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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the learning needs and the orientations received by patients in the preoperative period of coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Method: Descriptive study, with a qualitative approach. Data collection took place from January to April 2021, through interviews carried out with 13 pre-operative patients admitted to the cardiovascular unit of a university hospital in Northeastern Brazil. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the content of the interviews was processed in the software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires. Next, an analysis of textual and similarity classes was carried out. Results: The learning needs that were analyzed were divided in five classes: events that precede the surgery in the hospital; instructions received about the surgery; sites and recovery time after surgery; general questions about the surgery and content for the educational resource. Patients reported needs related to the process of disease, surgical procedures, and care before and after surgery. With regard to orientation, 53.85% reported not having received any. Final considerations: The study identified that patients seldom received orientation. They need education on topics related to the process of the illness, the heart, surgical procedures, exams, care environments, risks, benefits, results, and changes in lifestyle to maintain health and quality of life.

Resumen: Las características anatómicas e histológicas excepcionales de la arteria mamaria interna (AMI) la convierten en el hemoducto ideal para la cirugía de revascularización miocárdica. La técnica para su disección esqueletizada solo con clips y tijeras, permite la construcción de un injerto con más flujo y la conservación de una mayor circulación colateral residual al esternón, con la consiguiente mejor protección ante futuros eventos isquémicos o infecciosos.Sin embargo, ese método de disección es el menos practicado por ser más lento y no estar exento de lesiones de ramas laterales de la arteria. En las últimas décadas se han introducido varios adelantos tecnológicos en el procedimiento de disección de la AMI, pero las técnicas actuales no aprovechan sus especiales características morfofisiológicas para potenciar la obtención de un hemoducto con más flujo y con menos riesgo de lesión vascular y sangrado.En esta revisión se comentan las particularidades de la anatomía quirúrgica de la AMI, y se proponen modificaciones a la técnica clásica de disección esqueletizada con clips y tijeras para obtener un hemoducto de mayor calidad. Abstract: The exceptional anatomical and histological characteristics of the internal mammary artery make it the ideal graft for myocardial revascularization surgery. The technique for its skeletonized harvesting with only clips and scissors, allows the construction of a graft with more flow and the conservation of a greater residual collateral circulation to the sternum, with the consequent better protection against future ischemic or infectious events.However, this harvesting method is the least practiced because it is slower and is not exempt from injuries to the lateral branches of the artery. In recent decades, several technological advances have been introduced in the internal mammary artery harvesting procedure, but current techniques do not take advantage of its special morphophysiological characteristics to enhance obtaining a hemoduct with more flow and with less risk of vascular injury and bleeding.In this review, the peculiarities of the internal mammary artery surgical anatomy are discussed, and modifications of the classic skeletonized harvesting technique with only clips and scissors are proposed to obtain a higher quality graft.

Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: Numerosos estudios han demostrado los beneficios del levosimendán en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca crónica y aguda; sin embargo, los resultados son contradictorios cuando se analiza el uso de levosimendán previo a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica y disfunción ventricular severa. El objetivo de este estudio es valorar el rendimiento del precondicionamiento con levosimendán en cirugía de revascularización coronaria en pacientes con disfunción ventricular severa. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo emparejado por escala de propensión. Participantes: pacientes intervenidos desde enero de 2009 a octubre de 2019 de cirugía de revascularización coronaria, asociada o no a cirugía mitral de etiología isquémica/funcional con FEVI ≤ a 35%. Se dividieron en dos cohortes, según si recibieron levosimendán (Levo) o no (NoLevo) previamente a la intervención, quedando tras el emparejamiento 64 pacientes por cohorte. Variables analizadas: morbimortalidad postoperatoria, reingreso y mortalidad en el seguimiento. Análisis estadístico: los datos categóricos se compararon mediante χ2 o test de Fisher, y los cuantitativos mediante t de Student o W de Wilcoxon. Se estimó el RR/HR para valorar la asociación entre el uso de levosimendán preoperatorio y las variables resultado. Resultados: El uso de levosimendán preoperatorio no disminuyó la mortalidad (RR = 0,86, p = 0,770), ni la estancia hospitalaria, ni tampoco las complicaciones postoperatorias. La supervivencia libre de reingreso cardiológico, mortalidad en seguimiento por cualquier causa y de causa cardiaca fue similar entre cohortes. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos no apoyan el uso extendido de levosimendán previo a la cirugía de revascularización miocárdica en pacientes con disfunción ventricular severa. Abstract: Introduction and objectives: Numerous studies have demonstrated the benefit of levosimendan in patients with chronic and acute heart failure. However, when it comes to its preoperatory use in coronary by-pass surgery in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction, there are some contradictory results. The objective of this study is assessing preconditioning efficiency with levosimendan in surgical myocardial revascularization in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction. Methods: We design a propensity score-matched cohort study. The study included patients with a LVEF less or equal to 35% who underwent isolated coronary artery by-pass grafting or associated to ischemic/functional mitral surgery from January 2009 to October 2019. They were split into two cohorts whether they received levosimendan preoperatively (Levo) or not (NoLevo); after matching there were 64 patients per cohort. Outcome variables were postoperative morbi-mortality, readmission and follow-up mortality. Statistical analysis: categorical data were compared with a Chi-square or Fisher exact test, and quantitative data with a t-Student or W-Wilcoxon tests. RR/HR were estimated for assessing the association between preoperative use of levosimendan and outcomes. Results: Preoperative levosimendan use did not decreased in-hospital mortality (RR = 0,86, p = 0.770), and neither do hospital stay, nor postoperative complications. Event-free survival was similar between cohorts in terms of cardiological readmissions, all-cause and cardiological follow-up mortality. Conclusions: Our results do not support the widespread use of levosimendan previously to myocardial revascularization surgery in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction.

Background: Severe diffuse coronary artery disease with anatomy that is not amenable to revascularization represents a poorly studied entity, with a poorly defined prognosis and prevalence, associated with high morbidity and mortality, poor quality of life and high hospitalization rates., Objective: Due to the limited evidence in this clinical field and the absence of contemporary studies, we decided to explore this line of research, determining epidemiological, clinical and prognostic aspects., Material and Methods: Analytical, retrospective observational cohort study, carried out in a National Medical Center., Results: The prevalence of three-vessel coronary artery disease not susceptible to revascularization was 12.2%, the majority were men (66%), over 65 years of age, with a high burden of comorbidities: pharmacological management consisted of beta blockers (91.5 %), antiplatelet aggregation (95.3%) and statins (95.3%): cardiovascular mortality was 9.4%, with myocardial infarction occurring in 10.4%: the predictor variables of mortality were chronic kidney disease, age over 70 years, insufficiency mitral valve., Conclusion: Coronary artery disease of three vessels not susceptible to revascularization continues to be a frequent entity, with a high-risk clinical and anatomical profile, with a better contemporary prognosis despite the multiple gaps in knowledge that limit its understanding and treatment., (Licencia CC 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) © 2024 Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.)

ABSTRACT Objective: to carry out translation, cross-cultural adaptation to Portuguese and assess the reliability of the four versions of the Coronary Revascularization Outcome Questionnaire - adapted. Methods: a methodological study of translation and cross-cultural adaptation into Portuguese, as proposed by Beaton et al., and reliability analysis, by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and item-total correlation of the four versions of the Coronary Revascularization Outcome Questionnaire - adapted. Results: the adaptations made facilitated the understanding of the items. All domains had Cronbach's alpha above 0.70, except two in the post-percutaneous coronary intervention version and two in the post-myocardial surgical revascularization version. All items had item-total correlation values greater than 0.20, except two in the post-percutaneous coronary intervention version, one in the pre-coronary intervention version and six in the post-myocardial surgical revascularization version. Conclusion: the cross-cultural adaptation to Portuguese was considered satisfactory. Pre-procedure versions were considered reliable, while the post-procedures require other psychometric analyses.

