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Trout production in Peru has export potential. However, there are no fry available to maintain production throughout the year and there is also a lack of egg production at certain times of the year. Therefore, the alternative is to cryopreserve semen for the non-reproductive season. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of freezing temperature on the quality of rainbow trout semen. The semen of 12 reproductive males was collected in the facilities of the Chucuito Research and Production Center of the National University of the Altiplano of Puno, which underwent a macroscopic, microscopic pre and post thaw seminal evaluation and the fertility rate was measured. Due to the effect of three freezing temperatures (-80 °C, -100 °C, -120 °C), cryopreservation had a decline curve of -20 °C / min. The fresh seminal parameters were similar to those reported by other researchers. While freezing had unfavorable effects on semen quality, the best results for activation time (51.33 sec) and vitality (35.33%) were obtained with -100 °C, but the higher motility was obtained with -120 °C (36.33%). Regarding fertility, the higher rate was obtained with -100 °C (70.97%), followed by -80 °C and -120 °C in which 68.86% and 64.34% were obtained, respectively. In conclusion, the results suggest that the tolerable freezing temperature of rainbow trout semen is around -100 °C, which is shown as a favorable alternative for the reproductive management of rainbow trout under natural hypobaric conditions of the Peruvian highlands

Diabetes mellitus is the main cause of progression of chronic kidney disease and dialysis. The therapeutic intervention considers an HbA1C level that avoids adverse effects associated with hypoglycemic therapy, as occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease, despite not reaching normoglycemia. The present case describes an intervention based on Lifestyle Medicine in a patient with diabetic nephropathy and chronic kidney disease, whose biomarkers showed improvement in kidney damage due to reduction of proteinuria or reduction of HbA1C, LDL and triglycerides in its metabolic control. The intervention with lifestyle medicine requires a multidisciplinary approach and the time of intervention does not discriminate a degree of chronic kidney disease that limits its intervention La diabetes mellitus es la principal causa de progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica y diálisis. La intervención terapéutica considera un nivel de HbA1C que evite efectos adversos asociados a la terapia hipoglicemiante como ocurre en el paciente con enfermedad renal crónica, pese a no se alcance la normoglicemia. El presente caso describe una intervención basada en Medicina de Estilos de Vida en un paciente con nefropatía diabética y enfermedad renal crónica, cuyos biomarcadores mostraron mejoría en daño renal por reducción de la proteinuria o reducción de HbA1C, LDL y triglicéridos en su control metabólico. La intervención con medicina de estilos de vida requiere un enfoque multidisciplinario y su momento de intervención no discrimina un grado de enfermedad renal crónica que limite su intervención.

This work aimed to investigate the genetic polymorphism of Aquaporin 7 (AQP7) gene and its association with the in-vivo fertility of Egyptian buffalo bulls. A total of 188 fresh semen ejaculates were collected from 47 buffalo bulls and subjected to semen evaluation. The bulls were grouped according to in-vivo fertility relying on sire conception rate (SCR) into high (SCR>50%, n=41) and low (SCR

Background: Topiroxostat, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) was shown to reduce urinary albumin excretion of hyperuricemic patients with chronic kidney disease. However, its pharmacological mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we examined the effects of topiroxostat on glomerular podocytes. Podocyte is characterized by foot process and a unique cell-cell junction slit diaphragm functioning as a final barrier to prevent proteinuria. Methods: The effects of topiroxostat on the expressions of podocyte functional molecules were analysed in db/db mice, a diabetic nephropathy model, anti-nephrin antibody-induced rat podocyte injury model and cultured podocytes treated with adriamycin. Results: Topiroxostat treatment ameliorated albuminuria in db/db mice. The expression of desmin, a podocyte injury marker was increased, and nephrin and podocin, key molecules of slit diaphragm, and podoplanin, an essential molecule in maintaining foot process were downregulated in db/db mice. Topiroxostat treatment prevented the alterations in the expressions of these molecules in db/db mice. XOR activity in kidney was increased in rats with anti-nephrin antibody-induced podocyte injury. Topiroxostat treatment reduced XOR activity and restored the decreased expression of nephrin, podocin and podoplanin in the podocyte injury. Furthermore, topiroxostat enhanced the expression of podoplanin in injured human cultured podocytes. Conclusions: Podocyte injury was evident in db/db mice. Topiroxostat ameliorated albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy model by preventing podocyte injury. Increase of XOR activity in kidney contributes to development of podocyte injury caused by stimulation to slit diaphragm. Topiroxostat has an effect to stabilize slit diaphragm and foot processes by inhibiting the reduction of nephrin, podocin and podoplanin. Resumen: Antecedentes: El topiroxostat, un inhibidor de la xantina oxidorreductasa (XOR), mostró reducir la excreción de albúmina en la orina de pacientes hiperuricémicos con enfermedad renal crónica. Sin embargo, su mecanismo farmacológico no se conoce con exactitud. En este estudio examinamos los efectos del topiroxostat en los podocitos glomerulares. El podocito se caracteriza por unas prolongaciones en forma de pie y un diafragma de hendidura de unión célula-célula único que funciona como barrera final en la prevención de la proteinuria. Métodos: Se analizaron los efectos del topiroxostat en las expresiones de las moléculas funcionales de los podocitos en ratones db/db, en un modelo de nefropatía diabética, en un modelo de lesión podocitaria inducida por anticuerpos antinefrina en ratas y en podocitos cultivados tratados con adriamicina. Resultados: El tratamiento con topiroxostat mejoró la albuminuria en ratones db/db. La expresión de la desmina, un marcador de lesión podocitaria, estaba aumentada, y la nefrina y la podocina, moléculas clave del diafragma de hendidura, y la podoplanina, una molécula esencial en el mantenimiento de las prolongaciones en forma de pie, estaban atenuadas en los ratones db/db. El tratamiento con topiroxostat evitó alteraciones en las expresiones de estas moléculas en los ratones db/db. La actividad de la XOR en el riñón se incrementó en ratas con lesión podocitaria inducida por anticuerpos antinefrina. El tratamiento con topiroxostat redujo la actividad de la XOR y restauró la disminución de la expresión de nefrina, podocina y podoplanina en la lesión podocitaria. Además, el topiroxostat aumentó la expresión de podoplanina en podocitos humanos cultivados lesionados. Conclusiones: La lesión podocitaria era evidente en ratones db/db. El topiroxostat mejoró la albuminuria en el modelo de nefropatía diabética al prevenir la lesión podocitaria. El aumento de la actividad de la XOR en el riñón contribuye al desarrollo de la lesión podocitaria causada por la estimulación del diafragma de hendidura. El topiroxostat tiene un efecto de estabilización del diafragma de hendidura y de las prolongaciones en forma de pie al inhibir la reducción de nefrina, podocina y podoplanina.

In the perioperative setting, acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication. By itself, the presence of AKI is associated with adverse outcomes, such as increased risk of chronic kidney disease and mortality. Several risk factors are associated with the appearance of perioperative AKI and identifying them is crucial to initiate renal protective measures. Some renoprotective strategies have been shown to be helpful, others are still under investigation, and others are no longer recommended because they are ineffective or even harmful. The lack of efficacy of these therapies could be due to the fact that the therapy was started too late. The new renal biomarkers allow the identification of kidney damage without loss of function, thus allowing the implementation of preventive measures. The purpose of this review is to present an updated summary of the current evidence about the risk factors and mechanisms that lead to the appearance of AKI in the perioperative and the intensive care unit, as well as the different renoprotective strategies and treatments., En el contexto perioperatorio, el daño renal agudo (acute renal injury o AKI) es una complicación frecuente. Por sí mismo, la presencia de AKI se asocia con resultados adversos, tales como mayor riesgo de enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y de mortalidad. Varios factores de riesgo están asociados con la aparición de AKI perioperatorio e identificarlos es crucial para iniciar medidas de protección renal. Algunas estrategias renoprotectoras han demostrado ser útiles, otras se encuentran aún en investigación y otras ya no se recomiendan porque son ineficaces o incluso dañinas. La falta de eficacia de estas terapias podría deberse al hecho de que la terapia se inició demasiado tarde. Los nuevos biomarcadores renales permiten identificar el daño renal sin pérdida de función permitiendo así la implementación de medidas preventivas. El propósito de esta revisión es mostrar un resumen actualizado de la evidencia actual acerca de los factores de riesgo y los mecanismos que nos conducen a la aparición de AKI perioperatorio y en unidad de cuidados críticos así como las diferentes estrategias y tratamientos renoprotectores.

