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The study analyses the creation of the Juzgado de Indias and the problems that arise between the first Official of the new institution, Francisco de Vera, and the Cabildo of La Palma, despite the determination with which the local government defended the establishment of the institution on the island, because it was the monopolistic control of commercial traffic between Canary Islands and America. For this work, we use as primary sources the Acts of the Cabildo de La Palma between 1559 and 1599 and the royal papers included in the Archivo General de Indias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the implementation of a motion detector system for traffic control's smart cameras on embedded devices that can be used in multiple application fields. The proposed system detects moving areas in video sequences, thus reducing the processing time of video analysis algorithms by selecting regions of interest. As part of this work, three motion detection modules, and auxiliary blocks, were developed based on the bio-inspired elementary motion detector presented by Reichardt & Hassenstein. These motion detection modules have been incorporated in the portfolio of modules in the XIL XSGImgLib video and image processing library, which aims to speed-up and ease visual image processing applications over Xilinx FPGAs and SoC FPGAs. To test the detectors, a spatio-temporal motion detection application has been implemented on a Spartan-6 LX45 FPGA using video sequences from a vehicular traffic control point, showing execution time improvements on the elementary motion detector block compared with similar developments reported in the consulted literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of reducing road traffic accidents and increasing road safety makes it necessary to raise awareness, particularly in young people, about related risks of the drugs and driving relationship. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the implementation of a prevention program to change young people's attitudes towards drugs and driving, in addition to investigating the relationship between risk perception of drugs use and driving depending on sex variable. A cross-sectional and quasi-experimental study was carried out with a sample of 3,299 young people from Salamanca province. The result reveals a change in beliefs and drugs representation and risk perception in young people linked to the influence of different substances on driving, showing significant sex differences in people's risk perceptions due to the drugs and driving relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic accidents are commonly analyzed considering three main factors: driver’s behavior, car’s conditions, and the roads conditions. An exploration of the relations among business productivity and traffic accidents is made, considering also the influence of traffic authorities. A simulation model based on System dynamics was developed to explore the specific relations among the behavior of drivers and the working pressure of their jobs, and the traffic controls made by government authorities. The analysis considers that an improvement in productivity and a fewer, but more intense traffic controls, is a valid strategy to reduce accidents in roads. The model is a useful tool that can be applied in the design of public policies for road safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet routing is based on the destination address and a shortest path algorithm, this leads to some links are congested because the same paths are selected for many communications. On the other hand, constraint based algorithms select the path based on a set of requirements that allows choosing the most optimal path for a specific set of constraints, solving the problem of the shortest path routing and providing additional benefits such as support QoS and traffic engineering. In the literature, it has been shown that the processes with traffic engineering objectives are NP-hard, and for quality of service are NP-complete, it allows making heuristic algorithms proposals because this is an open issue. Therefore, this article provides an overview of the constraint based algorithms proposed as a solution to the problem of conventional Internet routing in the last 15 years. This study has been organized into three categories according to the goals for each proposal. These categories were targeted in Internet current issues that are Traffic Engineering and Quality of Service support. A brief description of each algorithm is presented, highlighting their objectives and constraints. It is very important to highlight that to propose solutions to these issues remains a challenge and is an open issue, for this reason to have a knowledge of the taxonomy of these algorithms and objectives allows us to propose new alternatives to routing for next generation networks, with new demands on their services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities across the world are constantly growing, and the traffic infrastructure of many of them starts to reach its maximum capacity. Different points of these cities are negatively affected by the vast amount of vehicles that try to access congested zones, and that oftenly makes finding an on-street parking spot where to park a car a difficult task. In this context the ParkIt project is developed, which is a platform that offers real-time information about on-street parking availability. This platform optimises the use of free parking spots, and reduces the incurred delays while in search of them. By knowing the location of available parking spots, users of this platform find themselves less times looking for a parking spot, contributing to reduce traffic in up to 