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Introduction:Posner - Schlossman Syndrome (PSS) is a rare disease, more prevalent in men between 20 and 50 years old, characterized by recurrent attacks of anterior uveitis and ocular hypertension.Clinical case:We report the case of a 42-year-old patient with a single eye. He came to the consultation presenting decreased visual acuity, photobobia, halos around the lights, and intense pain in his left eye. The ophthalmological examination revealed inflammatory signs in the anterior segment, elevated intraocular pressure and damage to the optic nerve. Medical treatment was started with corticosteroids and topical antiglaucoma drugs, oral acetazolamide and intravenous mannitol, obtaining no response and it was decided to perform a surgical intervention (Ahmed valve implantation) in the left eye, subsequently achieving a good clinical evolution and resolution of the case.Conclusion:This report highlights that the episodic and recurrent nature of SPS requires strict monitoring. Introducción:El Sindrome de Posner - Schlossman (SPS) es una enfermedad infrecuente, de mayor prevalencia en hombres de entre 20 a 50 años, que se caracteriza por presentar ataques recurrentes de uveítis anterior e hipertensión ocular.Caso clínico:Reportamos el caso de un paciente de 42 años, con ojo único. Acudió a consulta presentando disminución de la agudeza visual, fotobobia, halos alrededor de las luces y dolor intenso en su ojo izquierdo. Al examen oftalmológico se evidenciaron signos inflamatorios en segmento anterior, presión intraocular elevada y daño en el nervio óptico. Se inició tratamiento médico con corticosteroides y antiglaucomatosos tópicos, acetazolamida oral y manitol endovenoso, no obteniendo respuesta y se optó por realizar una intervención quirúrgica (implante de válvula de Ahmed) en el ojo izquierdo, logrando posteriormente una buena evolución clínica y resolución del caso.Conclusión:Este reporte resalta que la naturaleza episódica y recurrente del SPS requiere un seguimiento estricto.

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome is a very low prevalence disease of genetic origin that is accompanied by variable clinical manifestations with ocular and non-ocular involvement. For these reasons, it was decided to present the case of a 14-years-old patient with a family history (in this case her mother) of this disease, with a history of mild mental retardation, hearing loss and poor vision in both eyes that is accompanied by ocular alterations: malformations at the level of the anterior segment: pupil deformity, perilimbic whitish prominence corresponding to a posterior embryotoxon. He presents other non-ocular signs of involvement: mild craniofacial dysmorphism, hypertelorism, maxillary hypoplasia with flattening of the midface, prominent forehead, wide and flattened nasal bridge, as well as dental anomalies. He suffers from complications inherent to the evolution of the entity, such as secondary glaucoma, for which he was treated with triple therapy with ocular hypotensive agents, pending the response to treatment, and in the case of a torpid evolution, proceed to surgical treatment: trabeculectomy.

In Cuba, a study was carried out on diseases of the ocular system in dogs and cats in the period 2000-2013 in the specialized ophthalmology clinic of the main veterinary clinic in Havana, Cuba. Based on these results, the objective of this work was to describe the frequency of these eye diseases in the period 2014 to 2020. The sample was made up of 3186 dogs and 177 domestic cats (n=3363), which was stratified by breed, sexes, and ages. In dogs, it was determined that Pekingese breed (2070; 65%), females (1820; 57%) and animals between 1-5 years (1413; 44%) and 6 or more years (977; 31%) were the most affected. Conditions of the lacrimal system (69%), cornea (10%), eyelids (9%) and conjunctiva (7%) were most frequently diagnosed. In cats, it was found that American shorthairs (160; 90%), females (115; 65%) and animals between 1 and 5 years old (74; 42%) were the most affected. In this species, the main eye conditions were those of the cornea (28%), conjunctiva (22%), upper and lower eyelids (22%) and the third eyelid (19%)., En Cuba se realizó un estudio sobre enfermedades del sistema ocular en perros y gatos en el periodo 2000-2013 en la consulta especializada en oftalmología de la clínica veterinaria principal de La Habana, Cuba. Con base a esos resultados, el objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la frecuencia de estas enfermedades oculares en el periodo 2014 a 2020. La muestra quedó integrada por 3186 perros y 177 gatos domésticos (n=3363), la cual se estratificó por razas, sexos y edades. En los perros se determinó que los pekineses (2070; 65%), las hembras (1820; 57%) y a los animales entre 1-5 años (1413; 44%) y 6 o más años (977; 31%) eran los más afectados. Las afecciones del sistema lagrimal (69%), córnea (10%), párpados (9%) y conjuntiva (7%) se diagnosticaron con mayor frecuencia. En los gatos se halló que los pelicortos americanos (160; 90%), las hembras (115; 65%) y los animales comprendidos entre 1 a 5 años (74; 42%) fueron los más asistidos. En esta especie, las principales afecciones oculares fueron las de la córnea (28%), conjuntiva (22%), párpado superior e inferior (22%) y el tercer párpado (19%).

A 62-year-old white patient from a rural area presented to the Ophthalmology Clinic of the General Teaching Hospital "Dr. Agostinho Neto" in January 2019 with discomfort and tears in his left eye. The eye examination showed the presence of conjunctival hyperemia, a highly vascularized conjunctival lesion in the internal angle of the right eye that invaded the cornea. Exceresis and biopsy were performed which reported an epidermoid carcinoma on the conjunctiva of the eye. Epidermoid carcinoma on the conjunctiva of the eye is a rare cancer, but upon clinical suspicion, an adequate clinical semiology must be performed to obtain the definitive diagnosis and apply the treatment according to the protocols of action.

The case of a 15-year-old female patient is presented, whose main complaint was the sensation of a foreign body and increased volume of dark coloration in the right eyeball. Personal history of trauma not reported. On physical examination, an elongated, dark mass with regular edges and hard on palpation was found below the bulbar conjunctiva. Surgical treatment was performed and a subconjunctival foreign body compatible with the tip of a pencil was removed, encompassed at its distal end by a dark, fibrovascular tissue with metallic luster. Some considerations that could be the explanation for the tissue behavior adjacent to the foreign body are exposed. Due to its unusual nature, the presentation of the case was decided.

Background: the age-related macular degeneration is among the most common causes of harsh and irreversible visual loss in patient elders of 60 years in the industrialized world. Considering the increase of life expectancy and the rise in population of the senior citizens, the need of an early and opportune diagnosis, it is obvious for this disease that constitutes a health problem we have to solve. Objective: to describe the results of the cicatrization with the use of the bevacizumab in the age-related humid macular degeneration. Methods: a descriptive, longitudinal study in patients with the diagnosis of age-related humid macular degeneration was carried out. 25 patients that attended the retinal consultation in the period October, 2018 to April, 2019 and who fulfilled the criteria constituted the population of selection. They were applied an opinion poll and they studied variables were: Age, sex, pathological personal background, number of intravitreous injections placed to each patient, complications after injection and cicatrization of the macular injury. B Results: according to the age groups and the sex, it was shown that the age between 60 and 69, ten patients and the feminine sex 15 patients were the most frequent. The ocular hypertension was the complication that predominated with four patients. The greatest amount of eyes healed with the administration of one and two doses of the medication. Conclusions: the age group from 60 to 69 years and the feminine sex predominated. The ocular hypertension was the most frequent complication. It was verified high blood pressure as the most frequent pathological antecedent. The cicatrization of the eyes happened with the administration between one and two doses. DeCS: MACULAR DEGENERATION/diagnosis; BEVACIZUMAB/therapeutic use; WOUND HEALING/drug effects; INTRAVITREAL INJECTIONS; OCULAR HYPERTENSION/complications.

COVID-19 is a new disease, caused by a virus first identified just over 3 months ago, and therefore the evidence is developing and rapidly changing, with dizzying production of scientific literature every day. This review seeks to synthesize the information available to date about certain relevant aspects of the disease, understanding that everything written is subject to change as our knowledge of it advances.

Lyme Disease is a zoonosis transmitted by arthropods that has been described with more fre-quency in endemic zones of meridional countries. Its clinical manifestations vary according to the clinical stage of the disease. The eye can be affected in many forms including the involvement of the ocular surface and the posterior segment, with more severe inflammation of the retina and the choroid. We present a case of a 72 year male with a recent trip to EEUU who complained of decreasing vision in his left eye had cli-nical signs of nongranulomatous panuveitis with ma-cular edema and retinal vasculitis. Lyme disease was confirmed with positive antibodies in blood and Wes-tern blot test, and the patient was successfully treated using oral Doxycycline. His visual acuity improved and had a resolution of the intraocular inflammation after the specific treatment.