The aim of this study was to determine the morphological and morphometric characteristics of guinea pig sperm (Cavia porcellus), using an image analysis system. Semen from collected from five type 1 guinea pigs, four months old (1.19 ± 0.15 kg) by electroejaculation method, between 3 and 5 times for each animal, making a total of 22 adequate collections. The volume, pH, sperm concentration, total motility and percentage of live sperm were determined. The samples for the analysis of sperm morphology and morphometry were stained with Spermac® and analyzed using the Motic Image Plus® software. The morphology was analyzed according to the dynamics of its acrosomal reaction, distinguishing 4 classes. The length, width, area, perimeter, ellipticity, elongation, regularity and rugosity of the head of the guinea pig sperm were determined, as well as the midpiece length and the tail of the spermatozoa. Guinea pig sperm morphology was analyzed with a complete random design, and the morphometric parameters by random blocks, using Duncan's test to compare means in both cases. In relation to morphology, significant differences (P

The objective of the study was to evaluate the reproductive condition of mestizo bulls in the dry tropics under extensive exploitation conditions, analyzing semen quality and other reproductive characteristics associated with fertility. The research was carried out in the months of September to October 2018, in the Rocafuerte canton, located in the dry tropical zone of the Manabí province, Ecuador. The scrotal circumference and sperm quality of 60 crossbred bulls of different breeds and ages were evaluated under natural mating conditions and without sexual rest before the examination. Semen samples were obtained by electro-ejaculation, with minimal impact on bull welfare. The mean scrotal circumference was 33.1 cm, with a range of 28 to 39.5 cm. It was found that 75% of the bulls are suitable for natural mating due to the concentration of sperm from good to very good and their morphology. In addition, 68.33% presented a sperm concentration higher than the standard, it was established that the bulls are being used for mating at a ratio of 5%, without taking into account the service capacity. Therefore, it is important to apply andrological examination as a predictor of the bull/cow relationship in natural mating and to rule out bulls with subfertility problems, thus improving the reproductive efficiency of the stallion, having a great socioeconomic impact on the livestock sector of the region. Ecuadorian coastal region. Keywords: Andrology; Scrotal circumference; Sperm concentration; Sperm morphology; Bovine semen, El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la condición reproductiva de los toros mestizos en el trópico seco en condiciones de explotación extensiva, analizando la calidad del semen y otras características reproductivas asociadas a la fertilidad. La investigación se realizó en los meses de septiembre a octubre del 2018, en el cantón Rocafuerte, ubicado en la zona tropical seca de la provincia Manabí, Ecuador. Se evaluaron la circunferencia escrotal y calidad espermática de 60 toros mestizos de diferentes cruces raciales y edades, bajo condiciones de monta natural y sin reposo sexual antes del examen. Las muestras de semen se obtuvieron mediante electro eyaculación, con el mínimo impacto sobre el bienestar de los toros. La circunferencia escrotal media fue de 33,1 cm, con un rango de 28 a 39,5 cm. Se encontró que el 75 % de toros son aptos para monta natural por la concentración de espermas de buena a muy buena y, la morfología de los mismos. Además, el 68,33 % presentó una concentración espermática superior al estándar, se pudo establecer que los toros están siendo utilizados para la monta a una relación del 5 %, sin tener en cuenta la capacidad de servicio. Por lo que es importante la aplicación del examen andrológico como un predictor de la relación toro/vaca en monta natural y descartar los toros con problemas de subfertilidad, mejorando así la eficiencia reproductiva del semental, teniendo un gran impacto socioeconómico en el sector ganadero de la región del Litoral ecuatoriano. Palabras clave: Andrología; Circunferencia escrotal; Concentración espermática; Morfología espermática; Semen bovino

The transport conditions of the cumulus-oocyte complex (COC's) for embryo production can affect the embryo competence. Therefore, the development of a portable system could allow the transport of recovered COC's efficiently, consequently, achieving the successful conservation of their quality. The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of two transport conditions of cumulus-oocyte complex for 6h on the in vitro production of blastocysts in cattle. Treatment 1 was directly matured in M-IVM in a conventional incubator. Treatment 2 and 3 were transported in M-Wash in an oocyte transporter a and M-IVM in a portable incubator, respectively for 6 hours and then, were transferred in M-IVM to complete 24 hours of maturation. They were evaluated; cleavage (IVC day 2), morulae (IVC day 4) and blastocysts rate (IVC day 7), development speed and embryonic quality (IVC day 7). The blastocyst rate from three treatments, are no significant differences (p> 0.05) between the two transport conditions (27.2 and 28.1%). Furthermore, the quality and development speed were not affected by the transport conditions. In conclusion, the two conditions, transport of the cumulus oocyte complex during 6h did not affect the viability of the oocyte observed in the cleavage rate and blastocyst rate.

The aim of this study was to monitor body weight and testicular development from weaning to one year of age, as well as to determine the relationship between body weight, scrotal circumference and sperm quality of Nubor crossbred goats. Body weight and scrotal circumference measurements were made from weaning (3 months) every 30 days until 12 months of age. After 12 months, the evaluation of sperm quality (ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and total sperm) began. Body weight was 24 ± 2.45 kg and scrotal circumference was 18.6 ± 1.14 cm at weaning and 60.3 ± 7.80 kg and 28.3 ± 1.56 cm at 12 months, respectively, indicating a positive linear relationship between age and weight, and a polynomial relationship. second degree between weight and scrotal circumference. A positive and strong correlation was found between scrotal circumference with weight (r = 0.89) and with sperm concentration (0.84), but not significant with ejaculate volume., El trabajo tuvo como objetivo realizar un seguimiento del peso corporal y desarrollo testicular desde el destete hasta el año de edad, así como determinar la relación entre peso corporal, circunferencia escrotal y calidad espermática de caprinos cruce Nubor. Se realizaron mediciones de peso corporal y circunferencia escrotal a partir del destete (3 meses) cada 30 días hasta los 12 meses de edad. A partir de los 12 meses se inició la evaluación de la calidad espermática (volumen de eyaculado, concentración espermática y espermatozoides totales). Al destete el peso fue de 24 ± 2.45 kg y la circunferencia escrotal de 18.6 ± 1.14 cm y a los 12 meses fue de 60.3 ± 7.80 kg y 28.3 ± 1.56 cm, respectivamente, indicando una relación lineal positiva entre edad y peso, y una relación polinómica de segundo grado entre peso y circunferencia escrotal. Se encontró una correlación positiva y fuerte entre circunferencia escrotal con peso (r = 0.89) y con concentración espermática (0.84), pero no significativa con el volumen de eyaculado.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing polychaetes on the reproductive performance of female Cryphiops caementarius shrimp during successive spawning. The shrimp came from the Pativilca river (Peru). The maturation system consisted of nine fiberglass tanks (100 L), each with six individual culture containers. The treatments were: basal diet, diet based on fresh polychaetes and basal diet supplemented with polychaete meal. The polychaetes (Neanthes succinea, Halosydna brevisetosa and Nereis pelagica) came from a mollusk culture system. The experiment lasted 90 days. Females fed fresh polychaetes and the basal diet supplemented with polychaete meal matured in 17.16 and 19.61 days, respectively (p, El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de dietas con poliquetos en el desempeño reproductivo de hembras del camarón Cryphiops caementarius durante desoves sucesivos. Los camarones procedieron del río Pativilca (Perú). El sistema de maduración consistió en nueve tanques de fibra de vidrio (100 L), cada uno con seis recipientes de cultivo individual. Los tratamientos fueron: dieta basal, dieta a base de poliquetos frescos y dieta basal suplementada con harina de poliquetos. Los poliquetos (Neanthes succinea, Halosydna brevisetosa y Nereis pelagica) procedieron de un sistema de cultivo de moluscos. El experimento duró 90 días. Las hembras alimentadas con poliquetos frescos y con la dieta basal suplementada con harina de poliquetos maduraron en 17.16 y 19.61 días, respectivamente (p

