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RESUMO O Tumor Venéreo Transmissível Canino (TVTC) é uma neoplasia de células redondas que tem a particularidade de se implantar em mucosas que tenham perdido a sua integridade. Nesse local o tumor prolifera e ocasionalmente origina metástase. Em geral, o tumor responde ao tratamento com sulfato de vincristina, porém a resistência quimioterápica associada ao fenótipo tumoral tem sido documentada. Objetivou-se relatar um caso de TVTC genital de fenótipo citológico misto com metástase esplênica e o insucesso da quimioterapia com sulfato de vincristina, em uma fêmea canina, da raça Australian Cattle Dog, de cinco anos de idade. Após diagnóstico citológico e histológico, o tumor primário foi ainda caracterizado em fase de progressão e mostrou baixa expressão de moléculas do complexo principal de histocompatibilidade (MHC) (4,4 ± 2% classe I e 11 ± 4,1% classe II). A cadela foi submetida à ovariohisterectomia e esplenectomia terapêutica e não apresentou recidiva do tumor após 12 meses de acompanhamento clínico. ABSTRACT The canine transmissible venereal tumor is a type of round cell cancer that have the particularity of implanting in mucous tissue, when they lose their integrity, at which point the tumour proliferates and may even develop metastases. The tumor typically responds well to vincristine sulfate chemotherapy, although there are cases of resistance to the drug correlated with the tumoral phenotype. We describe herein a genital mixed TVTC case with metastases at spleen and failure at vincristine sulfate chemotherapeutic treatment in a five years old Australian Cattle Dog female. After the cytological, histological and cytogenetic diagnostic, the primary tumor was still characterized in progression phase and showed low major histocompatibility complex expression MHC (4,4 ± 2% class I e 11 ± 4,1% class II. The dog underwent therapeutic splenectomy and ovariohysterectomy and did not present tumor recurrence within 12 months of clinical follow-up.

Purpose To investigate the preoperative prognostic role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC). Methods 18F-FDG PET/CT was performed in 57 patients for EC preoperative staging. Maximum and mean standardized uptake values (SUVmax, mean), metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) of primary tumors, at different thresholds of 40%, 50%, 60% (40–50–60), were evaluated and compared with anatomopathological features. The diagnostic performance of PET-parameters (categorized by ROC analysis) in discriminating low-intermediate and high-risk disease and the prognostic role on survival (overall survival –OS; disease free survival – DFS) was evaluated. Results The categorized TLG40–50–60 were the only parameters related to FIGO stage I versus II-III-IV (p = 0.0035 for all). The cut-off values for risk stratification were 83.69, 61.81 and 41.32, respectively (sensitivity: 60.00%; specificity; 71.43% for all parameters). Pathological stage 1 (pT1) of the primary tumor was predicted by MTV60 and TLG40-50 (p = 0.0328, 0.0240, 0.0147, respectively). The optimal thresholds were 7.795, 99.55 and 77.58, respectively (sensitivity: 38.46%, 53.85% and 53.85%, respectively; specificity: 88.64%, 79.55% and 81.82%, respectively). SUVmax and SUVmean40–50–60 were the only parameters discriminating endometrioid from non-endometrioid subtype. The corresponding sensitivity was 64.86% and 62.16% for SUVmax and SUVmean 50–60 and 62.16% for SUVmean40; specificity was 70.00% for all parameters. The mean (SD) OS was 79.77% (3.34%) and the mean DFS was 77.89% (3.73%). The tumor type was the only variable significantly associated with OS (p = 0.0486). TLG50 > 77.58 cm3 was the only variable associated with a higher risk of relapse (p = 0.0472). Conclusion TLG40–50–60 and MTV60 of primary EC have prognostic value in discriminating FIGO and pathological staging. These results suggest a possible role of these parameters in predicting EC aggressiveness, thus improving the preoperative characterization of endometrial cancer.

