologies helps to improve the level of quality of life and social well-being for citizens under the principles of democratic participation of all residents, providing more transparency into the process and the published information, allowing members of the cooperative the supervision of the information deposited in the network. In this business model the cooperative takes control of urban rehabilitation in a digital environment, resulting in a benefit to all members involved not only for the cooperative, establishing a commitment to access to different scenarios where conflicts of interest are likely to arise. This platform focuses on creating discussion for successful decision making. The construction companies and the public administration are also an essential part of the cooperative platform. They are the services suppliers, providing valuable information that must be communicated on the platform, allowing it to make effective decisions for residents for the duration of urban regeneration-development works. The platform cooperativism in the processes of urban rehabilitation would benefit all members and not just few as in the "commercial" digital economy. Thus, the main conclusion of the paper is that the cooperative platform should facilitate public participation of the different actors involved in the urban regeneration such as: cooperatives, residents or public administration. This platform should speed up the decision-making process in a democratic and transparent environment, pursuing a common goal to improve the welfare of the citizens through the urban rehabilitation. Thus, cooperative platforms involve a technological, cultural, social and political changing that we have to explore, taking into account the physical condition of many buildings in Spain. Platform cooperativism could be the link between cooperative values and digital revolution, aimed at improving the social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, we present a historiographical analysis of the debates around the type of Judaism that existed in Europe in late antiquity. Secondly, we present some definitions on the approach that we consider appropriate with which to trace the history of late ancient European Jewish communities. The text is structured around the work of Erwin Goodenough, who early on called into question the traditional thesis that posited a rapid expansion of the rabbinic movement, both in Palestine and throughout the diaspora and, furthermore, asserted the persistence of an alternative Judaism – Hellenistic and mystical – right until the end of late antiquity. We also present other more recent interpretations in relation to the life of the Jews in late-ancient Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many largest cities in southern Europe, urban tourism, and particularly the touristification of their central urban areas, have emerged as key mitigation strategies to overcome the negative socioeconomic effects derived from the last financial and economic crisis. While an increasing number of authors suggest a clear interaction between tourist gentrification and commercial gentrification, little scholar attention has been paid to the growing interrelation between the economy of nightlife, urban tourism and their complex forms of simultaneous interaction as fundamental driving forces of change in central areas of European cities. This article will expose the different theoretical and methodological challenges that the touristification of nightlife in central urban areas entails for the study of the tourist city. This paper will also argue that the touristification of nightlife emerges as one of the most aggressive forms of material, symbolic and heritage dispossession of local communities in the central historic neighborhoods of many European cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specific rules concerning implementation of Value Added Tax in non-profit social economy organizations are a profoundly complex subject, bearing in mind the constant changes that have been made in terms of the Social Economy Act (Law 5/2011) and the recent and ongoing proposals of the European Commission's Green Paper on the future of VAT. This paper analyzes the current situation experienced by these entities, including the existing problems concerning their Value Added Tax treatment, and ends with the proposals made by both the European Commission and other stakeholders and how they affect the third sector in its VAT operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of who owns large companies and how they are organised is overdue in the study of Latin American elites, especially at transnational level. It is a limitation that has hampered debates on the emergence of transnational business elites in the region. This paper identifies the owners of the largest companies in Latin America and analyses the networks they form. The results reveal the formation of an interlocking ownership network between a small number of transnational owners, most of whom are financial corporations in the United States and Europe. These findings allow us to discuss regional integration and the dominance of economic models imported from those territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This text sets out a succinct overview of the sweep of the history of emotions and sentiments, from the decisive steps taken by Peter N. Stearns and Carol Z. Stearns in the 1980s up to some of the essential contributions made to the field by numerous academics from Latin America in subsequent moments. The fundamental goal of this exercise is to provide context for the contributions of the articles included in the current issue of Historia Crítica. Methodology: I will point out the main methods and approaches of numerous papers about the history of emotions and sentiments produced in North America and Europe. At the same time, I will inquire about the attention this field has received in Latin American historiography and present the articles of the dossier. Originality: The text condenses and compares a substantial set of historical viewpoints about emotions and sentiments, the pathways it opens to widening historical explanations and invites exploring them from Latinamerican historiography. Conclusions: The articles collected in this issue suggest the importance of continuing to move forward in the study of the history of emotions and sentiments in Latin America, given the authors of these texts prove that the weight of regimes and the signification of emotional