Introduction: The vestibular rehabilitation is an exercise-based method, aiming to maximize central nervous system (CNS) compensation at vestibular nuclear and other CNS levels for vestibular pathology. Vestibular rehabilitation includes exercises to habituate symptoms, exercises to promote vestibular adaptation and substitution, exercises to improve balance and dynamic postural control, and exercises to improve general conditioning. Recent advances in balance and gait training, gaze stability training, habituation training, are discussed in this chapter in the context of unilateral and bilateral vestibular disorders. Method: Narrative review. Results: Exercises are prescribed that address VOR adaptation, habituation, sensory substitution, gait and posture, strengthening, flexibility, and endurance to maximize functioning. Customized exercise programs have been shown to be more effective than providing a patient with a generic exercise program. It is thought that compliance is enhanced with customization and with follow-up visits with a physical therapist. Discussion/ conclusions: VR therapy is effective in improving functional deficits and subjective symptoms resulting from unilateral and bilateral peripheral vestibular hypo function, as well as from central balance disorders. The goals of vestibular rehabilitation are to reduce subjective symptoms, to improve gaze and postural stability (particularly during head movements), and to return the individual to normal activities, including regular physical activity, driving, and work. Clinicians should offer vestibular rehabilitation to persons with impairments and functional limitations related to the vestibular deficit. Vestibular rehabilitation is now considered the standard of care for persons with peripheral vestibular dysfunction.

Introduction and objective: Vestibular compensation is the term used to describe the mechanisms triggered when there is damage in the vestibular system regardless of its origin. When suffering from an injure in vestibular area there are a wide range of compensatory responses that will involve different approaches. In order to improve the quality of life for our patients and to correctly work with them to accelerate the restoration process it is important to become acquainted with how vestibular compensation works. Conclusions: Vestibular compensation mechanisms are important to adapt the therapy to each patient and thus improve their quality of life.

Vitreous hemorrhage secondary to a complete persistent hyaloid artery is an uncommon anomaly. The case of a 65-year-old woman with a known personal history of this congenital anomaly in the right eye is presented, who had a sudden decrease in vision of that eye, ten days after presenting an acute febrile condition with a diagnosis of dengue. Posterior biomicroscopy revealed a persistent hyaloid artery filled with blood with insertion into the lens posterior portion or hyaloid fossa. In indirect funduscopy a partial vitreous hemorrhage was observed, which allowed visualizing the structures of the retina. Ocular ultrasound and retinophoto were performed as diagnostic and follow-up tests. The vitreous hemorrhage was completely reabsorbed at 15 days and the patient recovered her vision at 0.5 due to the presence of an ongoing cataract. There was no recurrence of bleeding in six months’ follow-up.

Introduction: Incontinentia pigmenti is a rare genodermatosis of inheritance linked to the X chromosome that affects tissues derived from ectoderm. The aim of the study is to review, as completely as possible, the cases diagnosed in paediatric patients in two hospitals. Material and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out, using the clinical, analytical, radiological, and genetic data of paediatric patients diagnosed with incontinentia pigmenti from 2004 to 2018. The data collected were analysed and evaluated at a multidisciplinary level. Results: A total of thirteen patients diagnosed with incontinentia pigmenti were included in the study. All of them were female. A genetic study was performed on 11 patients, which confirmed findings compatible with incontinentia pigmenti in 10 of them. Extracutaneous involvement associated with the disease was observed at neurological level (radiological findings in 6 cases, and clinical expression in 3 of them), ophthalmological level (4 cases), dental level (7 cases), and haematological level (4 cases). Conclusions: A presentation is given of the most complete study published so far of incontinentia pigmenti in Spain. In this study, the results of the disease manifestations were similar to the largest case series published internationally, which reinforces the importance of a multidisciplinary study and follow-up. Resumen: Introducción: La incontinencia pigmenti es una genodermatosis poco frecuente, de herencia ligada al cromosoma X, que afecta a tejidos derivados del ectodermo. Nuestro objetivo es revisar de la forma más completa posible los casos diagnosticados en edad pediátrica en dos hospitales. Material y métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio transversal retrospectivo, recogiéndose datos clínicos, analíticos, radiológicos y genéticos valorados a nivel multidisciplinar de pacientes diagnosticados en la edad pediátrica de incontinencia pigmenti desde el año 2004 al 2018. Resultados: Se incluyeron 13 pacientes diagnosticados de incontinencia pigmenti, todas de sexo femenino. Se realizó estudio genético en 11 de las 13, confirmándose alteraciones compatibles en 10 de ellas. Se observó afectación extracutánea relacionada con la enfermedad a nivel neurológico (con alteraciones radiológicas en 6 casos y expresión clínica en 3 de ellas), oftalmológico (4 casos), odontológico (7 casos) y hematológico (4 casos). Conclusiones: Presentamos el estudio más completo publicado hasta ahora de incontinencia pigmenti en España. Los resultados del estudio de las manifestaciones de la enfermedad fueron similares a las series de casos más amplias publicadas a nivel internacional y refuerzan la importancia de un estudio y seguimiento multidisciplinar.

PROPÒSIT: Realitzar una revisió sistemática sobre les alteracions oculars i visuales en pacients amb la malaltia d’Alzheimer. MÈTODES: Seguint la metodología PRISMA, es va realizar una revisió bibliográfica en les bases de dades i plataformes PubMed, Medline i Taylor & Francis, d’articles publicats els últims vint anys. Després del procès d’identificació, selección i inclusió, s’han analitzat 43 artícles. RESULTATS: Els pacients amb la malaltia d’Alzheimer mostren afectacions estructurals oculars a nivell de retina, nervi òptic i coroides.Els principals canvis es troben en la vasculatura retiniana i coroidal, disminució del gruix macular i neuropatía del nervi òptic. A més, es mostren afectacions de la funció visual en estereopsis, visiódel color, el camp visual i la motilitat entre d’altres, que dificulten les activitats visuals básiques diàries d’aquests pacients. L’OCT i l’OCTA són les dues tècniques no invasives que identifiquen alteracions oculars en estadis incipients de la patología degut a la relació entre l’afectació de la retina i la neurodegeneració. CONLCUSIÓ: Pacients amb la malaltia d’Alzheimer presenten múltiples afectacions tant a nivel estructural ocular com a nivell funcional de la visió. Les alteracions a la retinai al nervi òptic, detectades amb OCT i amb OCTA, podrien convertir-se en un biomarcador ocular. PROPÓSITO: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica sistemática sobre las alteraciones oculares y visuales en pacientes con la enfermedad de Alzheimer. MÉTODOS: Siguiendo la metodología Prisma, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos de PubMed, Medline y Taylor&Francis, de artículos publicados los últimos veinte años. Tras el proceso de identificación, selección e inclusión se han analizado 43 artículos. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes con la enfermedad de Alzheimer muestran afectaciones estructurales oculares a nivel de retina, nervio óptico y coroides. Los principales cambios se encuentran en la vascularización retiniana y coroidea, disminución del espesor macular y neuropatía del nervio óptico. Además, se muestran afectaciones en la función visual en la estereopsis, visión del color, campo visual y motilidad ocular, que dificultan las actividades visuales básicas diarias. La OCT y OCTA son las dos técnicas no invasivas que identifican alteraciones oculares en estadios tempranos de la patología debido a la relación entre la afectación de la retina y la neurodegeneración. CONCLUSIÓN: Pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer presentan múltiples afectaciones tanto a nivel estructural ocular como a nivel funcional de la visión. Las alteraciones en retina y nervio óptico, detectadas con OCT y OCTA, podrían convertirse en un biomarcador ocular. PURPOSE: To conduct a systematic review on ocular and visual disturbances in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. METHODS: Following the PRISMA methodology, a bibliographic review was permomed in the of PubMed, Medline and Taylor & Francis databases of articles published in the last twenty years. Following the process of identification, selection and inclusion, 43 articles have been analyzed. RESULTS: Patients with Alzheimer’s disease show structural ocular damage to the retina, optic nerve and choroid. The main changes are in the retinal and choroidal vascularization, decreased macular thickness and in optic nerve neuropathy. In addition, impairments in visual function are shown in stereopsis, color vision visual field and motility, which hinder basic daily visual.OCT and OCTA are the two non-invasive techniques that identify ocular alterations in the early stages of the disease due to the relationship between retinal involvement and neurodegeneration. CONCLUSION: Patients with Alzheimer’s disease have multiple structural impairments in both ocular structure and functional vision. Alterations in the retina and optic nerve, detected with OCT and OCTA, could become an ocular biomarker.