WOS: 000502184800003, PubMed: 31378538, Objective: F-18-Fluorine fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-18-FOG PET/CT) imaging is considered the standard imaging modality for patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma. The aim of this study was to compare clinical staging (cTNM) performed with F-18-FDG PET/CT and surgical staging (sTNM) in patients with non-small cell carcinoma treated with surgery. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 99 surgical patients with non-small cell carcinoma who underwent F-18-FDG PET/CT examination. Semiquantitative measures were calculated from the primary lesions and mediastinal lymph nodes. Findings of cTNM were compared with final surgical-pathological evaluation. Subjects were divided into two groups as postsurgical cTNM changed and cTNM unchanged. Patients in the cTNM changed group were further classified as postsurgical upstaged (US) and downstaged (DS). Results of the US patients were compared with the results of the remaining patients consisting of cTNM unchanged and DS to evaluate the predictable roles of semiquantitative parameters for postsurgical upstaging. To determine mediastinal tumoral involvement, cut-off values were obtained from calculated semiquantitative results of FDG uptakes in lymph nodes. A p value

Background: Pancreatic cancer is the tenth most prevalent cancer in world, and represents the fourth cause of cancer death. It has a five year-survival of 5%. Aim: To assess the prognostic value of PET/CT in pancreatic cancer. Material and Methods: Sixty-nine patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent staging 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT between December 2008 and July 2016 were selected. Gender, age, body-mass index, laboratory tests (Ca 19-9, hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, liver enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase), histological differentiation of tumor, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, size and 18F-FDG uptake (maximal stan-dardized uptake value [SUVmax]) of the primary tumor, nodal involvement and distant metastasis detected by PET/CT were registered. Survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves, Log Rank test and Cox multivariable analysis. Results: Mortality was 66.7%, during a mean observation time of 18 months (range 20 days-66 months). Curative surgery, lack of metastases detected by PET/CT, histologically well differentiated tumors, and SUVmax ≤ 4.3 were significantly associated with a better specific survival, determined by the Log Rank test. Histological differentiation was the only variable that had a statistically significant prognostic value in the multivariable analysis. Conclusions: The detection of distant metastases and the intensity of primary tumor 18F-FDG uptake during PET/CT provide useful prognostic information in pancreatic cancer patients.

Introducción: Existen distintas estrategias para el tratamiento de las metástasis hepáticas de origen colorrectal sincrónicas (MHCRS): cirugía secuencial, según respuesta a quimioterapia, intervención simultánea del tumor y las metástasis o cirugía hepática previa al tumor primario; el uso de una u otra estrategia es aún controvertido. Objetivo: Comparar la morbimortalidad y supervivencia en dos grupos de pacientes con MHCRS intervenidos de forma simultánea versus secuencial. Pacientes y Métodos: Definimos las MHCRS como aquellas que se diagnostican antes o durante la intervención del tumor primario. Se comparan dos grupos de pacientes con MHCRS, 25 sometidos a intervención simultánea (grupo 1) y 51 tras quimioterapia (intervención secuencial: grupo 2). La cirugía hepática la realizó el mismo cirujano. Revisamos datos del paciente, del tumor primario, intervención quirúrgica, transfusión perioperatoria, morbimortalidad y supervivencia. Resultados: 76 pacientes, con edad media de 62,79 ± 11,3 años. El número de metástasis y la invasión ganglionar del tumor primario fueron mayores en el grupo 2 de forma estadísticamente significativa. índice de resecabilidad: 77,6%: 18 resecciones hepáticas mayores y 28 menores, con diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos (p = 0,05). La estancia media (10,89 días), índice de morbilidad (19,7%) y supervivencia actuarial a 1,3 y 5 años fueron similares (75%, 45% y 36% en el grupo 1 y de 76%, 49% y 29% en el grupo 2). Mortalidad: 1,6%. Conclusiones: Las MHCRS pueden ser intervenidas de forma simultánea al tumor primario en pacientes seleccionados siempre que el equipo sea especializado. La morbimortalidad y la supervivencia son similares tanto en la intervención simultánea como en la secuencial.