Introducción: El estudio SYNTAX dotó a la comunidad cardiológica de dos grandes herramientas: el puntaje SYNTAX y el papel del “Heart team”. Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad pronóstica de la puntuación SYNTAX en pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad coronaria triarterial o del tronco coronario izquierdo revascularizados en el CIMEQ durante el año 2016. Método: Estudio observacional analítico prospectivo de cohorte. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 41 pacientes con diagnóstico de novo enfermedad coronaria multiarterial durante el 2016 llevados a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica o intervencionismo coronario percutáneo, a los cuales se les realizó el cálculo de la puntuación SYNTAX previa intervención. Se siguieron los eventos cardiovasculares mayores durante 48 meses. Se estudiaron variables clínicas y angiográficas. Resultados: Las variables insuficiencia cardíaca (p=0.046), modalidades de revascularización por separadas (p=0.000), el número de lesiones (p=0.042), la extensión de la enfermedad coronaria que involucra TCI más tres vasos (p=0.040), la presencia de oclusiones totales (p=0.010), lesiones que involucraron bifurcaciones/trifurcaciones (p=0.044), la presencia de calcificación severa (p=0.014) y la tortuosidad (p=0.001) mostraron asociación estadística con los tertiles de la puntuación SYNTAX. La media de seguimiento fue de 28,5 meses. En el tertil alto la cirugía de revascularización mostró un 58,3% de los pacientes libres de eventos adversos al final del seguimiento. El intervencionismo coronario presentó 50,0% y un 42,9% de pacientes libres de eventos en los tertiles medio y bajo respectivamente y cero por ciento de supervivencia en el estrato alto. Conclusiones: El puntaje SYNTAX resultó de valor predictivo de eventos adversos en el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo en los tertiles moderado y alto. El puntaje SYNTAX es adecuado para estratificar a los pacientes a intervencionismo coronario percutáneo o cirugía de revascularización.

Dextrocardia with situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital abnormality. Most coronary artery bypass grafting surgeries in patients with dextrocardia were performed with anastomosis, using the right internal thoracic artery to revascularize the left anterior descending. It should be noted that in the literature there are few reports of coronary artery bypass grafting surgery, in a patient with this abnormality, its anatomical complexity constitutes a challenge in planning the surgical technique and the grafts to be used. We present an unusual case of a patient with situs inversus totalis and coronary artery disease who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting surgery making it a more technically complex procedure for surgeons, in addition to the difficulty in choosing grafts.

Background: The debate on percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of the unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) has been constant over time., Objective: To investigate the clinical and procedural characteristics and cardiovascular outcomes of PCI of unprotected LMCA., Material and Methods: Observational study which included patients with unprotected LMCA disease undergoing PCI; patients with cardiogenic shock prior to the procedure were excluded. We describe the clinical and angiographic characteristics, as well as the major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) according to the year of the procedure., Results: We included 73 patients, with a SYNTAX I score of 31.2 ± 9.1, mostly with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (35%). There was a higher frequency of triple vessel coronary disease (63%) and distal LMCA lesions (35%). The provisional stent technique was the most used for distal lesions (58%) and the 2-stent technique for bifurcation lesions (78%), supported by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in 38%. During follow-up, 19 presented MACCE (26%), out of which cardiac death occurred in 13%, non-cardiovascular death in 5%, non-fatal acute myocardial infarction in 1%, cerebrovascular event in 2%, and revascularization of the treated vessel in 4%., Conclusions: It was observed a similar frequency to the one appearing in other studies of cardiovascular events, mainly in patients with intermediate risk, which supports the increasing use of percutaneous intervention in this population., (Licencia CC 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) © 2024 Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.)

OBJECTIVE: To understand the meanings for the process of living, for patients undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery, and to construct an explanatory theoretical model. METHOD: Grounded Theory was used, with data collection undertaken between October 2010 and May 2012, in a health institution which specializes in cardiac surgery, located in the south of Brazil. Thirty-three subjects were interviewed (patients, health care professionals and family members), distributed in four sample groups. Result: The explanatory theoretical model was comprised of 11 categories and the central phenomenon. The specialized service and the cardiac rehabilitation program formed the context, the discovery of the cardiac disease and the feelings experienced during the perioperative period were the cause and intervening conditions in the process of experiencing the myocardial revascularization surgery. The strategies were relying on the family's support, having faith and hope, and participating in the rehabilitation program. This process's main consequences were the confrontation of the changes and the resulting limitations, difficulties and adaptations to the new lifestyle after surgery. CONCLUSION: The process of experiencing the myocardial revascularization surgery constitutes an opportunity for maintaining the patient's life associated with the needs for confronting the significant changes in lifestyle.OBJETIVO: Comprender los significados sobre el proceso de vivir para pacientes sometidos a la cirugía de Revascularización do Miocardio, y construir un modelo teorético explicativo. MÉTODO: se utilizó la Teoría Fundamentada en los datos con colecta realizada de octubre/2010 a la mayo/2012, en una institución de salud referencia en cirugía cardíaca localizada al sur de Brasil. Se entrevistó 33 sujetos (pacientes, profesionales de salud y familiares), distribuidos en 4 grupos de la muestra. RESULTADO: El modelo teorético explicativo fue constituido por 11 categorías y por el fenómeno central. El servicio de referencia y el programa de rehabilitación cardíaca formaron el contexto, el hallazgo de la enfermedad cardíaca y los sentimientos vividos durante período pre-operatorio fueron causa y condiciones interventoras en el proceso de vivir la cirugía de revascularización del miocardio. Las estrategias fueron a contar con apoyo de la familia, tener fe, esperanza y participar del programa de rehabilitación. Las principales consecuencias de este proceso fueron el enfrentamiento de los cambios y consecuentes limitaciones, dificultades y adaptaciones al nuevo estilo de vida después de la cirugía. CONCLUSIÓN: El proceso de vivir la cirugía de revascularización del miocardio se configura como una oportunidad para el mantenimiento de la vida del paciente asociada a las necesidades de enfrentamiento de los significativos cambios en el estilo de vida.OBJETIVO: compreender os significados sobre o processo de viver para pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, e construir um modelo teórico explicativo. MÉTODO: utilizou-se a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, com coleta dos dados realizada de outubro/2010 a maio/2012, numa instituição de saúde referência em cirurgia cardíaca, localizada no Sul do Brasil. Entrevistaram-se 33 sujeitos (pacientes, profissionais de saúde e familiares), distribuídos em 4 grupos amostrais. RESULTADO: o modelo teórico explicativo foi constituído por 11 categorias e pelo fenômeno central. O serviço de referência e o programa de reabilitação cardíaca formaram o contexto, a descoberta da doença cardíaca e os sentimentos vivenciados, durante o período perioeratório, foram causa e condições interventoras no processo de viver a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. As estratégias foram contar com apoio da família, ter fé, esperança e participar do programa de reabilitação. As principais consequências desse processo foram o enfrentamento das mudanças e consequentes limitações, dificuldades e adaptações ao novo estilo de vida, após a cirurgia. CONCLUSÃO: o processo de viver a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio se configura como oportunidade para a manutenção da vida do paciente, associada às necessidades de enfrentamento das significativas mudanças no estilo de vida.

Resumen Esta revisión abarca las más importantes publicaciones sobre cirugía cardíaca en adultos en los últimos años, incluida la base de la evidencia actual para la revascularización quirúrgica y el uso de la cirugía sin circulación extracorpórea, las arterias mamarias internas bilaterales y la extracción endoscópica de la vena. Se describen los cambios en la cirugía convencional de la válvula aórtica junto a los resultados de los ensayos clínicos y los registros para la implantación de válvula aórtica transcatéter, así como la introducción de métodos novedosos y menos cruentos de la cirugía convencional de reemplazo valvular aórtico. Se considera también la cirugía para la valvulopatía mitral, con énfasis en la cirugía para la insuficiencia mitral degenerativa asintomática. / Abstract This review covers the important publications in adult cardiac surgery in the last few years, including the current evidence base for surgical revascularisation and the use of off-pump surgery, bilateral internal mammary arteries and endoscopic vein harvesting. The changes in conventional aortic valve surgery are described alongside the outcomes of clinical trials and registries for transcatheter aortic valve implantation, and the introduction of less invasive and novel approaches of conventional aortic valve replacement surgery. Surgery for mitral valve disease is also considered, with particular reference to surgery for asymptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation.