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the frame rate on different depths of the sperm counting chamber in boar semen and to analyse the distribution of sperm in the longitudinal fields of the counting chamber. A semen sample was collected from ten 2–3-year-old Pietrain boars. Eight sperm kinetic parameters were determined using the CASA (Computer-assisted semen analysis) -Mot (ISAS®v1) system. ISAS®D4C cameras with depths of 10, 16 and 20 μm were used at an image capture rate of 25, 40 and 60 frames per second (fps). Chamber depth affected the sperm kinetic variables, obtaining higher values at 20 µm. The frame rate (FR) presented a positive relationship with the kinetic parameters, obtaining higher values at 60 fps, except for the amplitude of the lateral displacement of the head (ALH), which presented opposite values. The variable most sensitive to the change in FR was the curvilinear velocity (VCL), where the best level was observed with 80 fps. A progressive decrease in kinematic patterns was observed as sperm advanced through the fields of the chambers. It is concluded that the use of different counting chambers and the increase in the total number of fps generates significant changes in the estimation of sperm kinetics parameters in the boar., El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de la tasa de fotogramas sobre diferentes profundidades de cámara de recuento espermático en semen de verraco y analizar la distribución de los espermatozoides en los campos longitudinales de la cámara de conteo. Se colectó una muestra de semen a 10 verracos Pietrain de 2-3 años. Se determinaron ocho parámetros de cinética espermática mediante el sistema CASA (Computer-assisted semen analysis)-Mot (ISAS®v1). Se utilizaron cámaras ISAS®D4C con profundidades de 10, 16 y 20 μm a una frecuencia de captura de imagen de 25, 40 y 60 fotogramas por segundo (fps). La profundidad de cámara afectó las variables de cinética espermática, obteniéndose valores más altos a 20 µm. La tasa de fotogramas (FR) presentó una relación positiva con los parámetros de cinética obteniéndose valores más altos a 60 fps, excepto para la amplitud del desplazamiento lateral de la cabeza (ALH) que presentó un comportamiento inverso. La variable más sensible al cambio en FR fue la velocidad curvilínea (VCL), donde el mejor nivel se observó con 80 fps. Se observó una disminución progresiva en los patrones cinemáticos conforme los espermatozoides avanzaban por los campos de las cámaras. Se concluye que el uso de diferentes cámaras de recuento y el incremento en el número total de fps genera cambios significativos en la estimación de parámetros de cinética espermática en el verraco.

Association between chronic kidney disease and pregnancy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the seminal characteristics of boars housed in a controlled environment system in tropical dry forest in a commercial pig farm located in the state of Zulia, Venezuela. In total, 6154 seminal evaluations (volume, total sperm, concentration, motility and number of doses per ejaculate) of 95 boars from the Topigs® commercial line were analysed from September 2006 to July 2010. The boars were housed in a controlled environmental system of hygrothermal comfort (Chore.Time. 2529,676; model 8-B1.5). Average values of 253.2 ± 57.0 ml were observed for seminal volume, 3.59 ± 0.2 for progressive individual motility, 322.1x106 ± 98.2 spermatozoa/ml for sperm concentration, 81.2x109 ± 26.1 total spermatozoa per ejaculate and a production of 27.0 ± 8.7 semen doses for ejaculate. Better seminal production was obtained in January and February and lower values in November and December. There is a highly significant effect (p0.05). The controlled environment housing system does not prevent the notable variation of ejaculates within and between the months evaluated., El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las características seminales de verracos alojados en un sistema de ambiente controlado en bosque seco tropical en una granja porcina comercial ubicada en el estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se analizaron 6154 evaluaciones seminales (volumen, espermatozoides totales, concentración, motilidad y número de dosis por eyaculado) de 95 verracos de la línea comercial Topigs®, desde septiembre de 2006 hasta julio de 2010. Los verracos se encontraban alojados en un sistema de ambiente controlado de confort higrotérmico (Chore.Time. 2529,676; modelo 8-B1.5). Se observaron valores promedios de 253.2 ± 57.0 ml para volumen seminal, 3.59 ± 0.2 de motilidad individual progresiva, 322.1x106 ± 98.2 espermatozoides/ml para la concentración espermática, 81.2x109 ± 26.1 espermatozoides totales por eyaculado y una producción de 27.0 ± 8.7 dosis seminales por cada eyaculado. Se obtuvo mejor producción seminal en enero y febrero y menores valores en noviembre y diciembre. Existe un efecto altamente significativo (p0.05). El sistema de alojamiento de ambiente controlado no evita la notable variación de eyaculados dentro y entre los meses evaluados.

Kidney disease is a global public health problem that affects more than 750 million persons worldwide. The burden of kidney disease varies substantially across the world, as does its detection and treatment. Although the magnitude and impact of kidney disease is better defined in developed countries, emerging evidence suggests that developing countries have a similar or even greater kidney disease burden. In many settings, rates of kidney disease and the provision of its care are defined by socioeconomic, cultural, and political factors, leading to significant disparities in disease burden, even in developed countries. These disparities exist across the spectrum of kidney disease-from preventive efforts to curb development of acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD), to screening for kidney disease among persons at high risk, to access to subspecialty care and treatment of kidney failure with renal replacement therapy (RRT). World Kidney Day 2019 offers an opportunity to raise awareness of kidney disease and highlight disparities in its burden and current state of global capacity for prevention and management. In this editorial, we highlight these disparities and emphasize the role of public policies and organizational structures in addressing them. We outline opportunities to improve our understanding of disparities in kidney disease, the best ways for them to be addressed, and how to streamline efforts toward achieving kidney health equity across the globe.

Vulvar fibroadenoma is extremely rare. It presents as a unilateral mass of variable size, asymptomatic and occasionally associated to other vulvar and extra-vulvar lesions. There is a great controversy about their origin. These lesions need a histo-pathological exam to reach a concluding diagnosis. Its behavior is similar to the breast tumor. Its removal generally has a good prognosis and there is rarely a relapse. This is a case of a 26 year old woman who was histo-pathologically diagnosed a vulvar tumor. A surgical removal was performed.

GBMs (glioblastomas), or grade IV astrocytomas/gliomas, are the most frequent and aggressive brain tumours, whose diagnosis and treatment is still inefficient. RTKs (receptor tyrosine-kinases), mainly EGFR, and their downstream pathways are altered in almost 90% GBMs. RTKs, are relevant for the regulation of GBM tumourigenesis and dissemination and for GSCs (GBM stem cells), a GBM subpopulation that display stem-like and GBM-initiating properties. Dissemination is also linked to GBM aggressiveness. EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition)-like processes would facilitate the acquisition of a more mesenchymal and invasive phenotype. Both, stemness and disseminative capacity have been associated to GBM recurrence and therapy resistance...