experiences matter in the spectrum of causalities, in the decisions, and the agency of individuals and groups, in the formation of political loyalties, in power contests, in revolutions, and wars, in the representations of order and the manners in which to subvert it, but also in the elucidation of the deepest creases of the lives, feelings, and words of the societies of the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents provides an initial assessment of the benefits that can be obtained by applying thinking routines (Project Zero, Harvard University) in contexts of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), an approach to bilingual education that is now commonplace in Europe and that is gaining ground in other continents. The first part of the study provides a discussion of the theoretical compatibility of visible thinking -the larger conceptual framework which supports the routines- and CLIL, which has the student's cognitive engagement as one of its central methodological principles. In turn, the second part presents the result of a systematic application of the 7 introductory or core routines with preservice teacher trainees in Madrid (Spain) studying a university CLIL program, as well as some experiences of these routines with Elementary education students in three schools of the region. All these experiences attest to the significant benefits of using thinking routines in bilingual instruction, especially in what regards a greater student involvement than alternative practices, on the one hand, and the ability to provide extensive oral practice in question forming. However, a number of their limitations is also discussed, specifically in relation to their cognitive quality as well as their ability to generate situations of authentic communication in L2. Based on these preliminary findings, specific questions for future studies are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From ancient times, female models were constructed that classified women as "good" and "bad", considering how well they fit on the values socially legitimated. During the fifteenth century, debates about the role of women in society --querelles des femmes-- took place in Europe. There different authors took a position as "defenders" or "attackers". However, the proposed division in those debates, through which defense discourses for women were obtained, results to be apparent and responds better to a rhetoric necessity. The creation of legitimate defense is impossible due to the ideological presuppositions from which those discourses were developed. From this hypothesis, the paper proposes the analysis of some of these "female defenses" in Spain, both those constructed with rhetoric proposes (Triunfo de las donas) and those developed in the sentimental fiction of the fifteenth century (Grimalte y Gradissa and Grisel y Mirabella). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of rural space has been changing considerably in Europe since the mid-twentieth century. Due to that the integration of the rural in the global society has been neither simple nor homogeneous, which leads us to suggest that in each territory, rurality has been built from some heterogeneous territorial, cultural and productive bases. Therefore, there is no single rurality, in other words each territory has specific features that should be considered in social analyses. The aim of this paper is to establish a delimitation of the rural area in the province of Malaga using the factorial analysis technique. This analysis has been complemented by a cluster analysis and a non-systematic direct classification, which have both been compared. The final result has been to develop typologies based on the level of productive transformation and the dynamism of the municipalities of Malaga with less than 20000 inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the technological advance in electricity generation techniques and the prevailing need for sustainable development of countries, the massive use of alternative energies has been in force for the last 15 years, with clear goals towards 2020 for sustainable development. At the regulatory level, Colombia cannot be left behind in the regulation, and progress has already been made on the subject with law 1715 of 2014 and several decrees of incentives in the promotion of renewable energies. The objective of this paper is to show the state of the art on the way in which the net balance and residential energy self-consumption by DER is handled by several tax regulations in different countries of Europe; moreover, it will also go into detail about the advantages offered by using a selected methodology to consider fair charges of support for the use of the electrical network by generators distributed from photovoltaic solar energy, all this as a contribution to advances already made in this field. This is provided from a network planning approach, in which a long-term methodology is selected that efficiently integrates the distributed generation into the interconnected system and allows transition periods in its implementation to avoid disruption of network operators (ORs). Likewise, this analysis is supported by the simulated operation of a system with DER together with the changes in load flows due to decongestion and surplus injection that the electric system has in the scenario of massive use of these resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides some contributions (both methodological and empirical) by the photography in a sociological study on the urban art. It deals specifically with the graffiti and the street art. The central objective is to question how pertinent it is to use a photographic record as a tool for gathering information and carrying out a documentary analysis based on a dual action basis: on one hand, to highlight the methodological process in a research where the photograph is pivotal as a visual means, discussing critically on different views of the city. On the other hand, to provide examples on how the photography is relevant in the social universe under research, i.e., among the artists doing graffiti and street art. In these two cases, taking photographs of the works in the public space provides a double game: 1) as a tangible practice of legitimization and gaining prestige within a collective; and, 2) as a material proof for the recognition and appreciation of their artistic track record. The analytical framework includes to record in situ the produced images in different Latin American (Buenos Aires, Lima, Montevideo) and European cities (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Lisbon, Paris, Porto). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The friction that has occurred - and continues to occur - at some of the European Union's internal borders is a reflection of mechanisms for the delegation and transfer of immigration control between member states. This paper addresses these dynamics - defined as "internal externalisation" - through a comparative analysis of the specific management and legal regulation of France's border with Spain and Italy. These two borders are similar in many respects (being two mountain ranges) but are, at the same time, very different (in the geographical intensity of the controls and types of crossings). Comparing them could reveal the border control mechanisms that characterise the subordinate relationships between member states, and which represent true externalisation of the EU's internal borders. Some states are forced to take on the role of containment states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a relational analysis of populism. After placing the rise of contemporary European populism in the post-Cold War context, the static definition of populism as a "thin-centred" and restrictive ideology is exposed. A definition of populism as a process is used, in contrast with the tendency to apply static definitions. The figure of Pablo Iglesias is in this sense presented as an exemplary case that demonstrates the limitations of the use of these static definitions. The EU is also examined as a body that is spearheading the depoliticising processes that provoke the populist reaction - placing the focus on the "New Intergovernmentalism" to interpret the integration dilemmas - and the populist-technocratic and liberal-democratic dichotomies are addressed as historical endosymbioses. Finally, consideration is given to what should be done about the populist impasse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature maintains that not all populisms are equal. Some are seen as projects of regeneration or democratisation because they would incorporate an excluded people; others are movements that would weaken democracy by promoting exclusion (xenophobia and racism). The former is "left-wing populism" while the latter is "right-wing populism". This paper shows that what is central to populism is its model of democracy, not whether it is situated on the right or the left. To do this, an evaluation is made of the democratic balance of populisms in three countries in Europe (Austria, France and Hungary) and three in Latin America (Bolivia, Ecuador and Venezuela). As will be shown, those of the right have no more contributed to the destruction of democracy than those on the left may be presented as democratising successes; but all represent a profound challenge to liberal democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the extent to which students are able to assess their own learning and that of their peers (peer assessment and self-evaluation) through erubrica, standards and evaluation criteria proposed by the faculty in the configuration, design and development of project evaluation. This type of evaluation and self-assessment presumes in the New European space of Higher Education that students take a more active role in the learning process and the evaluation itself will serve in helping to achieve the knowledge of professional skills. Thus the use of new technologies in self-regulatory assessment processes allows the student to achieve an optimal, effective and quality performance in the proposed content, as much as in the development of them before the group, considering the act of evaluation as a process of improvement and learning through tools such as the erubrica that favor the "overall assessment"; that is, the assumption of all core competencies. This study has been carried out in the academic year 2011-2012, for two semesters with different core subjects (theory and child education policy and towards an inclusive school: patterns and practices) and with identical groups (Group 1, 1st degree of infant A as the experimental group; and Group 2, 1st degree of infant B, as the control group). This paper exposes the results of peer evaluation and self-evaluation through the implementation of projects, where students evaluate their peers and evaluate themselves by comparing the results with the assessment made by the teacher with their groups and each student individually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1980s a part of social researches has focused on structural transformations and social and subjective conditions of immigrant workers in Southern Europe agriculture (Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece). This paper is the result of a comparative analysis of these researches and it highlights the common aspects in the different territorial contexts, showing the main features of the labor and social condition of migrant workers. In conclusion, the paper recognizes that migrant labor has become the central element in the local agriculture, but this emergence has not been followed by a political and societal recognition and, so, migrant workers have remained at the margins of local policies and societies, constituting a new international proletariat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the differences in both access and use of information and communication technologies (ICT) by elderly women in the Europe of 28. An analysis of secondary sources based on Eurostat data is presented, which allows us to describe and compare the access and use of technologies among elderly women, with special attention to the differences between countries and their geographical location within Europe. The aim is to find out whether there are differences in access and use of ICTs according to age and gender, which could constitute a double vulnerability in the use of these technologies, and thus further increase the digital divide and contribute to greater social exclusion of elderly women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the following paper is to compare the impacts of the financial and economic crisis of 2008 and the following years to the European Union and Latin America. Afiera brief description of the origins and characteristics of the 2008 crisis, the article analyse its effects on the two regions, the implemented politics on both sides and its results. Based on the comparative evaluation of these answers, we deduce some lessons and formulate some recommendations which could contribute to reduce the probability that such crisis repeat in the future or make it at least easier to manage. From a theoretical point of view, we refer o the concepts of neo-realism, new-institutionalism, social-constructivism (norms, values, self-perception, discourse) and, taking on consideration the strong relationship between internal and external factors, "two level game". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic reflection on Islam in Europe began at the start of the 1980s as a phenomenon linked to the settlement of migrant populations. Profound transformations in terms both of the articulation of Muslim identities in Europe and the changes underway in the European national contexts of which the members of these groups form part mean new analytical approaches are required. This paper proposes a reading of the collective religious expressions of Muslims in Europe and the reactive scenarios arising in post-migratory terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the situation of the studies on Gender and Feminism that have developed in Spain with the inauguration of the European Higher Education Area as part of the implementation of the Bologna Plan. First, we will perform an analysis of the historical circumstances of the Spanish university and its territorial characteristics. The objective of the work is to make a conceptual map with the strengths and weaknesses of studies that the society has been demanding to develop the different Plans of Equality in the democratic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Higher Education regulation process in Europe, known as the Bologna Process, has involved many changes, mainly in relation to methodology and assessment. According to some authors, one of the terms that may characterise best this Higher Education framework is "modularization". This concept is linked to the new structure of the university studies which is precisely based on "modules". The paper given below is related to implementation of the new EU study plans into the Teacher Training University College of Vitoria-Gasteiz; it is the first interdisciplinary paper involving teaching staff and related to the Teaching Profession module, the first contained in the structure of the new plans. The coordination of teaching staff is one of the main lines of work in the Bologna Process, which is essential to develop the right skills and maximise the role of students as an active learning component. The use of active, interdisciplinary methodologies has opened up a new dimension in universities, requiring the elimination of the once componential, individual structure, making us look for new areas of exchange that enable students' training to be developed jointly. Among the conclusions it is highlighted the implementation of module which has had its difficulties to be carried out. Moreover, we show the principal valuations made by teaching staff and students about this first interdisciplinary experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Europe's migration policy reforms have been characterized by their opening towards immigration and mobility. Conversely, The United States of America has decided to create and establish migratory policies that endeavor free mobility reduction and the detention of migrant workers recruitment. Although, the immigration flows increase towards the European continent, as a result of political instability, human rights crisis and a series of humanitarian emergencies that plague the North African region, has led to a tightening in the control, repression and selective immigration policy in the European Union. In United States the severe and notorious legislative initiatives and Anti-Immigrant State Laws, which have been passed or discussed, have created an opposition and support atmosphere towards the pro-immigrant policies. This paper is a preliminary analysis on a change of perspective in the U.S. and Europe towards the migration policies, inspired by social and political events which affect these regions due to the political and humanitarian crisis in Europe and the anti-migrants legislative reforms in the U.S. This paper is based mainly on journalistic information gathering as a second research source and aims to be a starting point towards the current public migratory policies analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the principal concepts of social class, occupation, and social stratification, and their contribution to the analysis of the social determinants of health (SDH), and reviews empirical studies conducted in Latin America that use employment relations as an SDH. The review focuses on studies of the relationship between health and social class based on neo-Weberian or neo-Marxist perspectives. A search of the BIREME Virtual Health Library and the SciELO database found 28 articles meeting these characteristics. This relative dearth contrasts with the profusion of papers that use these approaches written in Europe and in the United States, with a long tradition in the analysis of SDH. In this regard, the political and programmatic implications of research on social class and employment relations are different from and complementary to studies of health gradients associated with income and education. Globalization of employment relations requires the development of new concepts to explain and measure the mechanisms of action of the SDH going beyond what is strictly labor related; in particular, the importance in the current Latin American reality of the impact of informal work on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically assesses the discourse that justifies the latest educational reforms in European and Spanish higher education. It is presented as a techno-scientific discourse that attempts to support one of the most important current practices of subjectivity -the educational one- using a particular definition of psychology that forget the fact of the irreducible plurality of psychological practices and knowledges. This paper aims thus to make a double critical assessment. On the one hand, about the rhetorical use of psycopedagogic knowledge as scientific (indisputable) support for the reforms. On the other hand, about the assumption that there is a well definite discipline (Psychology) which is unified, scientifically established and able to offer that support. The paper consider also the current socio-cultural scenario of globalization and neoliberalism as a context that