O estudo objetivou compreender como os pacientes significam seu processo de viver após a experiência cirúrgica de revascularização miocárdica. Será apresentada, neste artigo, uma categoria e sete subcategorias, que representam as mudanças significadas a partir dessa experiência, ou seja, as "consequências", componente do modelo paradigmático, segundo a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, método do estudo. Participaram, da coleta de dados, 23 sujeitos. As entrevistas foram semiestruturadas e ocorreram no período de outubro de 2010 a agosto de 2011. As mudanças significadas relacionam-se aos aspectos de vida social e sexual, trabalho, alimentação, atividade física e tratamento medicamentoso. Conclui-se que a experiência cirúrgica de revascularização incita o refletir e o (re)pensar o estilo de vida, apresenta limitações e dificuldades que desafiam adaptações nos hábitos cotidianos dos pacientes e familiares para um processo de viver mais saudável.El objetivo de este estudio fue entender cómo los pacientes significan su proceso de vivir después de experiencia quirúrgica de revascularización miocárdica. Se presentará, una categoría y siete subcategorías que representan cambios significativos de esa experiencia, es decir, las "consecuencias", el modelo de componentes de paradigma, de acuerdo con la teoría fundamentada, el método de estudio. Participó en la recogida de datos de 23 sujetos. Las entrevistas fueron semiestructuradas en el período de octubre de 2010 a agosto de 2011. Los cambios significativos se relacionan con aspectos de la vida social y sexual, trabajo, alimentación, actividad física y el tratamiento farmacológico. Llegamos a la conclusión de que la experiencia de revascularización quirúrgica anima a la reflexión y a (re pensar en el estilo de vida, tiene sus limitaciones y dificultades por los cambios en los hábitos diarios del pacientes y familiares para un proceso de vivir más saludables.The study aimed to understand how patients mean your experience process of living after surgical revascularization. Will be presented in this article, a category and seven subcategories that represent significant changes from that experience, that is, the "consequences" component of the paradigm model, according to Grounded Theory, method of study. Participated in data collection 23 subjects The interviews were semi-structured and took place from October 2010 to August 2011. Significant changes are related to aspects of social and sexual life, work, diet, physical activity and drug treatment. We conclude that surgical revascularization experience encourages the reflection and the (re) think the lifestyle, it has limitations and difficulties that challenge changes in daily habits of patients and families to live a healthier process.

Introducción: El síndrome metabólico se caracteriza por la convergencia de varios factores de riesgo en un mismo individuo. Ha sido objeto de interés en los últimos años debido a su alta prevalencia tanto en poblaciones sanas como en aquellas con antecedentes de afecciones cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en pacientes dislipidémicos con revascularización miocárdica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo que incluyó a 100 pacientes dislipidémicos revascularizados. Se utilizó el criterio diagnóstico establecido por la OMS para la clasificación de los pacientes. Resultados: El 43 % de la población presentó síndrome metabólico, cuya presencia estuvo en relación inversa con la edad. La prevalencia de sus componentes fue mayor en el sexo masculino. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de SM obtenida es alta lo que coincide con estudios internacionales de prevención secundaria.Introduction: The metabolic syndrome is characterized by the convergence of some risk factors in the same subject which has been the object of interest in past years due to its high prevalence in healthy populations and in those with a history of cardiovascular affections. Objective: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in dyslipidemia patients with myocardial revascularization. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted including 100 dyslipidemia patients and with revascularization. Authors used the diagnostic criterion established by WHO for the classification of patients. Results: The 43 % of population had metabolic syndrome whose presence was in an inverse relation to age. The prevalence of its components was greater in male sex. Conclusions: The obtained prevalence of the MS is high coinciding with international studies on secondary prevention.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la proteína C reactiva (PCR) es un predictor de eventos cardiovasculares, cuya relación con la muerte, el reinfarto o la revascularización luego del implante de stent en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo, es un tema de investigación actual. OBJETIVO: evaluar el valor pronóstico de la proteína C reactiva (PCR) en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo que se llevaron a intervencionismo percutáneo. METODOLOGÍA: estudio retrospectivo en el que se comparó muerte, reinfarto o revascularización en 1, 6 y 12 meses después del intervencionismo percutáneo en el grupo de PCR baja (menor a 5 mg/L) vs. PCR alta (mayor o igual a 5). Se aplicaron pruebas paramétricas para la comparación de dos medias (T de student) y Chi-cuadrado de Pearson. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 103 pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo, 60,2% con infarto sin elevación del ST y 41 con infarto con elevación del ST; la edad promedio fue 65, 4 ± 12,4 años y el valor promedio de la PCR de 7,7 ± 8,7 mg/L. No se encontraron diferencias respecto al MACE 1, 6 y 12 meses; se observó una tendencia no significativa a mayor muerte e infarto a seis meses y a revascularización e infarto a los doce meses en el grupo de PCR alta. CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados sugieren una tendencia no significativa al aumento de los desenlaces cardiovasculares adversos en los pacientes con implante de stent por síndrome coronario agudo que tenían PCR alta.INTRODUCTION: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a predictor of cardiovascular events, whose relationship with death, reinfarction or revascularization after stent implantation in patients with acute coronary syndrome, is a topic of current research. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the prognostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with acute coronary syndrome who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: retrospective study, comparing death, reinfarction or revascularization at 1, 6 and 12 months after percutaneous coronary intervention in the group of low CRP (below 5 mg / L) vs. High CRP (greater than or equal to 5). Parametric tests were applied for comparing two means (Student t test) and Pearson Chi-square. RESULTS: we included 103 patients with acute coronary syndrome, 60.2% with myocardial infarction with non-ST-elevation and 41 with myocardial infarction with ST elevation; mean age was 65, 4 ± 12.4 years and the average value of the PCR was 7.7 ± 8.7 mg / L. There were no differences regarding MACE 1, 6 and 12 months; we observed a nonsignificant trend toward higher death and infarction at six months and toward revascularization and myocardial infarction at twelve months in the high CRP group. CONCLUSION: the results suggest a nonsignificant trend to increased adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stent implantation for acute coronary syndrome who had high CRP.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar associações das complicações pós-operatórias, em pacientes que sobreviveram à sala de operações, com óbito intra-hospitalar e tempo de internação de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados aleatoriamente pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica e sobreviventes a sala de operações. Informações sobre complicações e tempo de hospitalização até alta ou óbito foram coletadas retrospectivamente dos prontuários e declarações de óbitos. Estimaram-se segundo presença de complicações, freqüências, letalidade, risco relativo e risco atribuível populacional. As médias de tempo de internação foram comparadas com a estatística de Wald. RESULTADOS: Excluídos prontuários correspondentes aos óbitos da sala de operações e em 86,9% foram identificadas informações sobre complicações, na insuficiência renal houve maior perda de informações (43,9%). Hiperglicemia foi estimada mais freqüente (74,6%), porém com risco atribuível populacional de 31,6%. O risco atribuível populacional foi maior que 60% no baixo débito (77,0%), insuficiência renal (64,3%) e parada cardiorrespiratória (60,4%). Identificamos 12 situações de combinações das significâncias dos pares das diferenças entre médias de tempo de internação pós-operatória de acordo com presença de complicações e evolução para alta ou óbito. CONCLUSÃO: São várias complicações identificadas no período pós-operatório da revascularização miocárdica, com freqüências e repercussões diversas sobre letalidade. Controle do miocárdio sob risco de isquemia, estratégias de reposição volêmica, estabilização hemodinâmica, podem ser eficazes no controle da letalidade e tempo de internação.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations between post-operative complications in patients who survive surgery and in-hospital deaths and lengths of hospital stays of patients who undergo coronary artery bypass graft surgery METHODS: Patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery and survived the operating theater were randomly selected. Information on complications and hospital lengths of stay until hospital discharge or death were retrospectively collected based on medical records and declarations of death. These aspects were estimated according to the presence of complications, frequency of complications, mortality, relative risk and attributable population risk. Mean hospital lengths of stay were compared using Wald's statistics. RESULTS: Medical records indicating deaths in the operating theater were excluded, and 86.9% of the included records reported complications; the greatest loss of information (43.9%) was related to kidney failure. Hyperglycemia was estimated as the most frequent complication (74.6%), with an attributable risk of 31.6%. The population's attributable risks were greater than 60% for low cardiac output (77.0%), kidney failure (64.3%) and cardiorespiratory failure (60.4%). Twelve different situations were identified for paired combinations of significant differences between average post-operative hospitalization times and complications, according to the outcome of discharge or death. CONCLUSION: Several complications were identified during the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass graft surgery, with different frequencies and impacts on mortality. Control of the myocardium at the risk of ischemia, hemodynamic stabilization and volume replacement strategies may be effective for controlling mortality rates and shortening hospital lengths of stay.

The advantages of video-assisted cardiac surgery are very necessary for high-risk patients, but subjecting them to possible complications is a big responsibility and a challenge for the cardiovascular anesthesiologist. This article presents the first five cases of video-assisted coronary artery bypass grafting in the country, and describes the anesthetic techniques and results. Also, the advantages of this surgical technique are discussed: less invasive, less postoperative pain, less duration of postoperative intubation and ventilation, minimal risk of infection and bleeding, reduced need for transfusions, and better healing and aesthetics of the wound. It was concluded that although this series is small, we consider it a good option for patients with ischemic heart disease and a single-vessel (anterior descending artery) revascularization criterion, not accessible to intervention.