Purpose: To assess the changes in retinal morphology in a rat model of chronic glaucoma induced by ocular hypertension. Methods: Intraocular pressure (IOP) was surgically increased through weekly injections of sodium hyaluronate (HYA) in the anterior eye chamber of the left eye of male Wistar rats, whereas the right eyes were sham operated (salt solution). During the 10-week experimental period, IOP was measured weekly with a rebound tonometer. Retinal cryosections were prepared for histological/immunohistochemical analysis and morphometry. Results: IOP was higher in HYA-treated eyes than in sham-operated eyes along the 10-week period, which was significant from the fourth to the nineth week. Ocular hypertension in HYA-treated eyes was associated with morphologic and morphometric changes in bipolar cells, ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells, ON/OFF starburst amacrine cells, and inner plexiform layer sublamina. Conclusions: Serial HYA treatment in the rat anterior eye chamber results in mild-to-moderate elevated and sustained IOP and ganglion cell death, which mimics most human open-angle glaucoma hallmarks. The reduced number of direction-selective ganglion cells and starburst amacrine cells accompanied by a deteriorated ON/OFF plexus in this glaucoma model could lend insight to the abnormalities in motion perception observed in patients with glaucoma. Supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN-FEDER PID2019-106230RB-I00), 2), Institute of Health Carlos III (General Subdirection of Networks and Cooperative Research Centers RETICs OFTARED 2012-2021) co-financed by the European Regional Development fund (RD16/0008/0016 [Alicante] and RD16/0008/0022 [Valencia]), Asociación Retina Asturias (ASOCIACIONRETINA1-20I), Generalitat Valenciana (IDIFEDER/2017/064), and the Research funds from both Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology Unit) and Cellular-Molecular Ophthalmobiology Group of the University of Valencia (Spain).

This work shows how ophthalmologists diagnose whether or not a patient has glaucoma using non-invasive biomedical equipment that provides useful information in this regard. A list of the advantages and disadvantages offered by each of the ophthalmological techniques found was made, where finally, the taking of fundus photographs was chosen as the examination with the greatest number of virtues according to the objective of this project., En este documento se da a conocer el método de diagnóstico por parte de los oftalmólogos para determinar si un paciente presenta o no glaucoma utilizando equipos biomédicos no invasivos que brindan información útil al respecto. Se hizo una lista de las ventajas y desventajas que ofrecen cada una de las técnicas oftalmológicas encontradas, donde finalmente, se escogió la toma de fotografías de fondo de ojo como el examen con mayor cantidad de virtudes de acuerdo con el objetivo de este proyecto., Pregrado, Ingeniero(a) Biomédico(a)

Lymphomas are malignant diseases that originate in the immune system cells and are predominantly manifested by lymphadenopathy; sometimes the presentation is in extranodal places. The eye and its annexes may be affected by a heterogeneous group of primary lymphomas or, secondarily, by the extension of lymphomas originated in lymph nodes or other extranodal sites. The case of a patient who went to the consultation due to left palpebral ptosis is reported and physical examination showed bilateral involvement, with tumors in the lower right eye bulbar conjunctiva and in the left eye upper bulbar conjunctiva. A small B cell lymphocytic non-Hodgkin lymphoma was diagnosed by conjunctiva biopsy. The patient was considered a stage IIIAE of Ann Arbor and treated with six cycles of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and prednisone, plus the Cuban monoclonal antibody anti-CD20 CIMABior®. The complete response was reached, state in which the disease remains so far.

Retinoblastoma feRetinoblastoma fetal es un tipo de cáncer ocular que afecta a la retina, la capa interna del ojo. las células nerviosas de la retina captan la luz y envían imágenes al cerebrotal es un tipo de cáncer ocular que afecta a la retina, la capa interna del ojo. las células nerviosas de la retina captan la luz y envían imágenes al cerebro

Purpose: Due to the heterogeneous sensitivity of the different retinal neurons to glutamate agonists, our objective is to compare the effect of two glutamate agonists, N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) and kainate (KA) on inner retinal cells and to assess whether there is a synergic interaction between both. Recently, our group has developed a mouse model of inner retina degeneration induced by a combined intravitreal injection of those two agents, but their separate effect needs to be clarified. Methods: C57BL6/J mice were intravitreally injected into one eye with 1μL of PBS containing NMDA 10 mM or KA 3mM (1μL PBS was inoculated into the contralateral eye). The effect on retinal function was evaluated 3-4 and 7-8 days post-injection by optomotor test and electroretinographic (ERG) recording. The structural damage was assessed by immunohistochemical labelling on retinal sections. Results: Intraocular injection of NMDA/KA (10/3 mM) into the eye induces the abolition of optomotor response and strong decrease of ERG b-wave at one-week post-treatment but does not show any functional nor structural alterations in photoreceptors. Both excitotoxic agents, when injected independently, caused a complete loss of optomotor response just 3 days post-injection. The sole KA (3 mM) treatment produced the loss of b-wave ERG components, both in scotopic and photopic conditions. Conversely, NMDA-treated eyes preserved these ERG components, but a marked decrease in their amplitude was observed. Nonetheless, no significant changes on the “a” wave amplitude were found after the injection of both agents. Immunohistochemical labeling showed no effects of NMDA nor KA on the outer nuclear layer, but a moderate damage on the inner retinal layers in NMDA-injected eyes, and a deleterious effect in KA-injected eyes. Conclusion: Retinal damage induced by KA shows stronger effect than NMDA. However, differences observed between NMDA and KA injection could be caused by the different sensitivity of the retinal neurons, maintaining the possibility of inducing a synergic interaction with lower concentration of KA.

Resumen Introducción: el quiste aracnoideo es una colección benigna de fluido similar en composición al líquido cefalorraquídeo dentro de la aracnoides, circunscrita por tejido fibrovascular normal que comprime las leptomeninges que rodean el nervio óptico. Se describe el caso de una paciente con quiste aracnoideo de la vaina del nervio óptico con un defecto campimétrico típico de glaucoma, pero con un disco óptico sin características de glaucoma, con el fin de resaltar la necesidad de estudiar con neuroimágenes estos casos y detectar este tipo de alteraciones. El quiste aracnoideo de la vaina del nervio óptico es una entidad excepcional que generalmente tiene un comportamiento benigno, permaneciendo estable en el tiempo, aunque eventualmente puede producir una neuropatía óptica compresiva, afectando la agudeza o el campo visual por daño de la capa de fibras nerviosas. En el caso descrito, este daño se manifestó con un defecto de campo visual que simulaba neuropatía glaucomatosa. Abstract Background: Arachnoid cyst is a benign fluid collection similar in composition to cerebrospinal fluid within the arachnoid, circumscribed by normal fibrovascular tissue that compresses the leptomeninges surrounding the optic nerve. Objective: To describe the case of a patient with an optic nerve sheath arachnoid cyst with a typical glaucoma campimetric defect, but with an optic disc without findings of glaucoma, to highlight the need to study these cases with neuroimaging to detect this type of changes. Conclusion: Optic nerve sheath arachnoid cyst is an exceptional entity that generally has a benign behavior remaining stable over time; but could eventually originate compressive optic neuropathy, affecting visual acuity or visual fields due to nerve fiber layer damage. In the patient´s case this damage was manifested with a visual field defect that simulated glaucomatous neuropathy.

RESUMEN Las manifestaciones oculares de la artritis reumatoide son manifestaciones graves que requieren manejo agresivo. En el presente reporte presentamos un caso de queratitis asociada a derretimiento corneal desencadenado por suspensión abrupta de su medicación reumatológica y cirugía no ocular, que respondió de forma favorable al manejo con metil-prednisolona y ciclofosfamida. ABSTRACT Ocular signs of rheumatoid arthritis are severe extra-articular manifestations, which usually require aggressive management. In this report, A case is presented here of patient with peripheral ulcerative keratitis associated with corneal melt syndrome triggered by abrupt suspension of antirheumatic medication and non-ocular surgery. They symptoms responded favourably to methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide.