The aim of this study was to determine the existence of sperm subpopulations according to the morphometry of llama sperm, using a CASA-Morph system. Semen was collected from four 4-6-year-old Q'ara llamas by electroejaculation four times per animal, at one week intervals. The volume, total motility, sperm concentration, percentage of live sperm and percentage of sperm with acrosomal reaction were determined. The morphometric parameters of the sperm were evaluated using the CASA-Morph, Integrated Semen Analysis System (ISAS®v1). The length, width, area, perimeter, ellipticity, elongation, regularity and rugosity of the llama sperm head were determined, as well as the width, area, and distance and angle of insertion of the midpiece of the spermatozoa. The morphometric variables were distributed in five main components (PCA) called elongation, length, circularity, width of the midpiece and insertion of the midpiece, which explained 81.6% of the total variance. The cluster analysis determined four subpopulations (SP): SP1 grouped small cells with low elongation and ellipticity (36.8%); SP2, spermatozoa of intermediate size, both in length and width of the head (9.9%); SP3 of elongated cells with low head and midpiece width values (33.0%); and SP4 of sperm with a high midpiece width (20.2%). Significant differences were found for intra- and inter-animal subpopulations., El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la existencia de subpoblaciones espermáticas según la morfometría de los espermatozoides de llama, utilizando un sistema CASA-Morph. Se colectó semen de cuatro llamas Q’ara de 4-6 años mediante el método de electroeyaculación en cuatro oportunidades por animal, con intervalos de una semana. Se determinó el volumen, movilidad total, concentración de espermatozoides, porcentaje de espermatozoides vivos y porcentaje de espermatozoides con reacción acrosomal. Los parámetros morfométricos de los espermatozoides se evaluaron utilizando el sistema CASA-Morph, Integrated Semen Analysis System (ISAS®v1). Se determinó la longitud, anchura, área, perímetro, elipticidad, elongación, regularidad y rugosidad de la cabeza del espermatozoide de llama, así como la anchura, área, distancia y ángulo de inserción de la pieza intermedia del espermatozoide. Las variables morfométricas se distribuyeron en cinco componentes principales (PCA) denominados elongación, longitud, circularidad, anchura de la pieza intermedia e inserción de la pieza intermedia, que explicaron un 81.6% de la varianza total. El análisis de clústeres determinó cuatro subpoblaciones (SP): SP1 agrupó células pequeñas con baja elongación y elipticidad (36.8%); SP2 de espermas de tamaño intermedio, tanto en la longitud y anchura de la cabeza (9.9%); SP3 de células alargadas con valores bajos de anchura de la cabeza y pieza intermedia (33.0%); y SP4 de espermatozoides con una anchura de la pieza intermedia alta (20.2%). Se hallaron diferencias significativas de subpoblaciones intra e inter animal.

The aim of this study was to analyse the DNA fragmentation in alpaca spermatozoa recovered from the vas deferens deviation (VDD), as well as those collected by electroejaculation (EE) and by post-copula (PC). The sperm was collected from three males per method and three times per animal. Volume, motility, concentration, vitality, functionality of the spermatic membrane and sperm DNA fragmentation index were evaluated. Microscopic variables were evaluated with the Integrated Semen Analysis System - ISAS®; the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) was determined by the chromatin dispersion method (VDD). The DFI data was analysed using a completely randomized block design. An DFI of 36.44 ± 22.50% was found in the VDD method and 13.65 ± 18.98% and 8.42 ± 10.28% for sperm collected by EE and PC, the latter two being superior (p, El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la fragmentación del ADN espermático en espermatozoides de alpaca recuperados de la desviación de los conductos deferentes (DCD), así como de los colectados por electroeyaculación (EE) y mediante poscópula (PC). El semen fue colectado de tres machos por método en tres oportunidades por animal. Se evaluó el volumen, movilidad, concentración, vitalidad, funcionalidad de la membrana espermática e índice de fragmentación de ADN espermático. Las variables microscópicas se evaluaron con el Integrated Semen Analysis System - ISAS®; el índice de fragmentación de ADN espermático (IFAE) se determinó por el método de la dispersión de la cromatina (SCD). Los datos del IFAE fueron analizados mediante un diseño de bloques completamente al azar. Se encontró un IFAE de 36.44 ± 22.50% en el método de DCD y de 13.65 ± 18.98% y 8.42 ± 10.28% para espermatozoides colectados por EE y PC, siendo estos dos últimos superiores (p

Todd's paralysis preceded by a typical absence crisis, case report

Introduction: The physiology of the urinary tract achieves the elimination of toxic substances from the organism, particularly in the kidneys. There are several molecules and proteins wich participate in the kidney function. Among others, this organ has to transport water and glucose and it have specific proteins that make it possible. Fourteen aquaporins (AQPs) have been described until now, distributed in different parts of the organism. Some of them (1,2,3,4,6,7 and 11 AQPs) are differentially expressed along the kidney and are highly relevant for the water transport across the renal tubules. Particularly, AQP2 is located on the collecting duct where the urine will be diluted or concentrated because of the function of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The ADH link up with its specific receptor in principal cells, triggers the trafficking of AQP2 to the apical membrane to permit the water passage. Also, in this tubs there is glucose exchange, to do that there are glucose transporters (GLUTs). Specifically, GLUT4 have been determinate in glomerulus, proximal and collector tubule. This kind of transporter have been studied in insulin sensitive organs but is not clear how it is working in kidney. The high consumption of sugared drinks have been associated with metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus that is linked to renal failure. Objective: To determine whether the consumption of sugared water during pregnancy and lactation, alters the expression of AQP2 and GLUT4 in the kidney of adult male offspring. Material and Methods: We used female rats that were mated and divided in a control group fed with standard diet and tap water, and the experimental group fed with standard diet and 5% sucrose diluted in tap water (sugared water). At weaning, two male rats were randomly selected per litter; one of them had free access to simple water while the other had free access to the sugared water. The male rats were sacrificed at four months old and the expression of AQP2 and GLUT4 in the left kidney was analyzed by Immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results: Opposite the group that consumed plain water during the experiment with the group that consumed sugared water during pregnancy, lactation and postnatal life, preliminary results show an overexpression of AQP2 and GLUT4 in the last group. It seems that the consumption of sugared water, even in low concentration, modifies the renal expression of AQP2 and GLUT4. Conclusions: Present finding encourage to a further regionalization of the AQP2 and GLUT4 expression in kidneys. In doing this, we advanced in the knowledge of renal outcomes associated to the intake of sugared beverages. Keywords: Prenatal malnutrition, postnatal malnutrition, AQP2 and GLUT4 expression, male adult rats

El empoderamiento de la mujer en las zonas rurales de Ghana, Grado en Publicidad y Relaciones Públicas

Background: Finerenone, a nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, reduced albuminuria in short-term trials involving patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes. However, its long-term effects on kidney and cardiovascular outcomes are unknown. Methods: In this double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 5734 patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes in a 1:1 ratio to receive finerenone or placebo. Eligible patients had a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of 30 to less than 300, an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 25 to less than 60 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area, and diabetic retinopathy, or they had a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio of 300 to 5000 and an eGFR of 25 to less than 75 ml per minute per 1.73 m2. All the patients were treated with renin-angiotensin system blockade that had been adjusted before randomization to the maximum dose on the manufacturer's label that did not cause unacceptable side effects. The primary composite outcome, assessed in a time-to-event analysis, was kidney failure, a sustained decrease of at least 40% in the eGFR from baseline, or death from renal causes. The key secondary composite outcome, also assessed in a time-to-event analysis, was death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Results: During a median follow-up of 2.6 years, a primary outcome event occurred in 504 of 2833 patients (17.8%) in the finerenone group and 600 of 2841 patients (21.1%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73 to 0.93; P = 0.001). A key secondary outcome event occurred in 367 patients (13.0%) and 420 patients (14.8%) in the respective groups (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.03). Overall, the frequency of adverse events was similar in the two groups. The incidence of hyperkalemia-related discontinuation of the trial regimen was higher with finerenone than with placebo (2.3% and 0.9%, respectively). Conclusions: In patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes, treatment with finerenone resulted in lower risks of CKD progression and cardiovascular events than placebo. Bayer; FIDELIO-DKD ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02540993. 91.253 JCR (2020) Q1, 1/167 Medicine, General & Internal 19.889 SJR (2020) Q1, 3/2447 Medicine (miscellaneous) No data IDR 2020 UEM

Sheep are highly adequate models for human renal diseases because of their many similarities in the histology and physiology of kidney and pathogenesis of kidney diseases. However, the lack of a simple method to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) limits its use as a model of renal diseases. Hence, we aimed to develop a simple method to measure GFR based on the plasma clearance of iohexol by assessing different pharmacokinetic models: (a) CL2: two-compartment (samples from 15 to 420 min, reference method), (b) CL1: one-compartment (samples from 60 to 420 min), (c) CLlf: CL1 adjusted by a correction formula and (d) SM: simplified CL2 (15 to 300 min). Specific statistics of agreement were used to test the models against CL2. The agreement between CL1 and CL2 was low, but both CL1f and SM showed excellent agreement with CL2, as indicated by a total deviation index of ~5&ndash, 6%, a concordance correlation of 0.98&ndash, 0.99% and a coverage probability of 99&ndash, 100%, respectively. Hence, the SM approach is preferable due to a reduced number of samples and shorter duration of the procedure, two points that improve animal management and welfare.