Objetivos: Describir características clínicas, histopatológicas y desenlaces de pacientes con cáncer localmente avanzado de recto y respuesta clínica completa posterior a la neoadyuvancia, sin manejo quirúrgico. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con cáncer de recto estadios II y III, llevados a quimiorradiación, en seguimiento clínico. Se evaluó supervivencia libre de enfermedad, global y tasa de recaída. Se describen características biológicas (Kras, Ki67, p53) y morfológicas del tumor (grado, invasión linfovascular y perineural). Resultados: Entre enero de 2003 y junio de 2013, 19 pacientes con cáncer localmente avanzado de recto y respuesta clínica completa postneoadyuvancia, no aceptaron el tratamiento quirúrgico radical. Con mediana de seguimiento de 21 meses (4-92 meses), se presentaron recaídas del: 21% en el primer año, 36% a los 3 años y 42% a los 5 años (total: 8 pacientes). Se presentó recaída local en 50% de casos, regional en 50% y no hubo recaída sistémica. La tasa estimada de recaída local fue 2,3 recaídas por 100 pacientes/mes (IC 95%:1,21-4,5) y de recaída regional 1,3 recaídas por 100 pacientes/mes (IC 95%:0,5-3,1). No se estableció relación, entre la expresión de factores biológicos del tumor primario y los desenlaces. Conclusiones: Se ratifica la indicación del tratamiento quirúrgico radical, posterior a la neoadyuvancia, en todos los pacientes con cáncer localmente avanzado de recto. Las bajas tasas de recaída local y regional de nuestra serie, sugieren la posibilidad de resección local u observación, en casos seleccionados. La individualización y deseo del paciente, debe orientar la toma de decisiones. Objectives: To describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics and outcomes of patient with non-surgically managed locally advanced rectal cancer and a complete clinical response to neoadjuvant treatment. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on a cohort of patients with stages II and III rectal cancer, on clinical follow up after subjected to chemoradiotherapy. The overall disease free survival and recurrence rates were evaluated. The biological (Kras, Ki67, p53) and morphological (grade, lymphovascular and perineural invasion) characteristics of the tumor were recorded. Results: Between January 2003 and June 2013, a total of 19 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer and a complete clinical response after neoadjuvant treatment, did not accept radical surgical treatment. With a median follow-up of 21 months (range 4-92 months), the recurrences were: 21% in the first year, 36% at 3 years, and 42% at 5 years (total: 8 patients). There was local recurrence in 50% of the cases, regional in 50%, and there were no systemic recurrences. The estimated local recurrence rate was 2.3 recurrences per 100 patients/month (95% CI; 1.21 - 4.5), and a regional recurrence of 1.3 recurrences per 100 patients/month (95% CI: 0.5 - 3.1). No relationship was found between the expression of biological factors of the primary tumor and the outcomes. Conclusions: The indication for radical surgical treatment after neoadjuvant treatment is demonstrated in all patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. The low local and regional recurrence rates of this series suggest the possibility of local resection or observation in selected cases. Individualization and the wishes of the patient must be taken into account when making decisions.

El tratamiento actual de la recidiva local (RL) del cáncer de recto representa un verdadero desafío para el equipo multidisciplinario que debe manejar esta seria complicación con una estrategia de terapia multimodal. La evaluación preoperatoria de la RL considera el statusperfomance del paciente y busca establecer el compromiso anatómico preciso, así como descartar enfermedad a distancia. Entre los factores de riesgo para la ocurrencia de una RL destacan la altura del tumor (bajo), el tipo de intervención (RAP), el CEA preoperatorio elevado, la perforación intraoperatoria, el compromiso del margen circunferencial y el estadio del tumor primario. Entre los factores pronósticos de una RL ya establecida se incluye el tipo de cirugía del primario (resección local, resección anterior, RAP), el tipo de RL (estadificación), la presencia de síntomas (el dolor pélvico profundo) y especialmente la posibilidad de lograr una resección R0 de la RL. Una revisión sistemática reciente sobre 55 estudios muy heterogéneos concluye que la resección radical con intención curativa se logró en el 40% de los casos; la radioterapia externa preoperatoria al abordaje de la RL en dosis de 40 a 60 Gy se empleó en el 12 al 97% de los casos y la IORT varió entre el 8 y el 91% con dosis entre 10 y 20 Gy; la mortalidad operatoria a 30 días fue de 2,2% como promedio (extremos 0-8,8%); la tasa de control local en los pacientes R0 varió entre 29 y 100% y la sobrevida a 5 años fue al menos 25% con un límite superior de 41%. No existe una evidencia categórica sobre cual es la estrategia terapéutica más adecuada en el manejo de una RL. Sin embargo, existe un consenso creciente que estos pacientes deben recibir un esquema de RQT preoperatoria con el fin de disminuir el tamaño y/o el estadio de la recidiva que permita alcanzar una resección R0. Los resultados actuales sugieren que el tratamiento multimodal se justifica razonablemente en el manejo de la RL, que la selección de pacientes es crucial y que se requiere un equipo altamente capacitado en cirugía pélvica radical de salvataje.