[ES] Durante el desarrollo de los circuitos neurales, una gran parte de la comunicación que ocurre entre las señales de orientación ambiental y el citoesqueleto ocurre en la punta distal del axón, en el cono de crecimiento. Los conos de crecimiento (GC) vienen en muchas formas y tamaños, son muy dinámicos y sondean constantemente su entorno extendiendo y retrayendo sus protuberancias. La motilidad del GC está impulsada principalmente por la remodelación coordinada de las redes citoesqueléticas, incluidas las fibras de actina y los microtúbulos. Para el desarrollo de la conectividad retinotalámica, las células ganglionares de la retina (RGC) proyectan sus axones desde la retina hasta los núcleos dorsal del talámico y requieren una guía adecuada de transducción de señales en el quiasma óptico. La mayoría de los axones RGC cruzan la línea media y se proyectan contralateralmente hacia el tálamo del hemisferio opuesto, mientras que una subpoblación de axones RGC son repelidos en el quiasma óptico y crecen ipsilateralmente. El factor de transcripción Zic2 se ha identificado como un determinante de la identidad ipsilateral de las neuronas RGC y puede inducir de forma autónoma una especificación ipsilateral. La presencia de Zic2 en RGC ipsilaterales provoca la señalización dependiente de Ephrin y Wnt en el quiasma óptico y conduce a la fosforilación de ß-catenina en los axones, lo que evita la formación de complejos cadherina / actina. Esto, localmente desestabiliza F-actina y desencadena la respuesta repulsiva. Durante este proyecto TFM, analizamos si Zic2 también desempeña un papel autónomo celular en la determinación del tamaño y la forma de los conos de crecimiento y cómo este factor de transcripción afecta el citoesqueleto de actina F y la dinámica de los conos de crecimiento. Para hacer esto, sobreexpresamos Zic2 en RGCs mediante electroporación in utero en la retina de embriones de ratones y realizamos explantes de retina in vitro. Encontramos que la sobreexpresión de Zic2 no cambia significativamente el tamaño de GC y el número de filopodios en los axones, pero sí observamos un fuerte aumento en el enriquecimiento de actina F en la periferia de GC de los axones de RGC que expresan Zic2. El aumento observado en los niveles de F-actina en el GC sugiere que Zic2 puede regular de forma autónoma la estabilidad del citoesqueleto de actina. Dado que la remodelación de F-actina juega un papel muy importante en la dinámica de GC, nuestros resultados abren la puerta a estudios de imágenes en vivo en axones de RGC que sobreexpresan Zic2, [EN] During neural circuits development, a large part of the communication that occurs between environmental guiadance signals and the cytoskeleton occurs at the distal tip of the axon, in the growth cone. Growth cones (GC) come in many shapes and sizes, are very dynamic and constantly probe their surroundings by extending and retracting their protrusions. GC motility is mainly driven by the coordinated remodeling of cytoskeletal networks, including the actin fibers and the microtubules. For the development of retinothalamic connectivity, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project their axons from the retina to the dorsal thalamic nuclei and require a proper guidance signaling transduction at the optic chiasm. Most RGC axons cross the midline and project contralaterally towards the thalamus of the opposite hemisphere, whereas a subpopulation of RGC axons are repelled at the optic chiasm and grow ipsilaterally. The transcription factor Zic2 has been identified as a determinant of the ipsilateral identity of RGC neurons and can autonomously induce an ipsilateral specification. The presence of Zic2 in ipsilateral RGCs elicits Ephrin and Wnt-dependent signaling at the optic chiasma and leads to ß-catenin phosphorylation in axons, which prevents the formation of cadherin/actin complexes. This, locally destabilizes F-actin and triggers the repulsive response. During this TFM project, we analyzed whether Zic2 also plays a cell-autonomous role in determining the size and shape of growth cones and how this transcription factor affects the F-actin cytoskeleton and growth cone dynamics. To do this, we overexpressed Zic2 in RGCs by in utero electroporation in the retina of mice embryos and performed retinal explants in vitro. We found that Zic2 overexpression does not significantly change the GC size and filopodia numbers in the axons, but we did observe a strong increase in the F-actin enrichment in the GC periphery of Zic2-expressing RGC axons. The observed increase in F-actin levels in the GC suggests that Zic2 may autonomously regulate the actin cytoskeleton stability. Since F-actin remodelling plays a very important role in GC dynamics, our results open the door to live-imaging studies on Zic2-overexpressing RGC axons

Fragililty index represents the number of outcomes in a trial that should change to reverse, or achieve, statistical significance. This index should also take into account the probability of that changes to occurr and the clinical relevance of the results., El índice de fragilidad representa el número de desenlaces de un ensayo que deberían cambiar para revertir, o conseguir, la significación estadística. Este índice debe tener en cuenta también la probabilidad de los cambios y la importancia clínica de los resultados.

Introduction:The rare and orphan diseases (ROD) constitute a current challenge due to the lack of investigation.Objective:Describe the socioeconomic characteristics of rare and orphan diseases (ROD) in Peru, 2019.Methods:Descriptive observational design. The information was obtained from FISSAL administrative records, and an intentional sample of 20 patients was taken to carry out the questionnaire on ROD. For the economic records, a review of the public budget of the MEF was made. The data analysis was descriptive and inferential.Results:There were 454 patients with a total of 49 ROD; of these, the most representative age groups were schoolchildren and young adults (18% each), and the most frequent diagnosis was Tetralogy of Fallot (22%). The questionnaire on ROD reports a median of 7 months in the delay of diagnosis and between 3 and 5 doctors were visited. Likewise, 30% considered that it generated a high to very high expense. It was calculated that the ROD budget constitutes 2.25% of the total budget for high-cost diseases. Likewise, the ROD budget was different between 2014 and 2019.Conclusions:The population with ROD in Peru is not large; however, it requires greater attention to access to health services and a greater budget allocation. Introducción:Las enfermedades raras y huérfanas (ERH) constituyen un desafío actual debido a la poca atención que se les da.Objetivo:Describir las características socioeconómicas de las enfermedades raras y huérfanas (ERH) en el Perú, 2019.Métodos:Diseño observacional descriptivo. Se obtuvo la información a partir de registros administrativos del FISSAL y se tomó una muestra intencional de 20 pacientes para realizar el cuestionario sobre ERH. Para los registros económicos se hizo una revisión del presupuesto público del MEF. El análisis de datos fue descriptivo e inferencial.Resultados:Hubo 454 pacientes con un total de 49 ERH, de estos, los grupos de edades más representativos fueron los escolares y adultos jóvenes (18% cada uno) y el diagnóstico más frecuente fue la Tetralogía de Fallot (22%). Del cuestionario sobre ERH se reporta una mediana de 7 meses en la demora del diagnóstico y se visitó entre 3 y 5 médicos. Asimismo, el 30% consideró que le generó un gasto entre alto y muy alto. Se calculó que el presupuesto para ERH constituye el 2,25% del presupuesto total para enfermedades de alto costo, asimismo, el presupuesto para ERH fue diferente entre los años 2014 y 2019.Conclusión:La población con ERH en el Perú no es numerosa; sin embargo, requiere una mayor atención para el acceso a los servicios de salud, así como una mayor asignación presupuestal.

Introduction: Ocular axial length, anterior chamber depth and central corneal thickness are three important ocular biometric indices. These measurements are useful to show changes in the Vietnamese population with presbyopia. Objectives: To determine the ocular biometric indices, ocular axial length, anterior chamber depth and central corneal thickness, in Vietnamese population and evaluate the correlation between these indices. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a Vietnamese population, aged 46 to 65 years. Data on ocular axial length, anterior chamber depth and central corneal thickness were collected. The Student's t test and ANOVA were used to compare the means of the indices, grouped by age and sex. The relationship between the ocular biometric indices was tested using Pearson's correlation, with a significance level of p

Las células endoteliales (CE) juegan un papel crucial en la transparencia corneal al mantenerla en un estado de relativa deshidratación. La caracterización del endotelio corneal y su relevancia en el protocolo de las cirugías invasivas constituye el centro de atención de este estudio. Este trabajo aborda diversos aspectos en sus objetivos y desarrollo: diferenciar entre el análisis de la zona central y la periférica de la córnea; relacionar la posición y tamaño de la incisión corneal con el estado del endotelio; comparar las prestaciones de los microscopios especulares comerciales; y conocer los avances recientes en el examen endotelial y su posible aplicación clínica. Se realiza una encuesta dirigida a optometristas y oftalmólogos con la finalidad de conocer las características del examen pre y post operatorio del endotelio en la práctica clínica, las medidas realizadas y sus limitaciones. Como resultado, se concluye que los profesionales limitan su estudio a las CE centrales en diversas intervenciones quirúrgicas, pudiendo ser relevante el análisis de las CE periféricas. La viabilidad y precisión de la microscopía especular in vivo de diferentes regiones del endotelio corneal mejorarían la comprensión de la posible capacidad regenerativa de la córnea periférica, pudiendo ayudar a restaurar la monocapa endotelial funcional. Endothelial cells (EC) play a crucial role in corneal transparency by maintaining it in a state of relative dehydration. The characterisation of the corneal endothelium and its relevance in the protocol of invasive surgeries is the focus of this study. This work addresses several aspects in its objectives and development: differentiate between the analysis of the central and peripheral zone of the cornea; relate the position and size of the corneal incision with the state of the endothelium; compare the performance of commercial specular microscopes; and learn about recent advances in endothelial examination and their possible clinical application. A survey to optometrists and ophthalmologists was conducted to find out the characteristics of pre and post operative examination of the endothelium in clinical practice, the measurements performed and their limitations. As a result, it was concluded that professionals limit their study to central EC in various surgical interventions, although the analysis of peripheral EC could be relevant. The feasibility and accuracy of in vivo specular microscopy of different regions of the corneal endothelium would improve the understanding of the potential regenerative capacity of the peripheral cornea and may help to restore the functional endothelial monolayer.