Kidney disease caused by diabetes is a microvascular compli- cation in which hemodynamic, metabolic changes, oxidative stress and inflammation increase occur in the kidneys. This determines an increase of the mesangial extracellular matrix, basement membrane thickness, loss of podocyte foot and tubu- lar cells disruption with fibrosis and proteinuria. The increase of receptors SGLT-1 and SGLT-2 expression, with the resulting and marked reduction of Na+ offer to the macula densa is wrongly construed as a reduction of plasmatic volume by the yuxta-glo- merular complex through the “tubuloglomerular feedback”, ge- nerating vasodilation of the afferent arterioles and the resulting increase in intraglomerular pressure. This changes the classical glomerular concept, interpreting that there may be an initial le- sion at the tubular level.

In the last years new observations arise that allowed to unders- tand that the clinical course of kidney disease caused by diabetes might be different from the traditional description. One of the first current concepts is the recommendation of replacing the term micro and macroalbuminuria by albuminuria, which is classified according to its severity in stages A1, A2 and A3. The detection of albuminuria as single marker of kidney disease does not seem to be sufficient for the early diagnosis, it is also necessary the monitoring of the renal function using estimating equations of the glomerular filtration (GF). The strict monitoring of glycemia, blood pressure (BP) and the use of IECA or ARA II continue being the fundamental treatment of albuminuria. For glycemia monitoring, it may be convenient to consider the additional benefits of anti- diabetic drugs. Nephrology referral should be considered according to the stage of albuminuria and GF deterioration.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is classified according to the cause, the stage of glomerular filtration and albuminuria. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) according to the classification of glomerular filtration (GF) and the quantification of albuminuria. The kidney disease (KD) is defined with GF ≤60 mil/min, whereas renal insufficiency (RI) covers stages G3 onwards. The level of urinary albumin excretion, associated with the speed of glomerular filtration, sets the prognosis of chronic kidney disease. A significant percentage of patients (20 to 48%) present a reduction of the glomerular filtration rate without significant se albuminuria.

Introduction: It is known that sex is a determinant of renal sodium regulation and blood pressure. Methods: Male and female Wistar rats, which were 150 days old and a diet with normal or high levels of sodium (NaCl 1% v.o.), were studied for the last five days. Mean blood pressure (MBP), natriuresis, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF) and plasma aldosterone level were established. The following were studied: expressions of total Na+,K+,-ATPase (t-NKA); dephosphorylated NKA (d-NKA); cytochrome P4504A (CYP4A); Na+K+-2Cl- (NKCC2) and Na+/Cl- (NCC) cotransporters. The mRNA expression of the NKA α1 (Atp1a1) chain was examined through PCR analysis in the renal cortex and marrow. Results: Male rats having both types of diet showed higher MBP and lower natriuresis. High sodium intake triggered lower aldosterone levels in both sexes; GFR was lower in females and RPF was higher in males (4.09 ± 0.17 vs. 2.81 ± 0.12 ml/min/gr; p

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of cryopreservation on the morphometric parameters of alpaca spermatozoa. We used six male alpacas of the Huacaya breed, between 6 to 8 years; 3 for the collection of semen by the post-copulation method (MPC) and 3 by recovered the sperm from the vas deferens (DCD). The volume, color, filament, motility, concentration, viability, integrity of the membrane, acrosomal integrity, and the morphometry of the spermatozoa were evaluated. All the microscopic variables were determined with a CASA system (ISAS®, Proiser). The freezing process was carried out with a TRIS base diluent with three cryopreservation treatments 0, 1.5 and 3 mg of cholesterol loaded cyclodextrins (CLC), dimethylformamide was used as cryoprotectant. We analyzed 12 morphometric parameters, length, width, area, perimeter, ellipticity, elongation, regularity and roughness of the sperm head, percentage of acrosome, and the width, distance and angle of insertion of the intermediate piece of alpaca sperm. We evaluated 2565 spermatozoa collected by post-copulation and 2387 spermatozoa recovered from the vas deferens, both in fresh and thawed. The result shows the effect of cryopreservation in area and perimeter for both evaluated methods.

Follicular fluid is the liquid fraction that surrounds the oocyte during its growth and maturation in the ovary. The components of the follicular fluid can favor the functionality of the sperm. In the present research, the binding to the zona pellucida of epididymal spermatozoa of alpaca incubated with follicular fluid was studied. In the experiment a control group and a treatment group were used. The sperm from the control group and the treatment were incubated with zona pellucidae. The incubation of the treatment group was performed in the presence of follicular fluid at a concentration of 30%; while the incubation of the control group occurred in the absence of follicular fluid. It was observed that a greater number of spermatozoa joined the zona pellucida in the group incubated in the presence of follicular fluid. It was found that there were statistical differences between treatment and control. It is concluded that alpaca follicular fluid enhances the in vitro binding of spermatozoa to the zona pellucida of this species.

The primary objective of the work was to determine and standardize the ultrasonographic use of ecographi in the gonads bull in order to evaluate it anatomically. The secondary objectives were to determine if there is any individualvariation by ultrasound observed through reproductive activities, age and environmental condition among individuals evaluated; and determine if there is any significant variability between individuals within the sample through the lasting time of the project. It utilised five different planes to each individual to live animals under pastoral conditions and it settled the most convenient. Fifteen Hereford bulls were evaluated in six opportunities, starting at 24 month of age during two years, autumn, winter and spring. During summer were unable to take any determination because the animals were under natural meeting. Each bull was evaluated to determine variability through the study-period, body condition, and body condition pre- and post-mating. Using different ultrasound cut was able to evaluate and characterise the scrotum, testicular parenchyma, pampiniform plexus and head, body and epididimun cauda.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of freezing on the morphometric parameters of ram spermatozoa. For this purpose, the semen of 2 young rams of the Corriedale breed of 2 and 2.5 years old was used, with a body condition of 3.5. The volume, motility, concentration, viability, membrane integrity and sperm morphometry were evaluated in the samples. All morphometric variables were determined using a CASA system (ISAS, Proiser). The freezing process was performed with TRIS based diluent with 3% soy lecithin and glycerol as cryoprotectant. A total of 12 morphometric parameters were analyzed (length, with, area, perimeter, ellipticity, elongation, regularity and roughness of head spermatozoa, acrosome percentage, and the width, distance and insertion angle mid piece ram sperm). A population of 2518 spermatozoa was evaluated in fresh, refrigerated and thawed semen. Our results indicate that some cryopreserved sperm morphometric parameters (length, width, area and perimeter of the head) are smaller (p

The objective of the present research was to determine specific sperm subpopulational dynamics in different processing steps during cryopreservation process by using objective functional sperm kinematic descriptors in goat ejaculates. Fresh ejaculates (n=40) collected from eight bucks were analised for volume, concentration, sperm viability, acrosome integrity, and sperm motility using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. Eight sperm kinematic descriptors (VCL, VSL, VAP, LIN, STR, BCF, ALH, and WOB) were assessed using CASA system after five different handling step (1st: fresh semen collection (F); 2nd: 1st washing/centrifugation step (1WC); 3rd: 2nd washing / centrifugation step (2WC); 4th: cooling step at 4ºC (CL); and 5th: post-thawing step at 37ºC (PT)) during a standard cryopreservation protocol for goat semen. The results obtained from the kinematic parameters were analysed by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and multivariate clustering procedures to identify specific kinematic subpopulations and establish the relationship between the distribution of the subpopulations found and the functional sperm motility in each step. Except for the 1st (SbpF1-SbpF3) and 4th (SbpCL1-SbpCL3) intervals, four sperm kinematic subpopulations (Sbp1LC1-Sbp1LC4, Sbp2LC1-Sbp2LC4 and SbpPD1-SbpPD4) were observed. Based on kinematic velocity parameters and the subpopulation disclosed, rapid, slow, vigorous, passive, non-progressive and progressive sperm were discerned. Moreover, based on kinematic linearity parameters and depending on the subpopulation uncovered, curvilinear, regular-linear, parabolic and erratic-non-linear trajectories were detected. Subpopulations remained varible throughout handling steps and multiple significant differences among the sperm kinematic parameters were observed (p