makes sense, within the ideology of entrepreneurship, such use of Psychology as a scientific guarantor of education reform. Special emphasis is placed on the promotion of subjectivity linked to that ideology, which requires individuals gifted with flexibility, self-monitoring skills and full responsibility for their fate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results of a research project on relative social mobility patterns in Spain during the second half of the 20th century. The data were collected by the Spanish National Statistics Institute for the Survey of Incomes and Living Conditions (2005). This empirical material has not been used previously and it provides new data about the last decade of the 20th century. The social fluidity models created by Erikson and Goldthorpe in The Constant Flux (1992) have been applied. In short, this paper confirms that the rates of the social fluidity remain invariant during this period and that the patterns of core social fluidity for European countries closely match the Spanish case. Nevertheless, this mobility regime has certain particularities resulting from the characteristics of Spain's social and economic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the need to promote Educational Guidance for Family Life as a means to support families in developing a Positive Parenting role, as suggested by the Council of Europe (2006). This Recommendation is discussed in some detail and some measures that had been put into practice in Spain to support families under special circumstances are reviewed; in order to do so, Programme-Agreements which had been developed in recent years sponsored by both the central government and the Spanish Autonomous Cities and Communities are described. Moreover, other preventive and community measures focused on socio-educative support for all families through Positive Parenting Programmes are mentioned. This paper ends with some suggestions about actions which require a multidisciplinary, collaborative, network approach among the diverse social entities and institutions working in favour of families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to present the experience of co-development in Europe and particularly in Spain. It is focus on the governmental initiatives since the end of the 1990's decade, as a consequence of a massive reception of migrants. Co-development is the policy in which this paper is focused, from its former periods in France to the moment in which it has been considered in Spain. In order to show this evolution and its effectiveness I use the Mexican case, because it demonstrates that there is a feasible link between migration and development. However, this it is only possible if the initiatives are coming from the migrants and their communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal Law cannot be understood without a permanent reference to the Criminal Procedural System. At present, the system that best represents the dogmatism of Criminal Law (the German system), which greatly influences countries in the region, is gradually adopting institutes typical of common law. As a result, both the negotiation and the opportunity principles were introduced into the German and Portuguese criminal systems. This paper analyzes different methods of reaching a consensus: some of them include negotiation between the prosecutor and the accused (plea bargaining), in some others, the accused is allowed to participate in his/her own defense (conciliation or transaction), as well as those that allow the provisional suspension of the criminal process in exchange for suitable compensatory measures (compensation for damages). In addition, this paper favors a proposal which is more compatible with the governing principles of Material Criminal Law. The article's main objective is to compare the two most elaborate criminal systems in continental Europe in order to encourage discussions in relation to the procedural criminal system in Uruguay. This system, which will be explained in detail in the following pages, requires immediate substantial changes, given that it contains some observations regarding the principles and rights that should exist in the Criminal Process of a Democratic Rule of Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the revision of the journalistic coverage given to the conflict caused by the Argentine troops' occupation of the South Atlantic Islands, which ended in an army contend with England, by the two main Spanish newspapers: El Pais and ABC. The paper highlights the implication that this confrontation had for Spain that was at the height of its democratization process. Not only did Spain have a close link with Argentina but it had also experimented a similar conflict in the Rock of Gibraltar. Besides, by the time of the conflict, the Spanish government had started an approaching strategy towards Europe, and was facing one of the first demonstrations against its decision to join the of N.A.T.O. Furthermore, the Argentine dictatorship had become a subject of preferential attention and damnation as a consequence of charges raised against its continuous violations to human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into account the context of social and demographic processes related with the second demographic transition and postmodernization of family life in Europe, this paper deals with delayed childbearing in Spain. While delayed childbearing is usually defined as something «problematic» by mass media as much as by scientific literature, we support here a explicit gender approach which provides a very different image. The analysis is based on both, data from National Birth Statistics and a qualitative research. The paper provides threefold results: a) a social profile of women who have delayed childbearing until their late thirties or forties, b) regional diversity in Spain concerning this subject and c) mothers' and fathers' discourses about parenthood and life cycle in the region of Madrid. Delayed childbearing seems clearly linked with high qualification careers although gender discrimination persists given that women are still in charge of children caring tasks. Perception of delayed childbearing is nevertheless very positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has as its goal the measure of the accuracy of the pre-election surveys published in the Spanish media for the 2014 european Parliament, the regionals in the first half of 2015 and the locals in seven of the biggest Spanish cities. Starting