Resumen Presentamos el caso de un varón de 63 años, inmunocompetente, con una necrosis retinal aguda (NRA) unilateral. Consultó por visión borrosa, dolor ocular, fotofobia y cefalea. Se confirmó una papilitis y coriorretinitis periférica asociada a vasculitis e isquemia retinal periférica. El estudio molecular por RPC de humor acuoso detectó la presencia de virus varicela zoster. El paciente fue tratado con terapia combinada con corticoesteroides orales, aciclovir oral/intravenoso, ganciclovir intravítreo semanal y luego valaciclovir oral por tres meses. Se demostró una disminución progresiva de la carga viral en el humor acuoso durante el tratamiento. El seguimiento mostró una mejoría del cuadro inflamatorio y una leve recuperación de la agudeza visual, sin embargo, finalmente presentó un desprendimiento de retina con pérdida casi total de la visión unilateral. La NRA es una complicación infrecuente provocada por algunos virus herpes con mal pronóstico visual, desenlace que puede ser mejorado con un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz con antivirales. El tratamiento prolongado permite evitar la recaída y el compromiso contralateral.

The case report of a 62 years mestiza patient of rural origin is presented, who had been assisted 3 years ago in the ophthalmology service due to a tumor of conjunctive in the left eye. She went again to the service for this reason, but this time it also existed profuse bleeding and serious damage of the ocular structures. Several exams were carried out, among them orbit X rays, ocular echography, orbit and skull tomographies (with contrast), as well as biopsy of the exofitic lesion and immunohistochemical study. The definitive histologic diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctive, reason why it was decided to carry out orbit exeresis, reconstructive cosmetic surgery and, later on, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The patient had a favorable clinical course and the dissemination of the malignancies was controlled, what could also be avoided if initial medical care might have been opportune.

Background: the climatic change influences the ecosystems, the production of food, the supply of water and the health. Objective: to determine the perceptions and attitudes of professors of the University of Medical Sciences necessaries for the adaptation in order to face the progressive challenge of the climatic change. Methods: it was conformed and applied a questionnaire during the month of January of 2019, it was performed the test of reliability Alpha of Cronbach, there were also calculated the absolute and relative frequencies, and the stradigraphs of central tendency and dispersion were determined according to the variables. A correlation analysis Spearman was made between the demographic variables and the one from adaptation to the climatic change and then one of logistical regression to value effects of the demographic variables on the adaptation to the climatic change. All the analyses were carried out with the program R. Results: the absolute and relative frequencies were calculated and they reflect knowledge on the part of the cloister of the effect of the climatic change on health, their knowledge of adaptation and investigation to face the infectious illnesses related with the climatic change. The statisticians of the demographic variables and the correlation and the effect of these variables were determined about the capacity of adaptation. Conclusions: it was evidenced the necessity of inter-sectoral and trans-disciplinary cooperation of the University´s professors on the interrelation between the climatic change and the public health. DeCS: CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOSYSTEM; FACULTY; PUBLIC HEALTH; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES.

The aim of this research was to find a model based on hyperspectral images to predict the freshness of Sciaena delicious. In the investigation, samples of Sciaena deliciosa “lorna” were used, which after being captured, were placed in a cooler with ice and transported to the laboratory for their respective analysis. For the sensory analysis the sensory scheme proposed by Imarpe (Peru) for fatty species was used. Regarding hyperspectral images, each specimen was placed in the equipment to analyze the vitreous humor of the eye and obtain the corresponding spectral footprint. For the refractive index, the vitreous humor of the eye was removed and placed in the refractometer to quantify the degree of alteration. All these results were correlated to predict freshness, looking for the most appropriate model. The prediction model obtained for the freshness of fish had an R2 = 0.6359, adequate value to consider it as a model of possible practical use.

Introduction and objective: In recent years, significant progress has been made in the diagnosis of vestibular pathologies, especially in the use of alterations in eye movements for diagnosis. An orderly way of evaluating ocular motor function in patients with vestibular system involvement is presented in this review. Method: Narrative review. Results: 7 articles were selected. Discussion: The use of ABCs mnemonics is proposed to order the examination of oculomotor function in patients with vestibular system involvement. The "ABC" segment involves the evaluation of the Conjugated Ocular Bilateral Alignment; "D" is the examination of the Dynamics of eye movements; "E" refers to the stability of the oculomotor system; "FGHI" refers to Eye Fixation, Gain in movements and Head Impulse (cephalic impulse). Conclusions: Using this approach, omissions are avoided in the semiological examination and it can share the information in a homogeneous way among health professionals.

This text focuses on the emotional process, humor and laughter in the classroom. It aims to emphasize the importance of laughter and humor in the educational space, but, from the perspective of the emotional process, that is, perceptions, sensations, thoughts, emotions, feelings, needs and actions. The benefits and harm of humor are also reviewed. It is said that humor is an attitude towards life; it is related with a series of sensations and pleasant emotions. This article presents the findings of a case study where 98 undergraduate students (of a teaching degree at UAM/X in Mexico City during 2017) answered a questionnaire with quantitative and qualitative questions. The results indicate the importance of humor and its benefits in the teaching and learning process, as well as, its intimate relationship with the emotional process composed of pleasant sensations and satisfactory emotions in general.

Foundation: there an increase of ocular diseases and people with visual disabilities. Objectives: to describe the incidence of ocular affections. Methods: study of a series of cases realized in the Ophthalmological consultation in the Island of Fogo, Green Cape between November 2015 and November 2017. A survey was applied which included variables such as age, sex, ophthalmological affection, congenital ocular malformation and type of malformation. It was analyzed if nystagmus, strabismus, any kind of ametropy was present, traumatisms so as affection of the annexes, anterior and posterior segments. Results: 4846 patients were assisted. The incidence of ophthalmological affections was 13,07 %, with female predominance and age group between 21 and 41 years old. The main affections were ametropies, pterygium, catarac, allergic conjunctivitis, pathologies related to keratitis, sclera-hypertensive retinopathies, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion: The main ophthalmological affections are related to the climate of the Island as pterygium, allergic conjunctivitis and cataract, and others as the management and control of the basic disease as pathologies related to keratitis, sclera-hypertensive retinopathies, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy.

Cell suffer structural and metabolic changes in stress situations,which allow them to maintain an adequate homeostasis and avoid death . This bibliographic review had the objective of describing the main morph-physiological changes which occur in cardiac failure and cardiac-pulmonary-cerebral resuscitation. The method was documentary reviewing (database Regional SciELO, PubMed, Cochrane and Infomed), developed during the first semester of 2018. Twenty eight references were selected. It was concluded that there are cellular changes during circulatory stop, the procedures of resuscitation and re-perfusion. In cardiac failure, cellular changes are expressed in all the organelles. And may cause death due to necroses. During re-perfusion new structural changes occur, for calcium entrance, sodium disturbances, production of free radicals and swelling. Morph.physiological changes depend on previous metabolic condition, time of cardiac failure and the successful establishment of resuscitation measures.

La actividad física es muy beneficiosa para la salud pero en determinadas circunstancias en las personas que practican deporte las enfermedades infecciosas pueden incrementarse debido a un cambio en el medio en el que el deportista se desenvuelve, ya que los microrganismos se ven beneficiados por un cambio en el pH, temperatura y otros factores (1-3). La actividad física es muy beneficiosa para la salud pero en determinadas circunstancias en las personas que practican deporte las enfermedades infecciosas pueden incrementarse debido a un cambio en el medio en el que el deportista se desenvuelve, ya que los microrganismos se ven beneficiados por un cambio en el pH, temperatura y otros factores (1-3). Physical activity is very beneficial for health, but in certain circumstances, infectious diseases can increase in people who practice sports due to a change in the environment in which the athlete operates, since microorganisms benefit from a change in pH, temperature and other factors (1-3). Physical activity is very beneficial for health, but in certain circumstances, infectious diseases can increase in people who practice sports due to a change in the environment in which the athlete operates, since microorganisms benefit from a change in pH, temperature and other factors (1-3).

Introduction: behavior in advanced stage glaucoma has brought controversies among specialists in ophthalmology due to its possible visual consequences. Objective: to evaluate the outcome of trabeculectomy surgery in patient treated with glaucoma in advanced stage. Method: an observational, descriptive, and longitudinal study of several cases was conducted at the Hospital General Docente “Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso” in Santiago de Cuba, from 2015 through 2018. It was involved as total and selected 57 eyes with glaucoma in advanced stage and associated with a trabeculectomy surgery. Variables used were: age, sex, preoperative and postoperative variables used (number of drugs used for glaucoma management, best corrected visual acuity, visual field, measurement of intraocular pressure, and postoperative complications). Results: average age was 65.4% and 55.8% were male. Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity in 54 eyes (96.5%) was the same. Antiglaucoma medication decreased to a median value of 1.6 drugs and the postoperative intraocular pressure, 2 years after surgery, was 16.5 mmHg. The overall success rate was 93.0%. Conclusions: trabeculectomy had a satisfactory success rate in the patients with glaucoma in advanced stage treated.