RESUMEN El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad del semen descongelado de dorada Brycon moorei crioconservado con dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) a tres porcentajes de inclusión. El semen se obtuvo de nueve machos mantenidos en cautiverio en la Estación Piscícola Repelón (Atlántico, Col), inducidos con extracto pituitario de carpa (4,5 mg/kg). El semen fue diluido en proporción 1:3 con un diluyente compuesto de DMSO a tres porcentajes 5%, 10% y 15%; glucosa al 6% y yema de huevo al 12%; empacado en macrotubos de 2,5 ml, congelados en vapores de nitrógeno y después de tres meses descongelados a 35°C durante 90 s. Semen fresco fue considerando como tratamiento control. En semen descongelado se evaluó movilidad total, tipos de movilidades, progresividad, velocidades y concentración espermática con el programa Sperm Class Analyzer SCA®; adicionalmente en semen fresco se determinó volumen, color y tiempo de activación. El semen fresco presentó movilidad mayor a 80% y tiempo de activación entre 28,5 y 41 s; mientras que, la concentración espermática osciló entre 10188,1 y 14590,2 millones/ml. La movilidad total del semen descongelado fue mayor cuando DMSO se incluyó a 5% (40,1±5,0%) o 10% (43,3±8,7%) (p>0,05); pero a 15% registró la menor movilidad (30,6±7,9%) y el mayor porcentaje de espermatozoides inmóviles (69.4±7.9%) (p 0.05); but with 15% DMSO, were registered the low motility (30.6±7.9%) and the highest percentage of immotile sperm (69.4±7.9%) (p

Loss of half renal mass does not necessarily correspond to half of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), meaning that there is not an exact correlation between renal mass reduction and loss of renal function. The GFR is a necessary index for: diagnosis; follow-up of patients with renal injury; epidemiological controls; nephrotoxic drugs dose adjustment or renal elimination drugs; chronic renal disease stratification, etc.

Seminal plasma (PS) acts as a transport medium for sperm through the reproductive tract of the female and male, regulates the osmolarity of the ejaculate through the inorganic components, is a source of energy for sperm, provides buffer protection against pH changes, protects sperm from the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species through their antioxidant enzymes and regulates the female reproductive tract's immune response. PS proteins have been associated with fertilization events such as sperm maturation, sperm capacitation, interaction with the oviduct and are even involved in the interaction with the oocyte. In many species, PS is routinely diluted or removed during the semen cryopreservation process; this can have positive and/or negative effects on sperm function and fertility. The PS has also been added after the cryopreservation process. The effects that PS has on cryopreserved spermatozoa vary between species, between individuals of the same species and between ejaculates of the same individual. Despite a notable advance in the knowledge of the functions of PS, there is still controversy about the precise role of SP in sperm function, male fertility and its effect on cryopreserved spermatozoa.

[ES] La N-acetil-L-glutamato sintasa (NAGS) es un enzima mitocondrial que cataliza la acetilación de L-glutamato utilizando acetil coenzima A, produciendo N-acetil-L-glutamato (NAG), activador esencial del primer enzima del ciclo de la urea, la carbamoil fosfato sintetasa I. El ciclo de la urea es la ruta metabólica que convierte el amonio producido en el catabolismo proteico en urea. Mientras que el amonio es una sustancia tóxica la urea es una molécula inocua que se excreta en la orina. El déficit de N-acetil-L-glutamato sintasa (NAGSD; OMIM #237310) es causado por mutaciones en el gen NAGS (17q21.31). Es el desorden más raro del ciclo de la urea, siendo indistinguible clínicamente del déficit de carbamoil fosfato sintetasa I (CPSID). Existen formas muy severas de NAGSD, que se presentan en el periodo neonatal temprano, y formas menos severas de aparición más tardía. Los síntomas incluyen vómitos recurrentes, alteraciones neurológicas como letargia y convulsiones, con progresión a coma e incluso a la muerte. Puesto que NAGSD y CPSID son clínicamente indistinguibles, su diagnóstico diferencial se basa en la práctica hoy en la identificación de mutaciones en el gen correspondiente. Este diagnóstico diferencial es clave, ya que solo la NAGSD tiene tratamiento sustitutivo eficaz, la administración de N-carbamil-L-glutamato (NCG; denominación farmacéutica, ácido carglúmico), un medicamento huérfano análogo del NAG que es absorbible por vía oral y es resistente a las deacilasas tisulares, y que activa a la CPSI, reemplazando al acetilglutamato. Para establecer correlaciones genotipo-fenotipo es clave producir NAGS de manera recombinante introduciendo a voluntad las mutaciones identificadas en pacientes y estudiar experimentalmente los efectos de estas mutaciones sobre la estabilidad y la funcionalidad de la NAGS. Al no disponer de un sistema que permitiera la producción recombinante y purificación de NAGS humana, enzima muy inestable, el laboratorio del Dr. Rubio usó como modelo una NAGS bacteriana, de Pseudomona aeruginosa, en la que introdujo algunas de las mutaciones clínicas descritas y estudió sus efectos sobre la estabilidad y actividad enzimática. No obstante, este sistema posee limitaciones a la hora del estudio del enzima y su déficit. Tras mucho esfuerzo, el laboratorio del Dr. Rubio ha conseguido estabilizar la NAGS humana introduciéndole en su extremo amino terminal la proteína de unión a maltosa (MBP). En este trabajo se produce esa proteína de fusión, que también lleva una etiqueta de poli histidinas en el extremo N-terminal, expresando el gen quimérico en Escherichia Coli Rosetta pLysS, y purificando la proteína en abundancia mediante un paso de cromatografía de afinidad. La posterior digestión con una proteasa muy específica escinde la etiqueta His6 -MPB de la NAGS humana. De este modo hemos expresado y purificado la forma silvestre de NAGS humana y 6 mutantes clínicos: 5 del dominio regulador (M167V, P260L, T264M, A279T, L312P) y 1 del dominio catalítico (S410P). Se ha estudiado la solubilidad y determinado la actividad enzimática, los parámetros cinéticos y la estabilidad térmica de estas formas de NAGS humana., [EN] N-acetyl-L-glutamate synthase (NAGS) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of L-glutamate using acetyl coenzyme A, producing N-acetyl-L-glutamate (NAG), an essential activator of the first enzyme in the cycle of the urea, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I. The urea cycle is the metabolic pathway that converts the ammonium produced in protein catabolism into urea. While ammonium is a toxic substance, urea is a harmless molecule that is excreted in the urine. The N-acetyl-L-glutamate synthase deficiency (NAGSD; OMIM # 237310) is caused by mutations in the NAGS gene (17q21.31). It is the rarest disorder of the urea cycle, being clinically indistinguishable from carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPSID) deficiency. There are very severe forms of NAGSD, which occur in the early neonatal period, and less severe forms of later onset. Symptoms include recurrent vomiting, neurological disorders such as lethargy and seizures, with progression to coma and even death. Since NAGSD and CPSID are clinically indistinguishable, their differential diagnosis is based on practice today in the identification of mutations in the corresponding gene. This differential diagnosis is key, since only NAGSD has effective replacement therapy, the administration of N-carbamil-L-glutamate (NCG; pharmaceutical name, carglumic acid), an orphaned NAG analogue drug that is orally absorbable and is resistant to tissue deacylases, and that activates CPSI, replacing acetylglutamate. To establish genotype-phenotype correlations, it is essential to produce NAGS recombinantly by introducing the mutations identified in patients at will and to study experimentally the effects of these mutations on the stability and functionality of NAGS. Not having a system that allowed the recombinant production and purification of human NAGS, a very unstable enzyme, Dr. Rubio's laboratory used as a model a bacterial NAGS, of Pseudomona aeruginosa, in which he introduced some of the clinical mutations described and studied its effects on stability and enzymatic activity. However, this system has limitations when studying the enzyme and its deficit. After much effort, Dr. Rubio's laboratory has managed to stabilize human NAGS by introducing the maltose binding protein (MBP) at its amino terminal end. In this work, this fusion protein is produced, which also carries a poly histidine tag at the N-terminal end, expressing the chimeric gene in Escherichia coli Rosetta pLysS, and purifying the protein in abundance by means of an affinity chromatography step. Subsequent digestion gives a very specific protease cleaves the His6 -MPB tag from human NAGS. In this way we have expressed and purified the wild form of human NAGS and 6 clinical mutants: 5 in the regulatory domain (M167V, P260L, T264M, A279T, and L312P) and 1 in the catalytic domain (S410P). The solubility, the enzymatic activity, kinetic parameters and the thermal stability of these forms of human NAGS have been studied.

