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Intermediaries are professionals who enable the effective right of access to justice for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, ensuring principles of equity, participation, accessibility and self-determination for them. This paper analyzes the presence and formative background of this figure from an international comparative perspective. Nowadays, we can find these professionals in the international law across different countries: some Nordic countries, United Kingdom, Israel, Azerbaijan, Taiwan, South Africa, Kenya, Canada, part of the USA, Mexico and Chile, Australia and New Zealand. In Spain, intermediaries are considered in the latest reform of the civil and procedural legislation (Law 8/2021, June the 2nd). This paper analyzes the formative background of this figure from an international comparative perspective. We find both formal and non-formal education in the background of these professionals. There is no doubt their profile must adjust to the needs of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and the contexts that require the facilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the question regarding the crisis of the effectiveness of human and fundamental rights. This is a challenge that requires commitment, vigilance, shared liability. Rights are an indispensable tool for expressing the value of dignity that is linked to vulnerability as a common human condition. Rights are a type of social practice aimed at their implementation and concretization. It is made up of principles, rules, institutions, procedures, attitudes, acts of interpretation. This practice plays an important role in countering and eliminating the situations that produce violations concerning the subjects in their multiple differences and specific existences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper includes some reflections on the challenges for rights deriving from populism, technology and geopolitics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attemps to analyze the consequences of the ethics of care in legal-political sphere. The proposals of a theory of moral development condition not only the individual but also his or her position in the framework of institutions and the international community. The paper first analyzes the contribution of the ethics of care and the differences with respect to the ethics of justice; it then focuses on the analysis of the field of institutions and international law, concluding with a snapshot of the current situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the relationship between youth and politics in Argentina by analyzing the characteristics, meanings and tensions that have shaped the production of youth and their political rights during recent years. Qualitative methods were used in this investigation. Documentary sources are analyzed regarding two legislative proposals: the so-called "youth vote" law passed in 2012, which enabled optional voting from the age of 16, and a National Youth Law, which was approved only by the lower chamber in 2015 and then lost its parliamentary status. The paper addresses main issues on the field of youth studies: tensions and modalities on the production of youth, the legitimization of certain forms of youth participation and the conceptions of youth in the public debates regarding these two legislative initiatives. The study provided an important opportunity to advance in the understanding -based on the analysis of the Argentine case-, of a process that is characterized, on one hand, by a context were youth political mobilization had an impact on the perceptions of Latin American governments who implemented policies for the extension of rights. On the other hand, by a set of initiatives that placed youth issues on the public agenda from a rights-based perspective. Additionally, it also offers important insights to the study of changes and continuities after governmental change in 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from a decision of the Plenary Assembly of the Italian Council of State (no. 6/2020), this paper aims at offering some brief general reflections with reference to access to administrative judicial protection of the environment as a typical super-individual interest, also with a view to safeguarding the interests of future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish legal discussion on the rights of transgender people and the possible collision with other legally protected interests has been fuelled by the recent approval, by the Council of Ministers, of the draft Law for the real and effective equality of transgender people and for the guarantee of the rights of LGTBI people. In this context, this paper sets out to find out what the legal reality of trans people is beyond our borders, specifically, within the Inter-American Human Rights System, with the main aim of finding tools and interpretative keys which, from the legislation and legal conflicts of the countries analysed, provide lessons for the Spanish legal debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of these introductory remarks is to offer the frame of the monographic revision about the rights of the elderly population, which you will have the opportunity to read in this paper. There are two previous points we must take into account. First, that elder population has been permanently increasing all along last century. Moreover, according with the demographic previsions this tendency will persist within the next decades. Second, that we are talking about a colective that must be considered victime of this new form of agression named ageism. In addition to stereotypes and preiuices, age discrimination is an extended and badly recognized phenomenon. Elder rights have been emphasized by supranational institutions, like United Nations or the World Health Organization, through calls and oficial declarations along last years. In Spain many institutions and particular groups add its voices fighting for a better health and social education, that arrives to all members of our society, starting from all potential victims, until administrative rulemakers. who are the ones