INTRODUCCIÓN. La revascularización miocárdica quirúrgica con el corazón latiendo y sin el empleo de circulación extracorpórea es una potencial estrategia para la disminución de la mortalidad y morbilidad en los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir los resultados de la revascularización miocárdica quirúrgica con corazón latiendo, con circulación extracorpórea (CEC) o sin ella. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo, de tipo serie de casos, cuya muestra estuvo conformada por 159 pacientes, a los cuales se les realizó revascularización miocárdica con el corazón latiendo (143 sin CEC y 16 con CEC) en el Hospital «Hermanos Ameijeiras», en el año 2007. RESULTADOS. La media de edad de los 159 pacientes operados fue de 63,9 años. Hubo predominio del sexo masculino (74,2 %), piel blanca (81,1 %), angina de esfuerzo estable crónica (86,8 %), dislipidemia (84,3 %), hipertensión arterial (81,2 %), uso de dos o más fármacos antiisquémicos (83,0 %), clase funcional III (64,2 %), ritmo cardíaco sinusal (98,1 %), lesión de tronco asociado a enfermedad multivaso (54,1 %) y acceso por esternotomía (93,1 %). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en favor de los pacientes en los que no se usó la CEC en cuanto a revascularización completa (p = 0,006), fármacos inotrópicos (p = 0,000), hemoderivados (p = 0,022), tiempo quirúrgico (p = 0,000) y anestésico (p = 0,000), uso de balón de contrapulso (p = 0,001), extubación mediana (p = 0,003) y estadía en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (p = 0,011). La mortalidad global fue del 5,0 %, más significativa cuando se usó la CEC (p = 0,001), e igual ocurrió al comparar ambas técnicas en relación con sepsis respiratoria, disfunción renal, derrame pleural, bajo gasto cardíaco, hemorragia posoperatoria y diabetes mellitas descompensada. CONCLUSIONES. Concluimos que el uso de la circulación extracorpórea como ayuda en la revascularización miocárdica con el corazón latiendo arrojó resultados insatisfactorios.INTRODUCTION. The surgical myocardial revascularization with beating heart and without extracorporeal circulation (ECC) is a potential strategy to decrease the mortality and the morbidity in patients presenting with ischemic heart disease. The objective of present research was to describe the results of surgical myocardial revascularization with beating heart, with or without ECC. METHODS. A prospective, longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted of cases series type where the sample included 159 patients underwent beating heart myocardial revascularization (143 without ECC and 16 with EEC) en the "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Clinical Surgical Hospital in 2007. RESULTS. The mean age of the 159 patients operated on was of 63,9 years. There was predominance of male sex (74,2%), white race (81,1%), chronic and stable exertion angina (86,8%), dyslipidemia (84,3%), high blood pressure (81,2%), use of two or more anti-ischemia drugs (83,0%), III functional class (64,2%), sinus cardiac rhythm (98,1%), trunk lesion associated to multi-vessel disease (54,1%) and sternotomy approach (93,1%). There were statistically significant differences in favor of the patients without ECC as regards the complete revascularization (p = 0,006), inotropic drugs (p = 0,000), haemoderivatives (p = 0,022), surgical time (p = 0,000) and anesthetics (p = 0,000), use of contrapulsation balloon (p = 0,001), medium extubation (p = 0,003) and intensive care unit stay (p = 0,011). The overall mortality was of 5,0%, more significant when ECC was used (p = 0,001) and similar when both techniques were compared in relation to respiratory sepsis, renal dysfunction, pleural effusion, low cardiac output, postoperative hemorrhage and decompensation of diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS. We conclude that the use of extracorporeal circulation as help in beating heart myocardial revascularization yielded unsatisfactory results.

Introduction and objectives: Epidural analgesia is a cornerstone in cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the use of lyophilized morphine and epidural bupivacaine analgesia in postoperative surgery for the surgery of the coronary arteries. Method: A prospective and inferential study was performed in 20 patients divided into two groups. The group M received epidural analgesia with 2 mg of morphine associated to 100 mg of bupivacaine and group B only bupivacaine. Results: Males were predominant. The average ages and weights of both groups were similar (p > 0,05). 90 % of the patients in group M had excellent analgesia at 8 hours after surgery and remained from good to excellent at 12 and 24 hours. While 50 % of patients in group B referred regular analgesia at 8 hours after the operation, which extended to 80% of patients at 12 hours. In the 24-hour monitoring, all patients in group B complained of poor or inadequate analgesia (p < 0,05). The average total time of postoperative analgesia obtained in group M was 28.37 hours and group B, of 8.86 hours (p < 0,01). The main adverse effects were hypotension and bradycardia. Conclusions: Morphine proved useful as an analgesic in surgery of the coronary arteries. Patients with bupivacaine and epidural morphine had better analgesia and for a longer time than patients treated with bupivacaine alone.

INTRODUCCIÓN. El objetivo de esta investigación fue exponer y comparar los resultados de 2 vías de abordaje diferentes (toracotomía anterior izquierda y esternotomía media longitudinal) para revascularización miocárdica con corazón latiendo, practicadas en el Hospital «Hermanos Ameijeiras» entre septiembre de 2007 (cuando se introdujo en el centro la técnica mediante toracotomía) y enero del 2008. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y descriptivo longitudinal para comparar resultados según la vía de abordaje quirúrgico para revascularización miocárdica mínimamente invasiva: vía habitual, por esternotomía media longitudinal (29 operados; 65,9 %) y vía nueva y no habitual por toracotomía anterior izquierda (15 operados; 34,1 %). RESULTADOS. El promedio de derivaciones realizadas fue de 3,31 mediante esternotomía y de 3 por toracotomía. Requirió transfusiones el 96,6 % y el 26,7 % de los pacientes operados por esternotomía y toracotomía, respectivamente, lo cual fue estadísticamente significativo. El uso de fármacos inotrópicos y de balón de contrapulsación intraórtico no fue estadísticamente significativo. El tiempo quirúrgico usual en ambas técnicas fue de 5 a 7 h, mientras que el tiempo de intubación fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes operados por esternotomía (11-14 h frente a 3-6 h en la toracotomía). Igual fue significativa la estadía, mayor en la esternotomía (3-4 días frente a 1-2 días en la toracotomía). La hemorragia posoperatoria fue significativamente mayor en la esternotomía. No hubo diferencia estadística cuando se compararon las complicaciones y la mortalidad. CONCLUSIONES. La vía de abordaje por toracotomía para la revascularización miocárdica es una técnica alternativa, efectiva y segura. Observamos que es posible realizar una revascularización miocárdica completa sin comprometer la seguridad del procedimiento y la calidad de las anastomosis. Los costos son algo menores por esta vía que por la habitual, e igualmente son significativos los resultados en cuanto a estadía hospitalaria y uso de hemoderivados, por lo cual proponemos continuar trabajando en la estabilización de esta nueva vía de cirugía coronaria en nuestro servicio.INTRODUCTION. The objective of present paper was to expose and to compare the results from two-ways different approaches (left anterior thoracotomy and longitudinal medium sternotomy) for myocardial revascularization with the heart beating carried out in the "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Clinical Surgical Hospital between September, 2007 (when this technique was introduced by thoracotomy ) and January, 2008. METHODS. A longitudinal, descriptive and prospective study was conducted to compare the results depending on the surgical approach for minimally invasive myocardial revascularization: usual route, by longitudinal medium sternotomy (29 operated on, 65,9%) and the new rout and unusual by left anterior thoracotomy (15 operated on, 34,1%). RESULTS. The average of shunts carried out was of 3,31 by sternotomy and of 3 by thoracotomy. The 96,6^ and the 26,7% of operated on sternotomy and thoracotomy, respectively need blood transfusions which was statistically significant. The use of inotropic drugs and of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation hasn't statistical significance. The usual surgical time in both techniques was of 5 to 7 h, whereas the intubation was greater in patients operated on using sternotomy (11-14 h versus 3-6 h in the thoracotomy). The hospital stay was greater in the cases of sternotomy ( 3-4 days versus 1-2 days in those of sternotomy. There weren't statistical difference when complications and mortality were compared. CONCLUSIONS. The approach route using thoratocomy for myocardial revascularization is a alternative, effective and safe technique. It is possible to carry out a complete myocardial revascularization without compromising the procedure safe and he anastomoses quality. The costs are less using this route than with the usual one and the results are similarly significant as regards hospital stay and the use of hemoderivatives, thus, authors propose to continue working in the stabilization of this new route or coronary surgery in our service.