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities across the world are constantly growing, and the traffic infrastructure of many of them starts to reach its maximum capacity. Different points of these cities are negatively affected by the vast amount of vehicles that try to access congested zones, and that oftenly makes finding an on-street parking spot where to park a car a difficult task. In this context the ParkIt project is developed, which is a platform that offers real-time information about on-street parking availability. This platform optimises the use of free parking spots, and reduces the incurred delays while in search of them. By knowing the location of available parking spots, users of this platform find themselves less times looking for a parking spot, contributing to reduce traffic in up to 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the criticism received over recent years, frequently without any technical foundation, suburban roundabouts have, in the opinion of the author of this article, resolved numerous traffic problems and have become incorporated within the regional road network and improved road safety. Suburban roundabouts continue to be a good solution to the problems encountered at the meeting points between regional roads, when taking the road to be a means and not an end that only considers transport as its reason for being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Traffic and Urban Mobility System (Sistema de Información de Tráfico y Movilidad Urbana - SITYMUR) is a tool used to collect positional data from circulating agents on the roads, in order to generate traffic and mobility information in near real time. This issue raises important technological challenges concerning communications, data processing and publication of the results. This article describes these challenges and discusses the effectiveness of solutions proposed by showing a number of traffic and speed results for Bogotá as well as suggesting possible alternatives for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article shows the results of the evaluation of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) as a technology for the transfer of multicast traffic (sending data from one source to several users) through the use of signaling protocols such as RSVP-TE. To identify the advantages of such an implementation, the setup in this work is compared to a multicast IP network based on the PIMDM protocol. Simulations were carried out using software packages such as OPNET and GNS-3. It was found that MPLS+RSVP-TE offers greater advantages over other architectures. Some of these advantages include quicker link-failure response, shorter delays and less jitter, and also the possibility to reserve bandwidth for priority traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the study of non binary Petri nets, its components, ability to model discrete event systems and especially the feasibility and limitations for its programming by using programmable logic controllers (PLCs). A comparison between binary Petri nets and non-binary is made, finding primarily 2 differences: the number of tokens in the states and the weight of the arcs that affect the evolution of the marking. Thus, a method for implementing non-binary on this language is proposed. This methodology is applied to control traffic systems, taking into account the number of vehicles that wait for 2-way cross, to change the time in green and red in every stoplight and optimize the traffic on the intersection. At the end, the results of the obtained simulation in Ladder language are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic engineering is an important process for the evaluation and performance in the optimization of operational IP networks. This article provides a rigorous study of several recommendations made by the IETF and other approaches proposed by researchers in the last decade; they are related to specify and support the process of Internet traffic engineering. This study provides a contextualization of a traffic engineering system, the taxonomy and several problems that have been studied in order to improve performance in these networks. This information will be a valuable input to generate a new proposal in order to support Internet traffic engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different strategies for urban traffic control have been presented over time. This paper presents the design of a vehicular traffic model, examining the existing traffic through a serie of traffic lights on a road. From this model the times of duration and phase of the traffic lights are synchronized, using the Adaptive Network Based Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS). The model is simulated and the results are evaluated at macroscopic level with the fixed time model, currently operating in Bogota-Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence or absence of the necessary road sections with visibility distance passing on a two-lane road, affects the quality of traffic flow as it affects the capacity, the level of service, accident and operating speed. Therefore, it is very important that a two-lane road has sections with passing sight distance, equally important is also the formula that indicates how many running meters are needed to perform the maneuver safely and the procedure to be performed to the geometric design planes to the determine the road sections in which there is this distance. In considering the formulations that calculate this distance, there are many variables, of which it is necessary to emphasize on some variables and let other variables fixed, taking conditions in which there is no influence of these. That is why data were taken from the maneuver in which a car passing another car, how many seconds of data used