who make the norms that regulates our living in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to review the feminist movement, thought and politics that have taken great strength among Latin American women, mainly young women, who have taken to the streets raising their voices to view the violence they suffer daily in all public and private Spaces in which they operate. This chronology seeks to give an account of how feminist theorizations have influenced the consolidation of an explanatory baggage about women's reality. A look at what happened in Mexico with feminism is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the conflictive forms that the expansion of the citizenship acquired during the emergence of the Peronism, in the provincial context of La Rioja. From this point of view, we start from the considerations about the democratization of the social welfare, wich gave the framework of the forms of socio-political representation of the mentioned stage. In this respect, we try to advance in the subjective reception of the Peronist discursivity, through the recovery of letters written by persons that reveal social conflicts. In order to accomplish that, we focus on the reflection on the ways in which the social order during the Peronism was constituted. On the oher hand, we recognize the emergency conditions of the new rights from the expression of social conflicts, which show the limit of what is represented [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic, and especially its social and economic consequences, in addition to those already suffered by the 2008 financial crisis, warn us of the need to revise some of the paradigms of the constitutional State. Specifically, this paper raises the need to overcome a subject-of-rights model based on the male reference and the public (male)/ private (female) division. Unlike the liberal model, the starting point should be the vulnerability of the human being and its inevitable indepedence, as well as the relational character of autonomy. These budgets would in turn lead us to overcome the liberal theory of rights and the concept of citizenship linked to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to analyze the studies conducted on people with disability under the approaches of rights and capabilities considering those aspects interesting in the public health field, such as the inequality, social justice, social determining factors, and well-being of collective groups. A narrative review of the both national and international literature concerning the disability was carried out under both the right approach and the capability approach. Searches were carried out based on keywords in Spanish, English and Portuguese. The quest for information provided 32 documents in total; regarding the approaches under study, 16 papers dealt with rights and disability, 11 papers with capabilities and disability, and 5 papers with both approaches. It can be concluded that the approaches of rights and capabilities have a dichotomous and non-linear relation. Regarding the disability, these two approaches indeed complement each other from their different fields, especially when it comes to cope with the barriers existing between people with disability in the spheres of education, employment and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents arguments against the maintenance of one of the most recognized procedural rules in tax law: solve et repete or prepayment. So, the objective is to make a critical assessment of the different theses defended by the doctrine to justify this economic requirement in the tax landscape, reflecting on its inadequacies. In parallel, it emphasizes the need for each State to guarantee, when instituting the powers and prerogatives of the Tax Administration, that they do not violate the unrestricted respect for, assurance, and defense of the taxpayers' rights, in as much the rights are established within the constitutional limits and purposes of state power and the jurisdictions of rulers and government agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Inclusiva Sí, Especial También" is an organization made up of people and institutions grouped in response to a climate of opinion auspicious to a foreseeable closure of Special Education Centers in Spain, generated in turn by different official bodies (United Nations, Spanish Government, Political Parties, Third Sector). This paper makes an approach to the behavior and interactivity of promoters and followers of the initiative "Inclusiva Sí, Especial También" in the social network Twitter, taking as reference the publications generated around the demonstration gathered on February 23, 2019 in Valladolid (Spain) against the closing of the Special Education Centers. The qualitative analysis of the Tweets shows two main plot categories and a common narrative strategy of the agents and actors in action on Twitter. The structural tensions accumulated in the long and unfinished process of inclusion of people with disabilities in the mainstream education system, has crystallized into a movement of resistance in front of the fear of losing segregated services, as the only source of specialized support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the whole corpus of Mary Wollstonecraft's writings, this paper focuses on her view of rights, seen as moral claims and rhetoric tools. Firstly, it is argued that, in the author's perspective, their technical and judicial dimension is peripheral, where "rights" are human features within a religious conception of life. Secondly, some consequent aspects are analysed, such as the rights' effectiveness, their nature, their content and their entitlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective is to analyze the importance of governance app. roach in order to reduce the violation of human rights of migrants under the Mexican immigration and security policies. The main contribution of this paper is to promote a model of governance for results that can guide effective implementation of the current Mexican immigration policy, particularly with regard to the Special Program for Migration (PEM, 2014-2018). The paper starts the premise that there is a