The time interval after tooth bleaching is a significant variable for the adhesion to the tooth structure. The bleaching agents used on the enamel surface, due to the degradation of the peroxides used, generate oxygen free radicals that alter the bonding strength. The literature has shown conclusively that the time that has elapsed since a bleaching to the moment of restoration is decisive for the adhesion to the enamel. The objective of this work was to review the literature about the influence of time after dental bleaching and its effect on the strength of adhesion to enamel of composite resins. Data collection was carried out through electronic databases such as: Scielo, EBSCO, academic repositories, obtaining 36 articles and thesis. After the analysis, it can be considered that time is decisive in the adhesive resistance and that the alterations after tooth bleaching extend until the subsequent week, lasting up to four weeks, a time that the literature considers necessary for the elimination of residual oxygen., El intervalo de tiempo trascurrido pos aclaramiento dentario es una variable significativa para la adhesión a la estructura dentaria. Los agentes aclaradores utilizados sobre la superficie del esmalte, debido a la degradación de los peróxidos empleados generan radicales libres de oxígeno que alteran la fuerza de adhesión. La literatura ha demostrado que el tiempo trascurrido desde un aclaramiento hasta el momento de la restauración es determinante para la adhesión al esmalte. El objetivo de este trabajo fue hacer una revisión de literatura sobre la influencia del tiempo pos aclaramiento dental y su efecto en la fuerza de adhesión al esmalte dental de las resinas compuestas. Para la recopilación de datos se utilizaron las siguientes bases de datos: SciELO, EBSCO y repositorios académicos, obteniéndose 36 artículos y tesis. Después del análisis, se puede considerar que el tiempo es determinante en la resistencia adhesiva y que las alteraciones posteriores al aclaramiento dentario se extienden hasta la semana posterior prolongándose inclusive hasta cuatro semanas, tiempo que la literatura estima necesario para la eliminación del oxígeno residual.

Objetivo. Comparar los pacientes traumáticos con una puntuación de 3 en la escala de coma de Glasgow (Glasgow Coma Scale, GCS) en función de la reactividad pupilar e investigar los factores asociados a la mortalidad hospitalaria en los pacientes con GCS 3 y midriasis bilateral arreactiva. Método. Estudio observacional, prospectivo y multicéntrico. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes traumáticos recogidos con GCS 3 ingresados en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) participantes desde marzo 2015 hasta diciembre 2019. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística para el estudio de los factores asociados a la mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con GCS 3 puntos y midriasis bilateral arreactiva. Resultados. De los 933 pacientes con GCS 3 puntos, 454 (48,7%) presentaron pupilas simétricas y reactivas, 201 (21,5%) anisocoria arreactiva y 278 (29,8%) midriasis bilateral arreactiva. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue elevada en los 3 grupos: 32,5% con pupilas normales, 54,6% con anisocoria arreactiva y 91,0% con midriasis bilateral arreactiva. La edad, la puntación de 3 o más en el Abbreviated Injury Scale (cabeza) y el shock o shock refractario se asociaron de forma significativa con la mortalidad hospitalaria, siendo la lesión difusa tipo I y II y la lesión masa evacuada factores protectores en los pacientes con 3 puntos en la GCS y midriasis bilateral arreactiva. De los 26 pacientes que sobrevivieron con GCS 3 y midriasis bilateral arreactiva, 12 (46,1%) tuvieron un GCS de 14-15 al alta hospitalaria. Conclusiones. La mortalidad hospitalaria de los pacientes traumáticos con 3 puntos en la GCS y midriasis bilateral arreactiva fue del 91%. La edad, la puntación de 3 o más en el Abbreviated Injury Scale (cabeza) y el shock o shock refractario se asociaron de forma significativa con la mortalidad hospitalaria, siendo la lesión difusa tipo I y II, y la lesión masa evacuada factores protectores en este grupo de pacientes. Objectives. To compare patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3 stratified according to pupillary reaction and to explore factors associated with in-hospital death in those with bilateral fixed dilated pupils. Methods. Prospective, observational, multicenter study. We included all patients with trauma and GCS scores of 3 admitted to the intensive care unit from March 2015 to December 2019. Factors associated with in-hospital mortality in the patients with bilateral dilated pupils were explored using multiple regression analysis. Results. Of the 933 patients included, 454 (48.7%) had responsive pupils, 201 (21.5%) had a single fixed dilated pupil, and 278 (29.8%) had bilateral dilation. Hospital mortality was high in all 3 groups: 32.5% in those with normal responsive pupils, 54.6% in those with a single unreactive pupil, and 91.0% in those with bilateral dilation. Factors significantly associated with in-hospital death were age, a score of 3 or more on the Abbreviated Injury Scale for the head, and shock or refractory shock. Types I or II diffuse lesions and evacuated mass lesions were protective in patients with GCS scores of 3 and bilateral dilated pupils. Twelve of the 26 patients (46.1%) with bilateral dilated pupils and GCS scores of 3 had GCS scores of 14 or 15 on discharge from the hospital. Conclusions. The in-hospital mortality was 91% in this study of trauma patients with GCS scores of 3 and bilateral dilated pupils. Factors significantly associated with in-hospital death were age, a score of 3 or more on the Abbreviated Injury Scale for the head, and shock or refractory shock. Types I or II diffuse lesions and evacuated mass lesions were protective in patients with GCS scores of 3 and bilateral dilated pupils. RETRAUCI contó con una beca para el desarrollo de un registro electrónico concedida al Dr. Chico-Fernández (Fundación Mutua Madrileña, número de referencia AP117892013).

Evidence suggests that household responses to price and income changes are significantly sensitive across income levels and rural-urban location. In this paper, we focus on poor households vs. non-poor households using two definitions of poverty, objective and subjective. We evaluate the differential responses of poor households vs. non-poor households to changes in food expenditures and prices and simulate the welfare losses from food price changes across poverty definitions. We use the QUAIDS model to estimate food elasticities with data from the National Expenditure and Household Income Survey, 2016-2017, from Uruguay. Expenditure elasticities at the food level reveal that bread and dairy products are a necessity-food category, regardless of the poverty status and across poverty definitions, while beverages are a luxury good. The demand sensitivity for the rest of the food categories differs by poverty status and poverty definitions. Uncompensated own-price elasticities indicate that when poverty is defined objectively, then changes in demand due to changes in price are greater for poor households (except for meat products). However, poor households, under the subjective definition, are more sensitive than non-poor households only to changes in beverage prices. Additionally, changes in household economic welfare due to price increases vary according to poverty status. On average, the percentage of total income needed to avoid a loss in economic welfare of poor households, defined by the objective method, is double that required by the non-poor households, for all price changes. However, differences are much smaller when using the subjective approach to measure poverty., Fil: Echeverría, Lucía. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina., Fil: Molina, José Alberto. University of Zaragoza. Department of Economic Analysis; Spain.

Los experimentos psicolingüísticos recientes han hecho patente que la afectación del lenguaje en demencia se extiende al ámbito de la pragmática y, particularmente, al humor. Se trata, sobre todo, de trastornos en la capacidad de las personas con demencia de descodificar adecuadamente la simbología lingüística de base social y emocional. Estos trastornos se manifiestan en una marcada dificultad para entender estímulos humorísticos, la tendencia a imitar las estrategias humorísticas propias de la infancia y el desajuste entre la producción del humor y el contexto. En las vertientes perceptiva y productiva del humor, las personas con demencia pueden presentar una afectación variable entre enfermedades, debido tanto al deterioro de su competencia pragmática y de otros niveles lingüísticos, como a la afectación de las funciones cognitivas generales. En este trabajo ofrecemos una primera aproximación a la descripción de la capacidad de personas con diferentes tipos de demencia con afectación pragmática (enfermedad de Alzheimer, demencia semántica y demencia frontotemporal) de gestionar las inferencias en la recepción de estímulos humorísticos. Asimismo, partiendo de que apenas hay estudios sobre la producción del humor verbal en la demencia, proponemos un modelo para estandarizar las pruebas de ilicitación del humor en personas con la enfermedad de Alzheimer a partir del modelo de subversión/predisposición. Dicho modelo considera el estímulo humorístico como el resultado de la interacción de dos grandes ejes: la "subversión" de las expectativas interpretativas iniciales del receptor y las condiciones contextuales que posibilitan y predisponen la extracción de inferencias en el plano del humor. El fin último de nuestro trabajo es aportar datos a la comprensión de la afectación del humor bajo efecto de diferentes cuadros neurodegenerativos y, de forma particular, ofrecer una propuesta de estudio del humor desde la pragmática clínica. Recent psycholinguistic experiments have highlighted that language impairment in dementia affects pragmatics and, notably, humor. Impairment in humor consists in the difficulty that speakers with neurodegenerative diseases develop for the proper decoding of language symbols with social and emotional background. As a result, speakers with dementia show strong difficulty in understanding humor stimuli, tend to imitate childlike humor strategies and mismatch humor production and context. In both perceptive and productive humor, people with different dementia profiles show different humor impairments: this is due, on the one hand, to both general impairment of pragmatic competence and other language levels; and, on the other hand, to the cognitive decline itself. In this work, we offer a first approach to how speakers with different dementia syndromes that involve pragmatic impairment (Alzheimer's disease, semantic dementia and frontotemporal dementia) retain the ability to extract inferences from humor stimuli. Likewise, building on the large gap in the study of verbal humor production, we propose a model aimed at standardizing humor production tests in the most common dementia, the Alzheimer's disease, based on the subversion/predisposition model. This model takes the humor stimulus as a result of interaction between the subversion of recipient's initial expectations and the contextual conditions that predispose inference extraction in humor. The primary goal of our work is to contribute to the comprehension of humor affection and impairment in different neurodegenerative diseases and, in particular, to propose a model for humor study from the perspective of clinical pragmatics.