Estudo descritivo com objetivo de descrever um protocolo de consultas de enfermagem testado para pacientes após revascularização miocárdica. O protocolo, aplicado em uma unidade de cardiologia hospitalar, possui metas que devem ser atingidas no decorrer da consulta ou no período entre elas. Para o alcance de cada meta, foram estabelecidas as ações de enfermagem que devem ser executadas pelo enfermeiro, expostas em três quadros: Estratégias de consulta de enfermagem referente ao primeiro atendimento; Estratégias de consultas de enfermagem referente aos atendimentos nº 2, nº 3 e nº 4; Estratégias de consultas de enfermagem referente ao atendimento nº 5 referente ao sexto mês após a cirurgia. A partir da aplicação do protocolo foi possível realizar uma avaliação sistemática do paciente, levantando seus reais problemas para planejar e realizar intervenções de enfermagem, principalmente as relacionadas às mudanças comportamentais.Estudio descriptivo con objetivo de describir un protocolo de consultas de enfermería testado para pacientes después de la revascularización del miocardio. El protocolo fue aplicado en unidad de cardiología hospitalaria, el cual posee metas que deben ser alcanzadas en el transcurso de la consulta o en el periodo entre ellas. Para el alcance de cada meta se establecieron las acciones de enfermería que deben ser ejecutadas por la enfermera, expuestos en tres cuadros: Estrategias de consulta de enfermería referentes al primer atendimiento; Estrategias de consultas de enfermería referentes a los atendimientos nº 2, nº 3 y nº 4; Estrategias referente al atendimiento nº 5 referente al sexto mes después de la cirugía. Se cree que la aplicación del protocolo posibilitará una evaluación sistemática del paciente, identificando sus reales problemas para la planificación y realización de intervenciones de enfermería, principalmente las relacionadas a los cambios de comportamiento.A descriptive study aiming to describe a protocol for nursing consultation tested for patients after myocardial revascularization. The protocol is implemented in a hospital cardiac unit, has goals that must be achieved during the consultation period or in between. For reaching each goal have been established that nursing actions should be implemented by the nurse, displayed in three tables: Strategies for nursing consultation relating to the first care; Strategies for nursing consultations regarding the nursing visits nº 2, 3 and 4; Strategies for nursing consultations regarding the nursing visit nº 5 referring to the sixth month after surgery. It is believed that the implementation of the protocol allow a systematic evaluation of the patient, raising their real problems, for planning and implementation of nursing interventions, especially those related to behavioral changes.

Se presentan las situaciones que requieren cuidado de enfermería (SRCE) características del paciente en posoperatorio temprano (POPT) de una revascularización miocárdica (48 a 96 horas). Dichas situaciones constituyen los datos cualitativos de la tesis doctoral titulada "Cuidado de enfermería al paciente en posoperatorio temprano de una revascularización miocárdica", cuyo objetivo general fue diseñar una propuesta de cuidado de enfermería para el paciente en posoperatorio temprano de una revascularización miocárdica con base en los problemas identificados a partir de la interpretación de los eventos clínicos y situaciones que requieren cuidado de enfermería. Se hizo entrevista (semiestructurada) a 40 pacientes durante su posoperatorio temprano; se indagó sobre sus sentimientos, emociones y preocupaciones. Se depuró la información recolectada. Se utilizaron frases textuales de los pacientes y se establecieron códigos descriptivos, los cuales se interpretaron a fin de determinar códigos nominales o sustantivos, y por último se agruparon estos bajo un mismo término, formándose las categorías, que son las situaciones que requieren cuidado de enfermería: bienestar, logros, razonamiento, beneficio, complacencia, creencias y valores, sufrimiento, agobio y pesadumbre. La propuesta plantea que el diálogo, el encuentro y el llamado-respuesta tendrán mejores efectos en el bienestar y estar mejor del paciente, si se cambia el ambiente frío e impersonal del hospital a un ambiente de cuidado en que se fortalezcan condiciones como presencia de familiares, disponibilidad afectiva de las enfermeras, proporcionando información sobre el proceso que el paciente vive, mediante un lenguaje que permita su entendimiento y que contribuya a disminuir la angustia y ansiedad que le genera el contexto que lo rodea.Este estudo apresenta as situações que requerem cuidado de enfermagem (SRCE) características do paciente em pós-operatorio inicial (POPI) de uma revascularização miocárdica (48 a 96 horas). Essas situações constituem os dados qualitativos da tese de doutorado intitulada "Cuidado de enfermagem ao paciente em pós-operatório inicial de uma revascularização miocárdica", visando desenhar uma proposta de cuidado de enfermagem para um paciente em pós-operatório inicial de uma revascularização miocárdica com base nos problemas identificados a partir da interpretação dos eventos clínicos e das situações que requerem cuidado de enfermagem. Quarenta pacientes na fase pós-operatoria inicial responderam uma entrevista (semi-estruturada) focada em seus sentimentos, emoções e preocupações. A informação coletada a partir da entrevista foi depurada. Utilizaram-se frases textuais dos pacientes e estabeleceram-se códigos descritivos que foram interpretados no intuito de determinar códigos nominais ou substantivos. Em último lugar, agruparam-se os códigos sob um mesmo termo, formando categorias que correspondem às situacoes que requerem cuidado de enfermagem: bem-estar, conquistas, razoamento, benefício, complacência, creenças e valores, sofrimento, agonia e pesadume. A proposta coloca que o diálogo, o encontro e o chamado-resposta terão melhores efeitos sobre o bem-estar e estar melhor do paciente quando mudarmos o ambiente frio e impessoal do hospital por um ambiente de cuidado que fortalece condições como a presença familiar, a disponibilidade afetiva das enfermeiras, fornecendo informação sobre o processo do paciente, mediante uma linguagem que possibilite seu entendimento e contribua para diminur a angústia e ansiedade gerada pelo contexto circundante.Situations that require nursing care (SRCE) take place and are typical of a patient in an early post-operative stage (POPT) of myocardial revascularization (48 to 96 hours). Said situations constitute the qualitative data of the doctoral thesis titled "Nursing care to the patient in early post-operative stage following a myocardial revascularization", whose general objective was to design the nursing care proposal for the patient in early post-operative stage following a myocardial revascularization based on problems identified from the interpretation of the clinical events and the situations that require nursing care. Interviews (semi-structured) were taken of 40 patients during their early post-operative stage; questions were asked about their feelings, emotions and concerns. The collected information was refined. Literal phrases of the patients were used and descriptive codes were established, which were interpreted in order to determine the nominal and substantive codes to then be grouped under one same term forming the categories, which are the situations that require nursing care: wellbeing, achievements, reasoning, benefit, satisfaction, beliefs and values, suffering, anxiety and affliction. The proposal states that dialogue, gathering and the call-answer scenario will have better effects on the wellbeing of the patient, if the cold and impersonal atmosphere of the hospital is changed into a caring surrounding where conditions such as presence of family and affective availability of nurses are strengthened, providing information on the process the patient goes through, using a language that allows his/hers being understood and that contributes to reducing the distress and the anxiety that the surrounding context may generate.

The objective was to evaluate the influence of the Nursing Consultation Protocol in aspects of anxiety and depression in patients after myocardial revascularization using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD). A randomized clinical trial developed in the outpatient clinic of a public hospital in Fortaleza-Ceará. One hundred and forty six patients, who underwent myocardial revascularization, composed the population, providing the sample of 39 patients in the control group (CG) and 39 in the intervention group (IG). The results were presented in tables. Anxiety had a mean of 5.41 in the CG and a median of 5 and a mean in the IG of 5.21 and a median of 4. Depression predominated in the CG, with a mean 4.82 and a median of 4, while the IG had a mean of 3.79 and a median of 3. It was found that people monitored in accordance with the Nursing Consultation Protocol had a lower percentage of anxiety and depression after six months.El objetivo fue verificar la influencia del protocolo de consultas de enfermería sobre aspectos relacionados a ansiedad y depresión en pacientes después de la revascularización del miocardio, utilizando la escala de HAD (Hospital Ansiety and Depresion). Se trata de un ensayo clínico, aleatorio, desarrollado en el ambulatorio de un hospital público en Fortaleza, estado de Ceará. La población fue compuesta 146 pacientes en los cuales fue realizada la revascularización del miocardio, constituyendo la muestra 39 pacientes del grupo de control (GC) y 39 del grupo de intervención (GI). Los resultados fueron presentados en tablas. La ansiedad tuvo promedio en el GC de 5,41 y mediana de 5 y, en el GI, tuvo promedio de 5,21 y mediana de 4. La depresión predominó en el GC, con promedio 4,82 y mediana de 4; en cuanto el GI tuvo promedio de 3,79 y mediana de 3. Se constató que las personas acompañadas de acuerdo con el protocolo de consultas de enfermería tuvieron un porcentaje menor de ansiedad y depresión, después de seis meses de acompañamiento.O objetivo foi verificar a influência do protocolo de consultas de enfermagem nos aspectos relacionados à ansiedade e à depressão em pacientes após revascularização miocárdica, utilizando a escala de HAD (Hospital Ansiety and Depression). Ensaio clínico, randomizado, desenvolvido no ambulatório de um hospital público, Fortaleza, CE. Compôs a população 146 pacientes nos quais foi realizada revascularização miocárdica, constituindo a amostra 39 pacientes do grupo controle (GC) e 39 do grupo de intervenção (GI). Os resultados foram apresentados em tabelas. A ansiedade teve média no GC de 5,41 e mediana de 5 e, no GI, teve média de 5,21 e mediana de 4. A depressão predominou no GC, com média 4,82 e mediana de 4, enquanto o GI teve média de 3,79 e mediana de 3. Constatou-se que as pessoas acompanhadas de acordo com o protocolo de consultas de enfermagem tiveram menor percentual de ansiedade e depressão, após seis meses de acompanhamento.