by drivers to overtake in places where other variables such as the slope of the road are not of great importance, because very small. It also discusses Colombian regulations related to the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present partial results from two Multicentric Studies on sociocultural and demographic aspects of traffic accidents in Argentina, conducted between 2004 and 2008 with financial support from the Ministry of Health. This paper focuses on the relationships between gender dimensions and driving habitus that emerged from 92 indepth interviews applied to an intentional sample of male and female non-professional car drivers in the Buenos Aires City. Qualitative analysis was performed following the interpretive paradigm. Grounded Theory procedures were applied and constant comparison was used for the discovery and construction of categories. We were able to identify the presence of the male domination phenomenon in the habitus and doxa (Bourdieu) of different categories of car drivers. Criticisms of feminine driving styles and discriminatory attitudes against female drivers were found in the dominant discourses of young males and of females of all ages. Different interviewed women value the male pragmatism in driving; while mature women consider it as a \"natural\" masculine attribute, young women adopt it in their own driving practices as a mean to avoid gender stigmatization. However, such a pragmatism is opposed to traffic legal rules and due respect towards other people in the public space and, as long as young women take masculine driving style as their model, the risk of traffic injuries would surely increase. Policies aimed at improving road safety should emphasize the kind of positive values of responsible driving that we discovered in the sub-dominant (feminine, mature) discourses that reminded us Gilligan's concept of the ethics of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The count of vehicles is a key task in traffic gauging, as it provides information for designing new roads, and for the control and optimization of urban traffic. Nowadays in cities like Bogota, vehicle counting is done manually, but it can also be done automatically using computer vision techniques. This article presents the development of an algorithm for detecting and tracking vehicles in real time from video. The algorithm allows to count vehicles on the road and to estimate traffic volume or average speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current mobility conditions in Colombia give place to questions about the suitability of the traffic control strategies applied on the Colombian urban networks. Therefore, a review of the control strategies and simulation platforms used in Colombia and around the world is shown. This is done to characterize the level of development of the country, in terms of research and implementation of such control strategies and, furthermore, to formulate proposals oriented towards the improvement of the Colombian urban mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of a fee to manage mobility is widely used by many governments to mitigate the social costs. These costs occur when the demand exceed the road capacity. Moreover, in order to reduce congestion, the fee can generate revenues for strengthening public transport, create infrastructure and implement innovations that improve the mobility of the inhabitants. This article aims to identify the different theoretical, technological and practical aspects also including the opponents of this policy that implies the adoption of this type of solutions to manage the mobility problems in congested urban roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey was conducted for analyzing "pico and placa" measure in Medellin city, using Stated Preference Methods which involve a range of techniques dealing with creation of individual responses about preferences in several transportation means. Laureles neighborhood was the area chosen for conducting the DPM study, since it is one of the areas having the biggest amount of vehicles in the city, so it makes a big contribution to general traffic congestion. It was found that private drivers are not in agreement with "pico y placa" measure, but chaotic traffic in the city is improved with its application. They would rather prefer to share a vehicle with other person (48%) since a private vehicle is a much more comfortable transportation mean. Then they would choose buses (37%), since it is a good service, but lack of safety is a negative factor. 9% would travel to their place of destination in a taxi, since it is a comfortable and safe means; and remaining 6% would use either taxi or metro, though it involves a mandatory transfer when destination is a long distance away. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of dual carriage ways circulation, is of great importance becauses it is the base of possible geometric or operative treatments appliances to the solution of problems due to fundamentally by the increase of traffic flows. The procedures used have been updated in the last years using evaluative parameters of efficiency that demonstrate better the drivers perception of comfort in circulation. Here we show the results obtained when these procedures are applied and compared with those obtained by the present Cubans standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we describe the implementation of a single-route city-bus timetabling LP model proposed by Riaño [15]. The aforementioned model considers stochastic issues like travel time and demand. A simulation model is also described, which was used to compare results from this model with others proposed in the literature. Preliminar results are promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]