Renal functional reserve (RFR) is the capacity of the kidney to increase its glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in response to physiological or pathological stimuli. The most commonly used stimuli to assess this reserve are an oral load of proteins of animal origin, amino acid infusions, dopamine, glucagon or combinations of them. RFR is calculated as the difference between stimulated and baseline GFR. Vegetarians have lower baseline GFR than the general population and an increased RFR. Subjects with only one kidney and those suffering from chronic nephropathies usually have a reduced or absent RFR despite having normal basal GFR. Quantification of RFR may be useful to detect subclinical renal damage, physiological conditions that reduce baseline GFR, evaluation of potential donors for kidney transplantation, suspected hyperfiltration, detection of renal lability against acute injuries or pregnancy and the evaluation after an acute renal injury when renal function seems to be recovered and residual subclinical damage is suspected.

Renal functional reserve (RFR) is the capacity of the kidney to increase its glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in response to physiological or pathological stimuli. The most commonly used stimuli to assess this reserve are an oral load of proteins of animal origin, amino acid infusions, dopamine, glucagon or combinations of them. RFR is calculated as the difference between stimulated and baseline GFR. Vegetarians have lower baseline GFR than the general population and an increased RFR. Subjects with only one kidney and those suffering from chronic nephropathies usually have a reduced or absent RFR despite having normal basal GFR. Quantification of RFR may be useful to detect subclinical renal damage, physiological conditions that reduce baseline GFR, evaluation of potential donors for kidney transplantation, suspected hyperfiltration, detection of renal lability against acute injuries or pregnancy and the evaluation after an acute renal injury when renal function seems to be recovered and residual subclinical damage is suspected.

In order to identify the bacterium Escherichia coli in boars of a porcine production system located in El Rincon de Monagas, Monagas state, Venezuela, swabs were collected from the preputial content of the breeding stock of the farm. The samples were transferred refrigerated to the laboratory for the isolation of E. coli in EMB agar and its characterization through biochemical tests. In 100% of the samples the presence of E. coli bacteria was found, inside the foreskin of the boars. This condition is a risk factor for reproduction, causing sperm death, returns to estrus, reduction in the size of litters, with significant impact on the productivity of the farm. Adequate animal health practices are required in the farm management plan to minimize the presence of this bacterial pathogen., Con la finalidad de identificar la bacteria Escherichia coli en verracos de un sistema de producción porcino ubicado en El Rincón de Monagas, estado Monagas, Venezuela, se recolectaron hisopados del contenido prepucial de los reproductores de la granja. Las muestras se trasladaron refrigeradas hasta el laboratorio para el aislamiento de E. coli en agar EMB y su caracterización a través de pruebas bioquímicas. En 100% de las muestras se obtuvoa presencia bacteria E. coli, en el interior del prepucio de los verracos. Esta condición es un factor de riesgo para la reproducción ocasionando muerte espermática, retornos al estro, reducción en el tamaño de camadas, con repercusión significativa en la productividad de la granja. Buenas prácticas de sanidad animal son requeridas en el plan de manejo de la granja, para minimizar la presencia de este patógeno bacteriano.

La enfermedad renal es un problema global de salud pública; afecta a más de 750 millones de personas en el mundo. La carga de la enfermedad renal, su detección y tratamiento, varían sustancialmente en el planeta. Los países en desarrollo tienen una carga de enfermedad similar o incluso mayor que los desarrollados. En muchos escenarios, las tasas de enfermedad renal y la provision de su cuidado están definidas por factores socioeconómicos, culturales y políticos, ocasionando disparidades significativas aún en países desarrollados, en la prevención, pesquisa, acceso al cuidado y tratamiento de la enfermedad. El Día Mundial del Riñón 2019 ofrece una oportunidad para tomar conciencia de esta enfermedad. Esta editorial, resalta estas disparidades y enfatiza el rol de las políticas públicas y las estructuras organizacionales. Se destacan las oportunidades de entender las disparidades, para que puedan reducirse y canalizar esfuerzos para alcanzar una salud renal equitativa a nivel mundial. Kidney disease is a global public health problem; affects more than 750million persons worldwide. The burden of kidney disease varies substantially across the world, as does its detection and treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that developing countries have a similar or even greater kidney disease burden than developed countries. In many settings, rates of kidney disease and the provision of care are defined by socioeconomic, cultural, and political factors, leading to significant disparities, even in developed countries. These disparities exist across the spectrum of kidney disease -prevention, screening, care and treatment. World Kidney Day 2019 offers an opportunity to raise awareness of kidney disease. This editorial highlights these disparities and emphasizes the role of public policies and organizational structures in addressing them. We outline opportunities to improve our understanding of disparities, the best ways to address them, and how to streamline efforts toward achieving kidney health equity across the globe.

Goodpasture Syndrome is described as a single episode disease entity. It is diagnosed with the demonstration of antiglomerular basement (anti-GBM) antibodies in plasma or renal tissue. Although the recurrence of anti-GBM disease is rare, it has been reported in up to 3% of cases. Recurrence with negative anti-GBM antibodies in plasma is even less frequent We report a 63 years old male in whom anti-GBM disease recurred without detectable anti-GBM antibodies in plasma, despite having positive antibodies at the onset.