OBJETIVO: Verificar os efeitos da manobra de hiperinsuflação manual associada à pressão positiva expiratória final em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico randomizado realizado entre agosto de 2007 e julho de 2008 na unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital Luterano (ULBRA). Os pacientes foram divididos em grupo intervenção, no qual foi aplicada a manobra de hiperinsuflação manual associada à pressão positiva expiratória final, e grupo controle. As variáveis ventilatórias foram mensuradas em dois momentos: pré-manobra e pós-manobra. Foram utilizados os testes t de Student para amostras independentes e pareadas, bem como os testes exato de Fisher e o qui-quadrado de McNemar. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 18 pacientes durante o período de estudo, com idade média de 64±11 anos, sendo que houve predomínio do sexo feminino (55,6%). O volume corrente inspirado foi de 594± 112 ml no grupo intervenção e 487± 51 ml no grupo controle (p=0,024) e o volume corrente expirado de 598± 105 ml no grupo intervenção e 490± 58 ml no grupo controle (p=0,02). A média da complacência pulmonar estática no grupo intervenção pré-manobra foi de 41,6± 12,1 ml/cmH2O e pós-manobra de 47,4± 16,6 ml/cmH2O (p=0,03). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos nas seguintes variáveis: saturação periférica de oxigênio, pressão arterial de oxigênio, tempo de extubação e alterações radiológicas. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados demonstram uma tendência da manobra de hiperinsuflação manual associada à pressão positiva expiratória final promover aumento dos volumes pulmonares e da complacência estática, entretanto estes achados necessitam confirmação.OBJECTIVE: To verify the effects of manual hyperinflation maneuver associated with positive end expiratory pressure in coronary artery bypass grafting patients. METHODS: This was a randomized trial, conducted from August 2007 to July 2008 in the intensive care unit of the Hospital Luterano (ULBRA). The patients were divided in the groups intervention - with manual hyperinflation plus positive end expiratory pressure - and controlThe ventilatory variables were measured before and after the manual hyperinflation. The t Student's test was used for independent and paired samples as well as Fisher's exact test and McNemar's Chi-square test with 0.05 significance level. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were included. The mean age was 64± 11 years and 55.6% were female. The inspired tidal volume was 594± 112ml in the intervention group and 487± 51ml in the control group (p=0.024) and the expired tidal volume was 598± 105ml in the intervention group and 490± 58ml in the control group (p=0.02). The mean pre-maneuver static pulmonary compliance in the intervention group was 41.6± 12.1 ml/cmH2O and post maneuver it was 47.4± 16.6 ml/cmH2O (p=0.03). There was no significant between groups difference in the following variables: oxygen peripheral saturation, oxygen arterial pressure, extubation time and radiological changes. CONCLUSION: The results show that the manual hyperinflation associated with positive end expiratory pressure maneuver trends to promote increased lung volumes and static compliance, however these findings require further confirmation.

A cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) visa melhorar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS), aliviar sintomas e aumentar a sobrevida. Objetivou-se comparar a QVRS antes e seis meses após CRM e avaliar a sua relação com idade, sexo, escolaridade e estado civil. Estudo descritivo e longitudinal que utilizou o SF-36 para avaliar a QVRS. Entre os 54 sujeitos, 53,7% eram homens, 66,7% casados, com idade média de 57,3+9,7 anos e 5,7+4 anos de escolaridade. Após a CRM as médias dos domínios do SF-36 variaram de 62 a 74,2 sendo o intervalo anterior de 17,1 a 58,1. Homens apresentaram melhor avaliação da QVRS antes e após a CRM do que as mulheres, mas as diferenças foram estatisticamente significantes apenas para Estado geral de saúde e Dor. Não se constatou associação entre QVRS, escolaridade e estado civil. Concluiu-se que a CRM melhorou a QVRS dos participantes.La cirugía de revascularización del miocardio (CRVM) busca ofrecer una mejor calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS), aliviar los síntomas de angina y aumentar la sobrevida. Los objetivos foi comparar la CVRS antes y seis meses después de la CRVM y evaluar su relación con la edad, sexo, escolaridad y estado civil. Estudio descriptivo y longitudinal, que utilizó el SF-36 para evaluar la CVRS. Entre los 54 participantes, 53,7% eran hombres, 66,7% casados, con edad media de 57,3+9,7 años y 5,7+4 años de escolaridad. Después de la CRVM las medias de los dominios del SF-36 variaron de 62 a 74,2 siendo el intervalo anterior de 17,1 a 58,1. Hombres presentaron mejor evaluación de CVRS antes e después de la CRVM que las mujeres, entretanto las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas sólo para Estado General de salud y Dolor. No se encontró asociación entre CVRS, escolaridad y estado civil. Las conclusión es que la CRVM mejoró la CVRS de los participantes.Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery aims at offering a better health-related quality of life (HRQL), relieving symptoms and increasing survival .The objectives were to compare HRQL before CABG and six months after it and to evaluate its relation concerning participants' age, sex, schooling and marital status. Descriptive and longitudinal study, which used the SF-36 to evaluate HRQL. Among the 54 subjects, 53,7% were men, 66,7% of them were married, their average age was of 57,3+9,7 and their schooling of 5,7+4. After CABG, the scores of the domains of the SF-36 varied from 62 to 74,2 being the previous interval from 17,1 to 58,1. Men showed a better evaluation towards HRQL before and after CABG than women, but the differences were only statistically significant for General Health and Bodily pain. No association between HRQL, schooling and marital status was stated. In conclusion, the CABG improved participants' HRQL.

Introducción. El efecto vasodilatador de la cafeína en las arterias de modelos animales ya ha sido demostrado. Se desconocen estudios con la misma metodología in vitro utilizando arterias humanas. Objetivos. Evaluar los efectos vasoactivos in vitro de la cafeína en la arteria mamaria interna de humanos. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 80 anillos de arteria mamaria interna (n=20 pacientes). La funcionalidad del endotelio se evaluó con acetilcolina a una concentración de 3,16x10-6M, de nitroglicerina con dosis acumulativas de 10 -11 M a 10 -4 M y de cafeína con concentraciones acumulativas de 10 -8 M a 10-4 M. Resultados. La nitroglicerina indujo un porcentaje máximo de relajación de 87,4±12,3%, la cafeína, de 86,9±21,0% en arterias con endotelio funcional y de 71,6±28,6% en arterias con disfunción endotelial. No se encontraron diferencias entre los tres grupos ( p=0,289). Tampoco se encontraron diferencias en la EC 50 en arterias con endotelio funcional (1,66x10 -5 ±1,57x10 -5 M) y arterias disfuncionales (7,75x10 -5 ±14,64x10 -5 M). La nitroglicerina resultó más potente que la cafeína (EC 50 = 4,30x10 -9 ±4,35x10 -9 M) ( p=0,013). Conclusiones. Aunque la nitroglicerina fue un vasodilatador más potente, la cafeína tuvo un fuerte efecto vasodilatador arterial in vitro independientemente de la funcionalidad del endotelio en arterias humanas.