limited app. roach of governance for results in Mexican migration policy and therefore, has not been reduced the insecurity and violence that affect the human rights of migrants in Mexico and particularly in the northern border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specialized doctrine in the country has deeply studied several of the rights recognized in our legal system; however, the development of the principles which render viable the exercise of such rights, remains limited. This work, precisely, aims to examine the so-called principles of application of the rights, in order to properly understand the purpose and usefulness in the current constitutional model. Within the Ecuadorian Constitution, these principles were foreseen as guiding and transversal postulates destined to create the conditions necessary policy and interpretation, for which the rights are fully exercised and, if applicable, protected and repaired. Through this essay, the content and scope of all the principles of application of the rights recognized in the Ecuadorian Constitution will be analyzed, from a doctrinal and jurisprudential perspective, which is evidenced by the manner in which they have been designed from the academic forum and in the practice of the courts. This paper will initially examine, on a general overview, the legal principles and the particular application principles, in order to subsequently address each of the postulates included on the 11th article of the Constitution. Its study will allow to have a general prospect that, in no way, tries to exhaust the debate nor to impose the content of each principle, but to reflect on its conceptualization from a particular doctrinal and jurisprudential sector's perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is intended to assess how the rights of indigenous peoples (particularly those deemed to be structural to their worldview) are affected, limited, cut back or transformed as a consequence of indigenous migratory processes. It also seeks to provide an overview of how indigenous culture and identity are globally modulated as a result of the above. Indigenous rights, solidly rooted in their territory, become mobile rights due to migration. The hypothesis here is that the violence systematically exerted on indigenous peoples in their ancestral territories (the epicenter of their worldview and identity) compels them to migrate, to become mobile and to move away from those territories. In parallel, it will be suggested that an indigenous migration policy is necessary to address such double indigenous and migrant status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Argentina, 13% of the population has some type of disability, a condition that implies inequalities in the social participation of this group. The current regulatory framework is advanced in this area, although it does not generate actions aimed at changing behavior and better living conditions for these people (Acuña and Bulit Goñi, 2010; REDI et al., 2012). The State controls and disciplines the access of people to production, consumption and citizenship systems. From this point of view, disability is defined from the exclusion of the productive system and from the expulsion of certain corporalities from the production of goods and services (Oliver, 1998). This way of socially constructing the opportunities of material and symbolic access for people with disabilities, excluded from the world of work, implies the construction of their dependence and the increase in the need for care. Hence the aim of this paper is to reconstruct public policies on disability by analyzing their main laws and the living conditions of these people. To this end, we consulted: specific regulations, specialized literature and quantitative data from different secondary sources available in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFREU) has acquired an unquestionable relevance in its material scope. The Luxembourg Court, as ultimate interpreter of the Charter, intervenes to define the extent of its precepts, establishing a European standard of protection of fundamental rights. This paper describes this evolution, taking into consideration the most relevant resolutions from the Luxembourg Court on the art. 47 CFREU, which establishes the right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the engagement of community communication initiatives and their constitutive organizations in the regulatory process of di-gitization at different countries like Brazil and Spain. It is a comparative case study between these two countries, their differences and similarities of their political and cultural aspects that need to be highlighted: they're at different moments of the transition to the digitalization of TV transmission; they have different structure and involvement from constituted organizations of community communication initiatives and have different and complex governments in regard to the proximity of community communication questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the construction of citizenship and democracy in the cities of Eldorado in Culiacán municipality and Juan José Ríos in the Guasave municipality. In the processes, the following elements are present: the different social culture identities that it has built the citizens of rural communities and citizens who reside in main town of the municipality, feeling of injustice generated in largely of citizens by deficient municipality public service; and struggle for the extension and political rights. Analyzing the information provided by the social actors who have participated in these lawsuits is complemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a critical reflection on the experience of the youth condition and the school citizenship by means of three major axes concerning citizenship. First, it addresses the citizenship issue from the rights and the effective social insertion forms that the have adolescents in the society. Second, the citizenship theme is approached from the effective skills that the youth have in order to be actors in the society and to generate transformations in it. Lastly, based on a more normative perspective, considerations