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This paper focuses on analyzing the use of the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive -ra/-se in the Spanish spoken in Lima from a variational perspective. From a sample of university speakers of three age groups (young, adults and older), it is proposed to determine if -ra is displacing -se, for which it will be analyzed if the election of one or another variant is conditioned by age. It is concluded that the use of -ra exceeds that of -se in the sample studied. Likewise, it is found that while young people prefer more -ra than adults and older people, the later ones use more -se, which con- firms that one form is displacing the other in the Spanish of Lima. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

De Saussure's idea that phonological systems are based on distinctive oppositions crystalizes in the work of Jakobson and his collaborators with the "dichotomous scale" of distinctive features. For these scholars, the way a language works, as well as the way it is acquired and lost, depends on the hierarchical organization of the distinctive features. The work of Dresher and his collaborators recovers the importance of this fundamental conception of phonological systems, with the name "contrastive hierarchy". In this paper, I show that the acquisition of the Spanish vocalic system by Quechua speakers and of the Quechua vocalic system by Spanish speakers amounts to the acquisition of L2 oppositions on the basis of L1 oppositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]