with 120 analysed surveys, the aggregated distance model consists of the differences between predictions and actual results by every party and it develops an error coefficient that allows the measure and comparison of those predictions. Results are presented by election, communication group where predictions were published, research company producing them, political party and time distance to election day. Also it is analysed the existing relation between these and some other variables, such as sample size, and the error coefficient as dependent variable with the objective of knowing which are the most decisive factors affecting polls accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will analyse factors which, since the end of last century, have made interregional relations very important to understand the world geopolitical and economic order. Interregional relations are defined as those which pertain to relations between regions or between a given state and a given region, or within a megaregion. This evolution results from: the growing demand in the emerging economies and the interaction among them, a new framework of interregional economic relations, and the development of new commercial channels. Finally, this paper will introduce the different articled included in this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distinction between obligations of means and obligations of result is a matter of concern to European private law, as evidenced by the constant reference of this dichotomy in European academic texts. For this reason, this paper focuses on the study of the reception of this distinction by the Proposal for a Common European Sales Law (CESL). It is on that basis, this work assesses the general rule that the CESL Proposal applies to the subject, and compared it with the contributions on obligations of means and result of other harmonizing international initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the dynamics of the reconfiguration of Bolivian migratory fields in the context of the crisis affecting European destination countries. At a global level, we show how the 2008 worldwide economic crisis, and, in particular, its severity in Spain, has reoriented Bolivian migratory flows towards regional Latin American destinations: economies undergoing larger relative growth, such as Brazil and Chile, are newer destinations, while migration to Argentina has a long history. In a more qualitative approach, based on fieldwork interviews with Bolivian migrants in Spain, we explore the key factors that determine migratory strategies: whether to stay, return or re-emigrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays public policies are insufficiently ambitious in order to reverse the environmental damage generated by man. Most of the literature that analyses policy changes tends to explain the incentives but do not give clear explanations about the limitation factors. We develop in this paper a reflection on policy change from the notion of transaction costs. Following a review of the three main approaches --sustainable development, ecological modernization and democratization-- we expose ten theses on the role of transaction costs in the policy change from the case of the Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Sciences have often claimed the end of religiosity as an explanatory factor of electoral behaviour in Europe. Nevertheless, left and right parties still insert religious and moral issues in the agenda in order to distance themselves from their opponents. This paper shows a comparative study of 34 European democracies examining the extent to which religious voting has diminished since the eighties. Results point to a sharp decline in the levels of religious vote until the nineties, with a revitalization since then in some of the countries of the sample. The analysis also highlights the important role played by the political elite on the activation of religious vote. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metamorphosis of a human being into wolf appears in European textual tradition, as well as in the so called european «popular cultures». This paper covers different explanations for such transformation. We try to uncover the common structure that underlies both the folk tales and the treatment of the phenomenon in high culture. Galician werewolf is used as touchstone to assess the contribution of these explanations to the understanding of the phenomenon in a particular area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper entails an approach to the situation of the legal recognition of minorities in Europe, taking into account the legal structures that emerged after the Second World War. It reviews the development of this subject in the European system of human rights, focusing in particular on the European Court of Human Rights as well as on the activities of other European organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of European Higher Education Area (EHEA) has marked a turning point in the professional development of university teachers. The reflections raised in this paper tackled as much the positive and negative aspects arising in these two years, as the problems arisen when considered bureaucratic models commons to all the European Union to approach the learning and teaching process in a flexible and interpretative way, or initiation of the teachers in knowledge about the Didactics. These issues have meant a change in the professional work of teachers. This study approaches achievements and improvement options, focusing above all, on how to develop the teaching and learning processes, on the definition of the concepts of "information" and "knowledge", on how to develop metacognitive abilities in students or on how to guide the Bologna Process towards the new needs arising from a society in crisis. The main purpose is to evaluate the relevance of leading the University toward the knowledge society from Civic Humanism's perspective, understood as the most appropriate resource to tackle and redirect the models proposed by neoliberalism. The reflections of the authors try to provide a forum for reflection and discussion on the work that is currently doing: if the procedures are adequate and if they are managed based on skills; if the current conditions suggest us to change objectives and processes to develop the European Higher Education Area and, most significantly, harmonize the models proposed with pretended objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]