on the possible exercise and formation of the adolescent citizenship in the school are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the construction of citizenship and democracy in the cities of Eldorado in Culiacán municipality and Juan José Ríos in the Guasave municipality. In the processes, the following elements are present: the different social culture identities that it has built the citizens of rural communities and citizens who reside in main town of the municipality, feeling of injustice generated in largely of citizens by deficient municipality public service; and struggle for the extension and political rights. Analyzing the information provided by the social actors who have participated in these lawsuits is complemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic Law 10/2011 of 27 July amending Articles 31a and 59a of the Organic Law 4/2000 of 11 January, on Rights and Freedoms of Foreigners in Spain and their Social Integration (LO 10/2011, 4/2000), is a step forward in the consolidation of citizenship rights of foreign women in an irregular situation, victims of gender violence in intimate relationships or former partner. This paper aims to make a differentiated analysis between the current and previous Law regulating the legal status of these women, as well as exposing the rights that have been granted by various existing laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will show how the tendency to a bigger growth of capital than the one of the overall economy has generated an excessive inequity. I will also show how this is linked to a regression in the welfare state and the transformation of the citizen into a producer of goods and a consumer. I will try to show that this situation contradicts the principles of protection of the social and economic minimal conditions stated by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and how international capitals influence political decisions and how it helps to transform the traditional concepts of sovereignty and citizenship. It is then evident that it is necessary to make political decisions to impose taxes to capital in particular to the international one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussion relates to the right to choose death with dignity and the prohibition imposed by law to receive help to exercise that prerogative, a matter of free choice and ethical-juridical restrictions, often frequent with respect to those involved in the suffering caused by terminal illness, but it has also been presented in the case of detainees in Mexican prisons. This circumstance results in a paradoxical dilemma created by illegitimate rules: die with dignity or live without dignity in abject humiliation? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Article 3 of Law 99/1993, future generations (FG) in Colombia are treated as persons with rights and obligations. This is because Colombian law and most international environmental treaties ratified by the country indicate future generations are entitled to inherit from the present generation "natural resources and an environment in conditions that allow them to satisfy the basic necessities of life". Viewed from this perspective, the issue is whether future generations are recognized in Colombian law as persons with rights and obligations? Do they have a legal personality? This paper attempts to answer those questions based on a review of the concepts of person and legal personality found in the framework of the Colombian Civil Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussion about whom and when rights are included in democracies, is an unresolved issue. Those who defend that the legislature should be the one guaranteeing these rights, argue on behalf of the popular origin of the parliament and the functions that the constitution grants; in the other side, the current detractors base their reviews on the fact that the legislature, by nature and origin, is linked to the public opinion which makes difficult for it to break off the trial of majorities, that sometimes goes against unrepresented minorities. Colombia, thanks to the judgment C-577 of 2011-in which the Constitutional Court ruled on the constitutionality of two expressions of the marriage contract-renewed interest in the rights of LGBTI (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual/gender, and Intersexual) couples. While the Court recognized the discrimination hidden in the existence of an alternative way to shelter marital unions in this community, the problem is not solved, yet. Therefore, the Court called for the legislator to regulate the mater in a two year term, by the establishment of an equivalent possibility for LGBTI couples; otherwise, these couples will be able to go before a notary or a judge to formalize their union by a solemn contract. This article presumes that the legislature is the one in charge of the inclusion of the LGBTI community, and for this particular case, through the recognition of the right of these couples to join in marriage and form a family. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate the elements that an inclusive legislation on the rights of LGBTI people requires, claiming the figure of the Parliament and its role within the Colombian democratic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the language of rights under first Peronism, and to do that it has a twofold objective. In the first instance, it aims to account for the rupture that the Peronist government (1946-1955) brought about in respect to rights discourse. As it will be argued, during those years the declaration and institutionalization of new social rights, not only expanded material and symbolic benefits for workers, but it also bring into play a new language that questioned the meanings and uses around rights that had prevailed in the political imaginary during the first decades of modern Argentina. The new language and its new uses and disuses had significant effects at the level of addressees of new rights. The second purpose of this article is then to analyze this subjective process of autonomous and complex aspects that took place at the level of the discursive reception. Peronism motivated