El trastorno bipolar (TB) es una enfermedad mental caracterizada por episodios de alteraciones extremas del humor en la que existe evidencia de presencia de neurodegeneración, determinada mediante resonancia magnética nuclear. En los últimos años, la evaluación del nervio óptico y de las capas de la retina mediante tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) en enfermedades neurodegenerativas ha demostrado su utilidad como biomarcador no invasivo de diagnóstico y progresión. En pacientes con TB diversos estudios han encontrado disminución de la capa de fibras nerviosas de la retina y del complejo de células ganglionares objetivables mediante OCT, lo que apoyaría la hipótesis de que el TB se trata de una enfermedad neurodegenerativa además de un proceso psiquiátrico. Por ello, el estudio neuro-oftalmológico de estos pacientes podría servir como marcador diagnóstico de esta patología. Este trabajo revisa la bibliografía reciente sobre degeneración retiniana en pacientes con TB y evalúa la capacidad de los dispositivos de OCT en la detección de degeneración neuronal que afecta a las diferentes capas de la retina en estos pacientes y su posible papel en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de la enfermedad. Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mental disorder characterised by episodes of extremal mood changes. In recent years, some researchers found neurodegeneration in patients with BD using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Evaluation of the optic nerve and the retinal layers using optical coherence tomography (OCT) has proved to be a useful, non-invasive tool for diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases. Accordingly, a decrease in the retinal nerve fibre layer and the ganglion cell complex measured by OCT was found in patients with BD in different studies, suggesting that BD is a neurodegenerative process in addition to a psychiatric disorder. Therefore, the neuro-ophthalmological evaluation of these patients could be used as a marker for diagnosis of this disease. This work analyses literature on retinal degeneration in bipolar disorder patients, and evaluates the ability of OCT devices in the detection of neuronal degeneration affecting the different retinal layers in these patients, and its possible role in the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease.

Objetivo: Identificar la frecuencia de pacientes con manifestaciones oculares según la presencia de hiperlaxitud ligamentaria. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio analítico, transversal en 200 pacientes,100 pacientes con Sindrome de Hiperlaxitud Ligamentaria (SHL) y 100 pacientes sin SHL. Se incluyeron pacientes de 6 a 50 años, que cumplieron con criterios de Brighton. Se excluyeron: mujeres con menopausia, pacientes con enfermedad del tejido conectivo, DM, enfermedad tiroidea, fumadores, portadores de lentes de contacto, o que tomen antihistamínicos, antidepresivos, diuréticos, anticonceptivos. Se comparó la proporción en ambos grupos. Resultados: Al comparar la frecuencia de pacientes con manifestaciones oculares, en el grupo con SHL se identificaron manifestaciones oculares en el 80% de pacientes, mientras que en el grupo control solo en el 21% (p0.05). En el grupo de pacientes con SHL, las manifestaciones oculares más frecuentes, fueron: miopía (57%), astigmatismo (44%), ojo seco (14%), hipermetropía (11%), y en menor frecuencia, escleras azules (3%) y párpados caídos (2%) y catarata (1%). Conclusión: Las manifestaciones oculares son más frecuentes en los pacientes con SHL que en los que no padecen esta condición, siendo la miopía, astigmatismo y ojo seco las más frecuentes. Objective: To identify the frequency of patients with ocular manifestations according to the presence of ligament hypermobility. Material and method: An analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out in 200 patients, 100 patients with Ligament Hypermobility Syndrome (LHS) and 100 patients without LHS. Patients aged 6 to 50 years were included, who met the Brighton criteria. Excluded were: women with menopause, patients with connective tissue disease, DM, thyroid disease, smokers, contact lens wearers, or taking antihistamines, antidepressants, diuretics, contraceptives. The proportion in both groups was compared. Results: When comparing the frequency of patients with ocular manifestations, in the group with SHL ocular manifestations were observed in 80% of patients, while in the control group only in 21% (p 0.05). In the group of patients with LHS, the most frequent ocular manifestations were: myopia (57%), astigmatism (44%), dry eye (14%), hyperopia (11%), and to a lesser extent, blue scleras (3%) and drooping eyelids (2%) and cataract (1%). Conclusion: Ocular manifestations are more frequent in patients with LHS than in those who do not suffer from this condition, with myopia, astigmatism and dry eye being the most frequent. Tesis

Ocular trauma is the most frequent cause of eye loss worldwide. It can occur at any stage of life, with a higher incidence in childhood. Management can be surgical, surgical - prosthetic or prosthetic. We describe individualized prosthetic rehabilitation in a clinical case of upper eyelid ptosis, collapse and muscle atrophy due to lack of function following evisceration in a traumatic unilateral ocular injury approximately 56 years previously. We describe the technique for making ocular shapers to correct ptosis of the upper eyelid and achieve gradual expansion of the cavity, as well as the preparation of an ocular prosthesis to fulfill the expected functional and esthetic requirements. El trauma ocular constituye la causa de pérdida ocular más frecuente a nivel mundial y puede presentarse en cualquier etapa de vida, con mayor incidencia en la niñez. El manejo puede ser quirúrgico, quirúrgico-protésico o protésico. A continuación, se presenta un caso clínico quedescribe la rehabilitación protésica individualizada posterior a una evisceración en una lesión ocular unilateral traumática de hace aproximadamente 56 años, que presenta ptosis del párpado superior, colapso y atrofia muscular debido a la falta de función. Se describe la técnica de confección de los conformadores oculares para corregir la ptosis del párpado superior y lograr la expansión gradual de la cavidad, así como la confección de la prótesis ocular individualizada, con el objetivo de alcanzar los requerimientos funcionales y estéticos esperados.

The clinical and histopathological aspects as well as the immunohistochemical expression of ocular squamous cell carcinoma (CCEO) were evaluated in 24 cows with ocular and periorbital neoplasms in the department of Nariño, Colombia. The variables were breed, sex, age, location, and stage of the carcinoma. Immunoexpression of p53 and CK19 was determined. There were 15 Holstein, 3 Normado, 3 Simhol, 2 Creole and one Montbéliarde cows and were classified according to age in 8 years (32%). The carcinoma developed in the nictitating membrane (n=13), sclerocorneal limbus (7), lower eyelid (2), cornea (1) and in the conjunctiva (1). Ten cows presented a hypopigmented periorbital area. Small whitish gray plaques were observed on the third eyelid and cornea, irregular nodules, and cauliflower-shaped sessile warts in the limbus corneal region and eyelids. Microscopically, well-differentiated tumors showed rupture of the basal membrane, hyperchromatic nuclei, atypical mitosis, and nuclear pleomorphism. Cells arranged in cords with keratinized centers in the form of lamellar beads were found. P53, in 18 cases, showed weak immunoexpression, both in animals with normal pigmentation and with hypopigmented skin. The reactivity of CK19 was null in all the samples. The study demonstrated that morphological evaluation of ocular squamous cell carcinoma lesions using H-E staining was the best diagnostic tool, although it was not possible to classify the CCEO by stage according to the degree of microscopic differentiation., Se evaluaron los aspectos clínicos e histopatológicos, así como la expresión inmunohistoquímica del carcinoma de células escamosas ocular (CCEO) en 24 vacas con neoplásicas oculares y periorbitales en el departamento de Nariño, Colombia. Las variables fueron raza, sexo, edad, ubicación y estadio del carcinoma. Se determinó la inmunoexpresión de p53 y CK19. Se trabajó con 15 Holstein, 3 Normado, 3 Simhol, 2 criollas y una Montbéliarde, clasificadas según edad en 8 años (32%). El carcinoma se desarrolló en la membrana nictitante (n=13), limbo esclerocorneal (7), párpado inferior (2), córnea (1) y en la conjuntiva (1). Diez vacas presentaron un área periorbital hipopigmentada. Se observó pequeñas placas de color gris blanquecino en el tercer párpado y córnea, nódulos irregulares y verrugas sésiles con forma de coliflor en la región limbocorneal y párpados. Microscópicamente los tumores bien diferenciados presentaron rompimiento de membrana basal, núcleos hipercromáticos, mitosis atípicas y pleomorfismo nuclear. Se encontró células dispuestas en cordones con centros queratinizados en forma de perlas lamelares. El p53, en 18 casos presentó inmunoexpresión débil, tanto en animales con pigmentación normal como con piel hipopigmentada. La reactividad del CK19 fue nula en todas las muestras. El estudio demostró que la valoración morfológica de las lesiones de carcinoma de células escamosas ocular mediante teñidas con H-E fue la mejor herramienta diagnóstica, aunque no fue posible clasificar el CCEO por estadios de acuerdo con el grado de diferenciación microscópica.