Background: In colorectal cancer, BRAF and KRAS mutation are mutually exclusive, but both are independent prognostic factors for the disease. Aim: To determine the frequency of BRAF V600E mutation in colorectal cancer. Material and methods: A KRAS mutation study was carried out in 100 tissue samples of primary and metastatic adenocarcinomas of colon and rectum from patients aged 61.1 ± 62 years (56 women). Negative KRAS mutation cases underwent study of BRAF V600E mutation by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct sequencing. Results: Primary tumors were located in the colon and rectum in 88 and six cases respectively. Five were liver metastases and in one case, the sample location was undetermined. Forty two samples were KRAS positive (mutated). In 12 of the 58 KRAS negative (wild type) samples, the V600E mutation in codon 15 of the BRAF gene was demonstrated. No differences in the frequency and distribution of mutations, stratified by gender, age, primary tumor versus metastasis, or tumor location were observed. Conclusions: Twelve percent of KRAS negative colorectal cancer samples showed BRAF gene mutation. Twelve percent of colorectal cancer samples showed BRAF gene mutation. Considering that 42% of samples have a KRAS mutation, 54% of patients should not respond to therapies with monoclonal antibodies directed against epidermic growth factor (EGFR) pathway.

Objetivos: evaluar los resultados perioperatorios y oncológicos de la adrenalectomía laparoscópica por metástasis aislada. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de 12 adrenalectomías laparoscópicas por metástasis de un total de 40 realizadas entre mayo de 1998 y abril de 2009. El tumor primario fue en siete casos de pulmón, en tres renal y en dos de colon. Los datos demográficos de la serie incluyeron edad, tiempo operatorio, sangrado, complicaciones, tamaño tumoral y estancia hospitalaria expresados como mediana. El análisis de supervivencia se hizo con el método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: el tiempo operatorio fue de 150 minutos (rango 90 a 206). El sangrado intraoperatorio fue de 60 cc (rango 15 a 150). Hubo complicaciones intraoperatorias en el 3% de los casos. El tamaño tumoral fue de 4,5 cm (rango 1,3 a 8,5). No se observaron márgenes positivos en las piezas de resección. La estancia hospitalaria fue de tres días (rango 3 a 5). La supervivencia actuarial fue del 55,6% a los 23 meses (rango 2 a 38), con una media y mediana de seguimiento de 20,9 y 23 meses, respectivamente. Conclusiones: la adrenalectomía laparoscópica por metástasis en pacientes seleccionados es una técnica segura con resultados oncológicos superponibles a los de la cirugía abierta. Objective: To assess the peroperative and oncological results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for an isolated metastasis. Material and methods: A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted of 12 laparoscopic adrenalectomies performed for metastases out of a total of 40 adrenalectomies performed from May 1998 to April 2009. The primary tumor was pulmonary in 7 patients, renal in 3, and colonic in 2. Demographic data collected included median age, operating time, blood loss, complications, tumor size, and length of hospital stay. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze survival. Results: Operating time was 150 min (range, 90-206). Peroperative bleeding was 60 ml (range, 15-150). Peroperative complications occurred in 3% of patients. Tumor size was 4.5 cm (range, 1.3-8.5). No positive margins were seen in the resected specimens. Hospital stay was 3 days (range 3-5). Actuarial survival was 55.6% at 23 months (range, 2-38) with mean and median follow-up times of 20.9 and 23 months. Conclusions: In selected patients, laparoscopic adrenalectomy for metastasis is a safe procedure with oncological results superimposable to those of open surgery.

Objetivo: la patología adrenal susceptible de indicación quirúrgica es poco frecuente y normalmente se encuentra dividida entre varios servicios quirúrgicos. Presentamos nuestra experiencia en el manejo laparoscópico tras casi 5 años de implantación de la laparoscopia en la patología retroperitoneal en nuestro centro. Material y métodos: en 53 meses se han realizado un total de 37 suprarrenalectomías por patología benigna y maligna. El abordaje más frecuentemente empleado es el transperitoneal (97%) debido a la mayor experiencia del cirujano con esta vía. La paciente embarazada y la sospecha de infiltración periadrenal se han tomado como contraindicaciones absolutas. Resultados: el tiempo quirúrgico medio es de 90 minutos, sangrado intraoperatorio de 80 cc, estancia media postoperatoria de dos días y la principal complicación ha sido un exitus. En 4 ocasiones la patología es maligna (10%), el resto (90%) benigna, con 8 feocromocitomas. Conclusiones: la laparoscopia se considera el patrón oro para la patología benigna adrenal. Cuando la lesión es de naturaleza maligna, en caso de ser una metástasis única procedente de otro tumor primario, parece que el abordaje laparoscópico es fiable. Cuando la lesión maligna es primaria adrenal existe más controversia en este tipo de abordaje, si bien es cierto que en series de cirujanos experimentados los resultados parecen adecuados. Objective: Adrenal conditions requiring surgery are uncommon and are usually seen in several surgical departments. Our experience in laparoscopic management of adrenal pathology after almost five years of use of laparoscopy for retroperitoneal conditions at our center is reported. Materials and methods: A total of 37 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed over 53 months for benign and malignant conditions. The transperitoneal approach was used in most cases (97%) because of the greater surgeon experience with this route. Pregnancy and suspected periadrenal infiltration were considered as absolute contraindications. Results: Mean operating time was 90 minutes, mean intraoperative bleeding 80 ml, and mean hospital stay was 2 days. The main complication was one death. A malignancy was found in 4 patients (10%), while all other patients (90%) had a benign condition, including 8 pheochromocytomas. Conclusions: Laparoscopy is considered to be the gold standard for benign adrenal conditions. When the malignant mass is a single metastasis from a primary tumor, the laparoscopic approach appears to be reliable. When the malignant lesion is a primary adrenal tumor, laparoscopic management is more controversial, although the results reported by experienced surgeons in their series appear to be adequate.