This ethnographic study aimed to understand the meaning of quality of life from the perspective of people with coronary disease submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery. Direct observations and semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. Data were analyzed through careful reading, identification of units of meaning, thematic groups and themes, and interpreted according to interpretative anthropology and the Centre for Health Promotion conceptual model of quality of life. The identified theme, quality of life being happy as possible, is based on being healthy, having a job and a harmonious family. These were considered dimensions for a "tranquil and happy" life. The meaning of quality of life is complex, subject to new significations throughout life, and related to the socioeconomic and cultural context, including, in the case, the experience of the health-disease process.Este estudio etnográfico tuvo como objetivo comprender el significado de calidad de vida en la perspectiva de personas que tuvieron una coronariopatía y pasaron por cirugía de revascularización del miocardio. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de observaciones directas y entrevistas semiestructuradas y evaluados a partir de una lectura cuidadosa, de la identificación de unidades de significados de núcleos temáticos y temas. Fueron interpretados de acuerdo con la antropología interpretativa y el modelo conceptual de calidad de vida del Center for Health Promotion. El tema identificado, calidad de vida ser feliz en la medida de lo posible, está fundamentado en tener salud, tener trabajo y tener armonía familiar. Esas fueron consideradas dimensiones para una vida "tranquila y feliz". El significado de calidad de vida es complejo, está sujeto a nuevas evaluaciones de significado a lo largo de la vida, y relacionado al contexto socioeconómico y cultural, incluyéndose, en ese caso, la experiencia del proceso salud y enfermedad.Este estudo etnográfico teve como objetivo compreender o significado de qualidade de vida na perspectiva de pessoas que vivenciaram a coronariopatia e a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observações diretas e entrevistas semi-estruturadas e analisados a partir da leitura cuidadosa, identificação de unidades de significados, núcleos temáticos e temas. Foram interpretados de acordo com a antropologia interpretativa e o Modelo Conceitual de Qualidade de Vida do Centre for Health Promotion. O tema identificado, qualidade de vida ser feliz à medida do possível, está fundamentado em ter saúde, ter trabalho e ter harmonia familiar. Essas foram consideradas dimensões para uma vida "tranqüila e feliz". O significado de qualidade de vida é complexo, está sujeito a (re)significações ao longo da vida, e relacionado ao contexto socioeconômico e cultural, incluindo-se, nesse caso, a experiência do processo saúde-doença.

Objective: To evaluate the degree of incomplete revascularization in patients with multiarterial coronary artery disease who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) using the Syntax revascularization index (SRI) and its relationship to major cardiovascular events during follow-up., Materials and Methods: Observational, retrospective study with 4-year follow-up of patients with multiarterial coronary artery disease who underwent surgical or percutaneous coronary revascularization, in whom the baseline Syntax score (SSb) and the residual Syntax score (SSr) were calculated. The Syntax Revascularization Index (SRI) was determined with the following formula: SRI = (1- [SSr/SSb]) x 100, and major cardiovascular events at 4-year follow-up were compared., Results: Two hundred patients (100 in each group) were evaluated. Mean SSr in group 1 was 83.2%, and in group 2, 79.0% (p=0.88). Mean complete revascularization was 41% in the first group and 35% in the second. A cutoff point of ≤90% of IRS had the best accuracy for predicting major cardiovascular events (area under the curve of 0.60; 95% CI: 0.49-0.71, p<0.05). In multivariate analysis IRS was an independent predictor of major cardiovascular events (HR 2.6; 95%CI: 1.32-3.22, p= 0.043)., Conclusions: The Syntax Revascularization Index may be useful for measuring the degree of revascularization in patients with multiarterial coronary artery disease treated percutaneously or surgically. An SRI ³90% may be an acceptable target for revascularization ., Competing Interests: Conflictos de interés: Los autores declaran no tener ningún conflicto de interés.

A incidência de anormalidades coronarianas na arterite de Takayasu é relativamente baixa. Desde que as lesões variam em cada paciente, os tratamentos percutâneo e cirúrgico requerem planejamento cuidadoso do momento operatório, técnica, uso de materiais e medicação pós-operatória. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 24 anos, avaliada pela equipe de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular com quadro clínico de angina estável, sinais e sintomas sugestivos de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Propedêutica realizada revelava lesão grave (> 50%) no tronco de coronária esquerda, sendo indicada, a princípio, angioplastia coronariana com implante de stent. Após 3 meses, realizou-se cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica em razão de reestenose. A isquemia miocárdica é uma causa importante de óbito e deve ser prontamente tratada. A abordagem percutânea pode ser a primeira escolha ou servir como ponte para a cirurgia.The incidence of coronary abnormalities is relatively low in patients with Takayasu’s arteritis. Since the lesions vary in each patient, invasive treatment modalities, whether percutaneous or surgical, demand a careful pre-operative planning for the timing, technical approach, materials used as well as post-operative medication. We report a case of a 24-years-old woman that was subjected to clinical evaluation in the Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Group because of heart failure and chest pain. She was diagnosed with stenosis of the left main coronary artery that required stent implantation. After 3 months of this procedure, she had re-stenosis and a decision for a successful myocardial revascularization was made. Coronary ischemia is a major cause of death that implies immediate treatment. The percutaneous approach can be either the first option or a bridge to surgery.

El infarto del miocardio agudo posoperatorio es uno de los determinantes de la morbimortalidad posoperatoria en la cirugía cardíaca y es relativamente frecuente. Como consecuencia del mismo proceder quirúrgico los criterios clínicos, electrocardiográficos y enzimáticos clásicos pierden eficacia, por lo cual no pueden ser aplicados de la manera acostumbrada. Se revisan los marcadores bioquímicos para esta complicación, sus valores y criterios de aplicación en este grupo poblacional particular.The postoperative acute myocardial infarction is one of the determinants of postoperative morbimortality in cardiac surgery and it is relatively common. As a result of the surgical procedure, the classic clinical, electrocardiographic and enzimatic criteria lose efficiency and, therefore, they cannot be applied as usual. The biochemical markers for this complication, their values and criteria of application to this particular population group are reviewed.

Seiscentos e setenta e dois pacientes, classificados em 4 estratos de 168 cada um, foram avaliados no quarto mês após revascularização miocárdica, por cirurgia de ponte de safena e/ou implantação de artéria mamária e angioplastia transluminal coronária com o intuito de verificar se retornaram ou não ao trabalho, e em que condições o fizeram. Os quatro estratos foram compostos segundo a ocupação/qualificação da seguinte forma: I- executivos; II-profissionais de nível universitário; III- técnicos de nível médio; IV- profissionais não ou semi qualificados. Objetivou-se verificar como as variáveis demográficas, educacionais, ocupacionais, procedimentos e suporte pós-operatório interferiram no retomo ao trabalho. Os resultados mostraram que o não-retorno aconteceu, em média, em 20,8% dos casos. Em cada um dos estratos, a proporção de não-retorno foi a seguinte: I = 11,9%; II= 15,5%; III= 26,2% e IV= 29,8%. Verificou-se naqueles submetidos à angioplastia que a proporção de não-retorno foi significativamente menor.Six hundred and seventy-two patients classified in four strata with one hundred sixty eight in each were evaluated during the fourth month after myocardical revascularization, with coronary artery bypass graft and/or internal mammary artery and coronary angioplasty, in order to verify the return or not to work as well as the conditions under which this was done. The four strata constituted by occupational profile were the following: I - entrepreneurs and managers II - professionals with universitary degree III - technicians IV - unskilled and semiskilled professionals. The aim of this research project was to discover how variables like demographics, education, procedure and support after procedure, were related to the return to work. Return to work did not occur in 20.8% of all cases. The non-return contingent in each of the four strata was the following: I = 11.9%: II = 15.5%; III = 26.2% and IV = 29.8%. Among those submitted to angioplasty the proportion of non-return was lower than that of those submitted to surgery.

Ao receber alta hospitalar, o paciente submetido a cirurgia cardíaca pode apresentar dúvidas que geram ansiedade e insegurança, por estar longe da vigilância constante da equipe de saúde. Por essa razão, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as dúvidas dos pacientes em pós-operatório de revascularização do miocárdio, relacionadas ao período de reabilitação. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo e, para sua realização, foram utilizados uma ficha de caracterização sociodemográfica e um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada. A amostra foi composta por dez pacientes e as dúvidas mais frequentes foram aquelas relacionadas a re-educação alimentar, prática de exercícios físicos, retorno ao trabalho, sintomas que podem apresentar após a alta, prática de atividades diárias, dificuldades com as incisões cirúrgicas, prática de atividade sexual, consumo de bebida alcoólica e uso de medicações. Destaca-se a importância de o enfermeiro conhecer as dúvidas dos pacientes, para que possa desenvolver intervenções individualizadas com foco na prevenção de complicações.