El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral ha sido dilucidar los mecanismos involucrados en la represión de la expresión de marcadores de inmadurez de la célula de Sertoli, como la hormona anti-Mülleriana (AMH) y el citocromo P450 familia 26 subfamilia B miembro 1 (CYP26B1), coincidente con el aumento de los andrógenos durante el desarrollo puberal. Utilizando células SMAT1, línea de células de Sertoli prepuberales de ratón, se observó una marcada inhibición de la actividad del promotor del gen AMH en respuesta a testosterona y dihidrotestosterona (DHT), en presencia del receptor de andrógenos. Asimismo, se demostró que los sitios de unión para el factor esteroidogénico 1 (SF1), presentes en la región proximal del promotor son necesarios, para que ocurra dicha inhibición. Respecto a CYP26B1, se demostró una disminución en su expresión en la célula de Sertoli durante el desarrollo testicular postnatal. Contrariamente a lo esperado, se observó un estímulo de la actividad del promotor de Cyp26b1 en respuesta a DHT en presencia del receptor de andrógenos. La región comprendida entre 7 y 8 kb río arriba del primer ATG está involucrada en dicha respuesta. Además, se identificó a la vía no clásica de acción del receptor de andrógenos como la responsable del efecto estimulatorio observado. Estos resultados condujeron al planteo de una hipótesis alternativa proponiendo que la enzima sintetizadora de ácido retinoico, la aldehído deshidrogenasa familia 1 subfamilia A1 (ALDH1A1), es estimulada por los andrógenos. Al respecto, se demostró una relación espacio-temporal entre la expresión del receptor de andrógenos, Aldh1a1 y la acción del ácido retinoico en el testículo postnatal de ratón. Empleando la línea de células de Sertoli TM4, se demostró que la expresión de Aldh1a1 aumenta en respuesta a andrógenos. Asimismo, en un modelo de ratón knock-out para Aldh1a1, se mostró un retraso en el inicio de la meiosis mediante el análisis de la expresión de marcadores de diferenciación de células germinales. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo permiten esclarecer el mecanismo de inhibición de la expresión de AMH en respuesta a andrógenos en la célula de Sertoli durante la pubertad y ahondar en el rol de los andrógenos en el inicio de la meiosis testicular. The aim of this thesis is to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of immature Sertoli cell markers, such as anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 (CYP26B1), occurring in association with the androgen surge during pubertal development. A strong inhibition of AMH promoter activity was observed in response to testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the presence of the androgen receptor in SMAT1 cells, a prepubertal mouse Sertoli cell line. Furthermore, the need for intact steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) sites in the proximal AMH promoter region was demonstrated for this inhibition to take place. Regarding CYP26B1, a decrease in its expression was shown in Sertoli cells throughout postnatal testicular development. However, in disagreement with our original hypothesis for androgendependent inhibition, an upregulation of Cyp26b1 promoter activity was seen in response to DHT in the presence of the androgen receptor. This upregulation involved the promoter region between 7 and 8 kb 5’ upstream of the first ATG. Moreover, the nonclassical pathway of action for the androgen receptor was appointed as responsible for the observed upregulation. These results led us to hypothesize that the retinoic acidsynthesizing enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1, subfamily A1 (ALDH1A1) is also upregulated by androgens. We showed a spatio-temporal relationship between the expression of the androgen receptor, Aldh1a1 and retinoic acid action in the postnatal mouse testis. Experiments using the Sertoli cell line TM4 confirmed upregulation of Aldh1a1 expression in response to androgens. Furthermore, using a knock-out mouse model for Aldh1a1 we showed a delay in meiotic onset, as seen through differential expression of germ cell differentiation markers. The results obtained in the present thesis shed light on the mechanism underlying AMH expression inhibition by androgens in the Sertoli cell during puberty and also provide further insight into the role of androgens at testicular meiotic onset. Fil: Edelsztein, Nadia Yasmín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergada". Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergada". Fundación de Endocrinología Infantil. Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergada"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

[Objective]: We have previously described that changes in the expression of Kv channels associate to phenotypic modulation (PM), so that Kv1.3/Kv1.5 ratio is a landmark of vascular smooth muscle cells phenotype. Moreover, we demonstrated that the Kv1.3 functional expression is relevant for PM in several types of vascular lesions. Here, we explore the efficacy of Kv1.3 inhibition for the prevention of remodeling in human vessels, and the mechanisms linking the switch in Kv1.3 /Kv1.5 ratio to PM., [Approach and Results]: Vascular remodeling was explored using organ culture and primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells obtained from human vessels. We studied the effects of Kv1.3 inhibition on serum-induced remodeling, as well as the impact of viral vector-mediated overexpression of Kv channels or myocardin knock-down. Kv1.3 blockade prevented remodeling by inhibiting proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix secretion. PM activated Kv1.3 via downregulation of Kv1.5. Hence, both Kv1.3 blockers and Kv1.5 overexpression inhibited remodeling in a nonadditive fashion. Finally, myocardin knock-down induced vessel remodeling and Kv1.5 downregulation and myocardin overexpression increased Kv1.5, while Kv1.5 overexpression inhibited PM without changing myocardin expression., [Conclusions]: We demonstrate that Kv1.5 channel gene is a myocardin-regulated, vascular smooth muscle cells contractile marker. Kv1.5 downregulation upon PM leaves Kv1.3 as the dominant Kv1 channel expressed in dedifferentiated cells. We demonstrated that the inhibition of Kv1.3 channel function with selective blockers or by preventing Kv1.5 downregulation can represent an effective, novel strategy for the prevention of intimal hyperplasia and restenosis of the human vessels used for coronary angioplasty procedures., This work was supported by grant BFU2016-75360-R from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), to M.T. Pérez-García and J.R. López-López and Junta de Castilla y León Grant VA114P17 to M.T. Pérez-García. N. García-Mateo was supported by FIS PI15/00064 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. M. Arévalo-Martínez and J. Serna are predoctoral fellows of the UVa-Santander, and S. Moreno-Estar is a predoctoral fellow of the JCyL. K. Swärd was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2017-01225_3).

Equine embryo production by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is currently effective enough to be used clinically. However, there are several factors that affect the efficiency of this procedure because, in addition to specialized equipment, skill in oocyte and embryo handling, and sperm preparation as well as knowledge of oocyte and embryo culture are required. To the best of our knowledge, there are currently only a couple of reports available on the expected efficiency of foal production by ICSI. Here we discuss the parameters that pertain to the Texas A&M Equine Embryo Laboratory only, as other laboratories may have different results.

Introduction: Early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are asymptomatic and patients may ignore their condition or discover it in a routine medical consultation or because of the consultation about other disease. CKD high global prevalence is accepted. Reliable data is needed to provide evidence and knowledge about the disease in the region. Methods: Descriptive study. 81 students. Period May 2014 to December 2015. Glomerular Filtration Rate, GFR, was estimated by CKD-EPI and creatinine clearance. Kidney damage was determined in 1st morning urine: test strip and urinary sediment and proteinuria. Students with GFR 150 mg/24 h; 8.6% hematuria and 1.2% cylindruria, isolated or combined with GFR

Resumen La evaluación de la calidad seminal constituye una herramienta para mejorar los índices reproductivos en las granjas porcinas. La movilidad del espermatozoide es un parámetro que se utiliza en la evaluación de la calidad espermática, porque se relaciona con el nivel de energía del gameto masculino. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la influencia de la composición racial sobre variables reproductivas de calidad, cinética y movilidad del semen en verracos. Durante el año 2016, se recolectaron 240 eyaculados de 63 verracos con una edad media de 24,4±10,9 meses. Se identificaron seis grupos raciales: Duroc (D), Yorkshire (Y), Landrace (L), F1 Pietrain*Duroc (PD) y dos líneas genéticas (LA y LB). Los grupos raciales con mayor volumen de eyaculado presentaron un número total de espermatozoides más elevado (P

Introduction Over the past fifty years there have been evidences of a decline in semen quality. This study investigates whether semen quality in young men is associated with diet. Materials and Methods This cross sectional study included 215 university students from Murcia. Diet was assessed through a food frequency questionnaire. We identified dietary patterns using factor and cluster analysis and diet quality indexes. We evaluated its relationship with semen quality. Results “Mediterranean” pattern was associated with higher sperm counts and mobile spermatozoa counts. A lineal association between aMED and AHEI indexes was not observed. Total motility was related to higher intakes of fatty acids α-linolenic (ALA) and stearic. Conclusion The semen quality in healthy young population could be influenced by patterns of dietary intake, Antecedentes/ Objetivos Desde los últimos cincuenta años la calidad seminal ha disminuido de forma progresiva. Nuestro objetivo es investigar si la calidad seminal en hombres jóvenes está asociada con la dieta. Material y Métodos Este estudio transversal comprende a 215 jóvenes universitarios de Murcia. Se evaluó la dieta a través de un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria. Se identificaron patrones dietéticos mediante análisis factorial, de clústers e índices de calidad de la dieta. Se estudió su relación con la calidad seminal. Resultados Un patrón dietético “mediterráneo” se asocia con mejores recuentos espermáticos y de espermatozoides móviles. No se observó una asociación lineal entre la calidad seminal y los índices aMED y AHEI. La movilidad espermática total estaba relacionada positivamente con altas ingestas de los ácidos grasos α-linolénico (ALA) y esteárico. Conclusión La calidad seminal de la población joven y sana podría verse influenciada por los patrones de ingesta alimentaria.