a subject of rights that even if it subjected itself to the rights already obtained, it also demanded and forced the limits of the already consecrated and institutionalized rights, claiming for those still to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I try to reconstruct the arguments developed by Fichte in his work Foundations of Natural Right (1796/1797), in order to support the necessity of a recognition of capabilites and rights by the other, so that the self can constitute itself as self-consciousness. I also take into account the criticisms the fichtean theory has received by many contemporary interpreters, testing its consistency in the light of these arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Recognition of Rights and Capabilities in Fichte's Theory of Natural Right". In this paper I try to reconstruct the arguments developed by Fichte in his work Foundations of Natural Right (1796/1797), in order to support the necessity of a recognition of capabilites and rights by the other, so that the self can constitute itself as self-consciousness. I also take into account the criticisms the fichtean theory has received by many contemporary interpreters, testing its consistency in the light of these arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to point out that the notion of sexual and reproductive rights was set up exclusively for the body of bio-women, excluding gay, lesbian, bisexual, transsexual, transgender and intersex people of their dogmatic formulation. From the critical analysis of Beatriz Preciado, this paper seeks to show how subversive reappropriation sexual technology provides each individual the autonomy to manage the transformation of his own body according to gender identity freely want to redo. In this context, recognition of sexual and reproductive rights satisfies the desire for recognition of those precarious subjectivities that have been excluded from the scope of protection law. To resist state violence deprives nonnormative gender of their human rights, it requires a political struggle based on equality that enables certain of lives that are worth living and worthy of being mourned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper deals with the opinions of practitioners working in the field of health care, education and law in the city of San Luis on homosexual parenting, and its possible effects in the psychological development of children adopted by homosexual couples. A descriptive-exploratory study was conducted with the aim of making a preliminary approach to this issue, which made it possible to establish the common-sense knowledge referred to above. The sample was composed of 21 individuals, five pediatricians, five lawyers, five teachers and six psychologists. The purpose of this presentation is to communicate the results obtained in one of the four dimensions of the analysis. Said results were obtained before the implementation of the Egalitarian Marriage Act. The results obtained in relation to this dimension reveal that almost all homosexual couples should have the same rights as any other citizen, except that to forming a family by adopting a child. It is important to note that, when answering to the questions; many professionals did not know whether to adhere to the principles of their profession, or to their personal opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper proposes to examine the relationship between citizenship and social rights, which some authors call social citizenship. Some objections made to social rights are reviewed; the dependency on social rights relating to citizenship is discussed and questioned, and it is assumed that they should be recognized as belonging to any person regardless of having citizenship or not. [TRANSLATION]

This paper analyses the importance of the Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America which recognizes the right of the people to keep and bear arms, taking into account the newest Case law on this matter and the role that the Gun lobby is performing for guaranteeing the protection of such right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to come back to the concept of human dignity, in order to understand the significant role it has played in the context of various bioethical approaches. From a critical perspective, the notion of dignity will be shown not to end on the human dimension, not to be exhausted in it, and not to belong exclusively to it. This text is made up of two sections and an epilogue: the first section points to the place the concept of human dignity occupies in the national and international legislation concerning bioethics, while the second one discusses a general characterization of the concept of human dignity from two sources and its relation to the notion of individual. As a conclusion, the epilogue presents several insights and quests on the concept of human dignity in the context of bioethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with some of the results of a research work developed in the School of Social Working (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba) between the years 1998 and 2003. The whole target population of the study belongs to the city of Córdoba. In 1998, we developed a cualitative research study that focused on people of 18 to 25 years old. This study was triangulated with a cuantitative research work in 1999. During the years 2000 and 2001, the same study was directed to adults between 45 and 65 years old. The 2001 events made us to focus on some aspects that become relevant when analysing the last-years Argentinean context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Venezuela the taxation culture is just an incipient possibility on the horizon of the citizen-State relationship. Based on the 1999 Constitution, what are the derived orientations and expectations in the promotion of this culture? In this paper, Articles of the 1999 Constitution regarding citizen rights and duties are examined. Results and comparisons are presented in three tables. Data is shown in both absolute and proportional terms, along with qualitative analysis and interpretations of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]