El ameloblastoma es un tumor poco frecuente, benigno, originado en el epitelio odontogénico, es localmente invasivo y con alta tendencia a la recurrencia local, una variedad mucho menos frecuente es el ameloblastoma maligno o que causa metástasis, donde los sitios más frecuentes de implantación son el pulmón y los linfonodos cervicales, siendo sitios mucho menos frecuentes hígado y cráneo, entre otros. El tratamiento es principalmente quirúrgico con cirugía agresiva del tumor primario y posteriormente de las metástasis. Se presenta el caso de un paciente portador de ameloblastoma mandibular maligno, con metástasis hepáticas y pulmonares, que fue sometido a una mandibulectomía subtotal y radioterapia local. Posteriormente, resección de metástasis pulmonares y hepáticas en un segundo tiempo, con recidiva de las lesiones.

We report a 74-year-old maie with liver metastases from a neuroendocrine tumor (NET) of unknown origin. Conventionai imaging studies with ultrasound, computed tomography coionoscopy and Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) with 18Fluor odeoxyglucose did not identify the site of origin of the primary tumor. The patient was submitted for a PET/CT sean with a new radiopharmaceuticai, the somatostatin anaiogue 68Ga-DOTATATE. This new technique demostrated increased focal uptake at the ileocecal valve. This lesion and other two liver metastases were surgically removed. The histopathology and immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the diagnosis of NET (carcinoid). This case illustrates the advantages of the PET/CT sean with 68Ga-DOTATATE.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue estandarizar y crear un protocolo para una técnica de inmunocitoquímica en líquidos pleural y peritoneal, procedimiento de gran utilidad como ayuda diagnóstica cuando no se sabe con certeza donde se encuentra el tumor primario. Incluye la obtención del líquido para determinar mediante el procedimiento tradicional si es positivo para malignidad, el método de procesamiento y el desarrollo de la técnica inmunocitoquímica. Abreviaturas: Ac, anticuerpos; Ag, antígenos; DAB, diaminobenzidina; CEA, antígeno carcinoembrionario; TTF-1, factor de transcripción tiroidea; CK7, queratina.

The presence of cancer in a hernia sac is uncommon. The tumor can involve the hernia sac, the herniated mass or be external to the hernia sac. We report two cases with this condition. A 68 years old male was operated of a right inguinal hernia. During surgery, several white nodules were noted in the internal side of hernia sac. The same lesions were present in the mesentery. Pathological study revealed an adenocarcinoma. The primary tumor was not located and the patient died one and a half years after the procedure. A 62 years old male was operated due to an irreductible inguinal mass, seven months after a subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. During the resection of the mass, metastasic implants in the mesenteric adipose tissue were noted. A mini laparotomy was performed and an extensive peritoneal tumor dissemination was found. The patient died two months after surgery (Rev Méd Chile 2002; 130: 91-95

Spinal cord metastases are an uncommon secondary location of a malignant neoplasm. They are rarely diagnosed during life and when that is the case, it is in the clinical setting of a disseminated cancer and very seldom as the first clinical manifestation. We report two patients, with no previous disease, who developed a progressive myelopathy. An intramedullary spinal cord tumor was diagnosed, based on the clinical picture and imaging studies. They were operated and biopsies showed spinal cord metastases whose primary tumor was a lung neoplasm. We discuss the clinical features in these patients, the diagnosis of progressive myelopathy in cancer patients, treatment and prognosis of this unusual secondary cancer location (Rev Med Chile 2001; 129: 1445-8)