Treball Final de Grau en Medicina. Codi: MD1158. Curs acadèmic: 2019/2020 OBJECTIVES: The objective of this Final Degree Project is to know if the phytohormone Abscisic Acid can be used as an antioxidant nutraceutical tool that helps in maintaining the oxidative balance of the eye. DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: All relevant literature found in Pubmed, WOS, SCIELO, SCOPUS and Cochrane was used: Original studies, written in English and investigating Abscisic Acid in diseases related to oxidative-type imbalances, and more specifically in eye pathologies. RESULTS: From the 4 studies that underwent the meta-analysis, it was observed how Abscisic Acid can be used as a treatment in eye diseases derived from oxidative damage, such as Retinal angiogenesis, Ischemic retinopathies or Diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: ABA is a phytohormone with antioxidant properties that offers solutions to pathologies which appear as a consequence of the loss of the oxidative balance. There are ocular pathologies with etiology in oxidative damage: cataracts, glaucoma, liquefaction of the vitreous, diabetic retinopathy. ABA can be used in diseases derived from ischemic retinopathy and angiogenic pathology of the retina. More studies need to be done to see if it can also be used in other eye pathologies stemming from conditions where ABA is already used, such diabetes, and some other inflammatory illnesses. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo del presente Trabajo Fin de Grado es el de conocer si la fitohormona Acido Abscísico puede ser usado como herramienta nutracéutica antioxidante que ayude en el mantenimiento del equilibrio oxidativo del ojo. DISEÑO: ˜ Revision sistemática. ´ MÉTODOS: ´ Se utilizó toda literatura encontrada en Pubmed, WOS, SCIELO, SCOPUS y Cochrane: Estudios originales en ingles y que investigaran el Ácido Abscísico en enfermedades relacionadas con desequilibrios de tipo oxidativo y mas específicamente en patologías oculares. RESULTADOS: Los 4 artículos revisados en metaanalisis muestran que el Ácido Abscísico es útil como tratamiento en enfermedades oculares por daño oxidativo, como la Angiogénesis de la retina, las Retinopatías isquemicas o la Retinopatía diabetica. CONCLUSIONES: El ABA es una fitohormona con propiedades antioxidantes que ofrece soluciones a patologías que aparecen a consecuencia de la perdida del equilibrio oxidativo. Existen patologíass oculares con etiología en el daño oxidativo: cataratas, glaucoma, licuefacción del vítreo, retinopatía diabetica. El ABA puede usarse en enfermedades derivadas de la retinopatía isquemica y la patología angiogenica de la retina. Deben realizarse más estudios para ver si tambien puede ser usado en otras patologías oculares derivadas de patolgías en las que ya se usa el ABA, como para la diabetes o ciertas enfermedades de tipo inflamatorio.

The Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) is the most external cell layer of the retina with important roles in vision and photoreceptor homeostasis. Indeed, when the RPE is damaged or does not properly form during embyogenesis, vision becomes seriously compromised. This epithelial structure derives from the outer layer of the optic cup and develops with a similar mechanism across all vertebrates. As development proceeds, RPE cells are exposed to tensional forces and morphogenetic movements that contributes to shape the eye. Recently, two related transcriptional cofactors, Yap and Taz, have been identified as crucial regulators of RPE development, so that their inactivation or mutations impair RPE development. Mechanical stress and biophysical stimuli are important regulators of Yap/Taz activity, allowing to suggest new hypothesis on the mechanisms underlying RPE development. Here I will review the current knowledge on the role of Yap/Taz in eye development, trying to provide a view on how they function in the optic cup with an evolutionary conserved mechanism.

The poisonous eggs of Pomacea canaliculata (Caenogastropoda, Ampullariidae) hardly have any predator. This invasive snail, listed among the 100 worst invasive species, is a serious crop pest and a vector of a human parasitosis. Females lay eggs in pink-reddish masses, presumably as a warning coloration of their chemical defenses. Egg ingestion alters rodents’ gastrointestinal tract and is lethal if injected, but its effect on other taxa is unknown. Here we explored the toxic effects of Pomacea canaliculata eggs on bullfrog Lithobathes catesbeianus (Anura, Ranidae). Juvenile bullfrogs were gavaged with egg extracts and their digestive tract analyzed after 24 h and 48 h using histological, immunohistochemical and lectin-histochemical techniques. Toxicity was also evaluated by intraperitoneal injection of eggs extracts. Egg extract ingestion adversely affected small intestine of bullfrogs. Short term (24 h) effects included large, reversible changes of the intestinal wall, villi morphology, and changes in the glycosylation patterns of enterocytes. The mucosal area increased and infiltration of inflammatory cells, mainly eosinophils and macrophages, were observed together with a weak hemorrhage. Most of these changes reversed after 48 h. Besides, intraperitoneal injection of egg extract was nontoxic to bullfrog juveniles and no lethality or behavioral changes were observed, a remarkable difference with egg’ effect on mammals. As a whole, these results indicate that toxins of apple snail eggs reversibly modify gut morphology, which may alter bullfrog physiology limiting their ability to absorb egg nutrients. This study extends the known targets of the apple snail egg defenses against predation to amphibians., Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes

The present invention relates to a method for modifying a vitreous material, a system suitable for carrying out said method, and the modified vitreous material that can be obtained by said method. This process improves the mechanical properties of the vitreous material. [EN], El objeto de la presente invención es un procedimiento de modificación de un material vítreo; un sistema adaptado para realizar dicho procedimiento y el material vítreo modificado obtenible mediante dicho procedimiento. Este proceso mejora las propiedades mecánicas del material vítreo. [ES], Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Zaragoza, A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnica

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con el desarrollo de hipertensión ocular y glaucoma, en los pacientes sometidos a queratoplastia penetrante, en la Clínica de Ojos de la ciudad de Bogotá. Método: Se realizo un estudio retrospectivo de corte transversal, y se analizaron 130 ojos de pacientes sometidos a queratoplastia penetrante, en la clínica de Ojos de la ciudad de Bogotá, entre enero de 2015 y agosto de 2018. Se obtuvieron datos demográficos y clínicos, y se determinó mediante análisis bivariado, los factores de asociación y la prevalencia de la patología a estudio. Resultados: Prevalencia de hipertensión ocular del 27,69% y glaucoma del 10%. Edad promedio 48,93 ± 18,63 años; frecuencia de presentación mayor en hombres (61.5%). Los factores de asociación estadísticamente significativos fueron el sexo masculino (PR 2.59), presencia de sinequias anteriores periféricas (PR 1.83), antecedente de trauma (PR 2.16), QPP previa (PR 2.10) y falla del injerto (PR 2.04). El glaucoma post-QPP únicamente tuvo asociación estadísticamente significativa la queratopatía bullosa (PR 2.76). Conclusiones: La hipertensión ocular y el glaucoma tuvieron alta prevalencia posterior a queratoplastia penetrante, y los factores de asociación fueron similares a los reportados en otros estudios internacionales. Conocer estos factoes, permite enfocar la vigilancia y tratamiento en estos pacientes para evitar la ceguera por daño del nervio óptico o del injerto corneal. Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with the development of ocular hypertension and glaucoma, in patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty, in the Eye Clinic of the city of Bogotá. Method: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted, and 130 eyes of patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty were analyzed at the Eye Clinic in Bogotá, between January 2015 and August 2018. Demographic and clinical data were obtained, and it was determined by bivariate analysis, the association factors and the prevalence of the pathology under study. Results: Prevalence of ocular hypertension of 27.69% and glaucoma of 10%. Average age 48.93 ± 18.63 years; higher frequency of presentation in men (61.5%). Statistically significant association factors were male sex (PR 2.59), presence of peripheral anterior synechiae (PR 1.83), history of trauma (PR 2.16), prior penetrating keratoplasty (PR 2.10) and graft failure (PR 2.04). Post- penetrating keratoplasty glaucoma only had statistically significant association with bullous keratopathy (PR 2.76). Conclusions: Ocular hypertension and glaucoma had a high prevalence after penetrating keratoplasty, and the association factors were similar to those reported in other international studies. Knowing these factors, allows focusing surveillance and treatment in these patients to avoid blindness due to damage of the optic nerve or corneal graft Otra