Introduction and Objectives: The anesthesia in coronary surgery, using high sustained doses of fentanyl, leads to protracted postoperative extubation and stay. The assessment of an anesthesiastrategy for coronary surgery without extracorporeal circulation, in order to reduce the use of opioids and make possible an early extubation and a shorter post-surgical stay, was the objective of thiswork. Methods: 732 patients who underwent surgical myocardial revascularization without heartlung machine, from February 2003 to December 2007, using general anesthesia with intermittent boluses of fentanyl, with or without associated epidural anesthesia, were studied. Results: 625 surgical operations with general anesthesia in boluses and 107 adding peridural anesthesia were carried out. The average amount of fentanyl was 34.7 ml per patient in the first group and 24.9 ml when adding peridural anesthesia. Twenty seven patients were extubated in the operating room. The total average time was 8.6 hours (8.8 hours in the group where the anesthesia in boluses wasused and 6.7 hours for those with peridural anesthesia associated). The total average stay at the Intensive Care Unit was 40.1 hours. Conclusions: The intermittent anesthesia reduced the amount of fentanyl used in 86.6 percent when compared to the high sustained doses reported in a previous study. This made possible the early extubation of the patients, which increased due to the use of peridural anesthesia, and a decrease in average stay of the patient at the Intensive Care Unit.

Background and objectives: Coronary artery bypass graft has been used like therapeutic method in many patients to extend life and to improve its quality. This investigation was performed todetermine global survival of the patients, and associated to certain variables. Method: An epidemiological investigation was carried out in 199 patients who underwent surgery during the years 1990 to 2000. A data base in SPSS with all variables was created. Patients were visited at their houses or were contacted by telephone, and later they were evaluated in the hospital. Kaplan Meier's method was applied with the aim of estimating survival periods, and Log Rank's technique was used for comparison between strata. Results: Global survival was 90.9 % for one year, 86.1 % to 5 years, 66.3 % to 10, and 64.1 % for 14 years. Sex did not influence survival (p > 0,05).Other variables range as follows: 100 % for the group of age between 30 to 39 years (p = 0,0108); 100 % in patients with one-vessel disease, 69.6 % with two, and 72.8 % with three vessels (p =0,0881); 85.7 % with single bypass-graft, 74.3 % with two, 72.1 % with three, and 72.5 % with four or more grafts (p > 0,05); 91.7 % with arterial grafts, 81.8 % with mixed ones, and 65.1 % when vein was used (p = 0,058). Conclusions: The highest survival was reached in younger patients, those with single affected coronary vessel, single aorto-coronary graft, and those who received arterial grafts.

The left internal mammary artery is currently the most common graft in surgical myocardial revascularization. However, in spite of the works showing the effectiveness of the use of both mammary arteries, this technique remains a controversial topic in medical literature nowadays. Among the factors discouraging its use we have the good results of the myocardial revascularization with left internal mammary artery and with saphenous vein, a greater technicaldifficulty and a prolonged surgical time; as well as an increase in sternal complications. The advantages and disadvantages in the use of this procedure are discussed in this work, as well as the results presented by several authors. The surgical technique is also described.

Este estudo classificou os hospitais vinculados ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil com base no desempenho para a realização de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, entre 1996 e 1998, com o uso da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar ajustada pelo risco de morrer. Foram estudados 76 hospitais (58,00% do total) que realizaram mais de 150 cirurgias no período, correspondentes a 38.962 cirurgias (92,10% do total), que foram classificados como desviantes altos ou baixos, de acordo com a razão entre o número observado e o esperado de óbitos para cada hospital. A taxa global de mortalidade hospitalar foi de 7,20%. Para o grupo de pacientes operados nos hospitais desviantes baixos, foi de 3,48%, e, de 13,96% para os desviantes altos. A metodologia tem utilidade para discriminar os hospitais brasileiros com relação à mortalidade pós cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio e pode ser um instrumento útil para identificação daqueles que possam apresentar problemas de qualidade.Brazilian hospitals performing coronary artery by-pass graft surgery (CABG) from 1996 to 1998 and covered by the Ministry of Health were ranked according to their risk-adjusted hospital mortality rates. Seventy-six hospitals that performed more than 150 CABGs (total of 38,962 surgical interventions) were classified as low or high outliers according to the ratio between observed and expected hospital mortality rates. Overall hospital mortality rate was 7.20%. The rate was 3.48% among patients treated in the low outliers and 13.96% among the high outliers. The methodology was useful for discriminating Brazilian hospitals according to their post-CABG mortality rates and may be a useful tool for identifying hospitals with possible quality-of-care problems.

INTRODUCCIÓN. La cirugía de revascularización miocárdica es la más frecuente de las cirugías cardíacas. Para conocer la prevalencia de eventos adversos mayores en esta cirugía y sus factores de riesgo, se estudiaron prospectivamente 1264 pacientes revascularizados consecutivamente entre enero de 1990 y del 2006 en el Instituto de Cardiología de La Habana. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un análisis multivariado de las variables de riesgo. Se obtuvieron las probabilidades de Bayes. El nivel de significación estadística fue de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS. En 398 casos (32,1 %) se presentaron eventos mayores. Los eventos más frecuentes fueron la reintervención quirúrgica (234; 18,9 %) y el bajo gasto cardíaco (190; 15,0 %). Las mayores probabilidades de Bayes positivas para la aparición de eventos adversos se comportaron como sigue: fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo < 40 % (probabilidad: 66,2 %) e insuficiencia vascular arterial periférica (probabilidad: 58,8 %) (preoperatorios); bajo gasto cardíaco (probabilidad: 82,3 %) y accidentes quirúrgicos (probabilidad: 73,1 %) (transoperatorios); y ritmos no sinusales (probabilidad: 88,9 %) y uso de cuatro o más unidades de hemoderivados (probabilidad: 59,6 %) (posoperatorios). CONCLUSIONES. Los eventos adversos se comportaron dentro de los rangos reportados internacionalmente.INTRODUCTION. Myocardial revascularization surgery is the most common of heart surgeries.To know the prevalence of major adverse events in this surgery and their risk factors, 1264 patients that were consecutively revascularized were prospectively studied between January 1990 and January 1996 in the Cardiology Institute of Havana City. METHODS. A multivariate analysis of the risk variables was made. Bayes' probabilities were obtained. The statistical significance level was p < 0.05. RESULTS. Major events were reported in 398 cases (32.1 %). The most frequent events were surgical reintervention (234; 18.9 %) and low cardiac output (190; 15.0 %). Most of Bayes' positive probabilities for the appearance of adverse events behaved as follows: left ventricular ejection fraction < 40 % (probability: 66.2 %) and peripheral arterial vascular insufficiency (probability: 58.8 %) (preoperative); low cardiac output (probability: 82.3 %) and surgical accidents (probability: 73.1 %) (transoperative); non-sinusal rhythms (probability: 88.9 %) and use of four or more units of hemoderivatives (probability: 59.6 %) (postoperative). CONCLUSIONS. The adverse events behaved according to the ranges reported at the international level.

La cirugía de revascularización miocárdica es la más frecuente de las cirugías cardíacas y uno de los mayores logros obtenidos en la cirugía. Su historia puede dividirse en cuatro etapas. Las ideas relacionadas con ella surgen ya a finales del siglo XIX y tienen un desarrollo vertiginoso en el siglo XX. Como muchos de los descubrimientos de la humanidad y la medicina, la cirugía cardíaca y la revascularización miocárdica tienen paternidades discutidas y fechas controvertibles. Se hace una revisión bibliográfica de su desarrollo y avances, así como de algunos aspectos de la circulación extracorpórea, la protección miocárdica y la cirugía cardíaca en general, necesarios para su progreso.Myocaridal revascularization surgery is the most common of the heart surgeries and one of the greatest achievements attained in surgery. Its history may be divided into 4 stages. The ideas related to it appeared at the end of the XIX century and had a quick development in the XX century. As many of the discoveries of mankind and medicine, heart surgery and myocardial revascularization have disputed paternities and controvertible dates. A bibliographic review of their development and advances, as well as of some aspects of extracorporeal circulation, myocardial protection and heart surgery in general, which are necessary for their progress, was made.

Background: This study sets out to describe the survival and clinical evolution of patients who undergo myocardial re-vascularisation surgery, and identifies the short- and long-term predictive factors for surgical outcomes., Methods: Study of a cohort of 175 patients undergoing pure or mixed coronary myocardial revascularisation surgery at a heart surgery unit, recruited between 2008 and 2010 and monitored for ten years. Descriptive and logistic regression (OR and 95%CI) analysis were carried out, along with an analysis of survival by Kaplan Meier and Cox uni- and multivariate regression (HR and 95%CI) in the short- (one year) and long-term (ten years)., Results: Predominantly male cohort (85.1%), mean age of 67 years (45-84), and mean EuroSCORE of 5.3%. Mortality was 6.8 and 26.9% at 1 and 10 years, respectively. Mean survival of deceased individuals was 40 months (32.2-47.8). In the short-term, a better NYHA =III preoperative functional level was not significantly associated with lower mortality (OR: 0.11; 95%CI: 0.01-1.08; p=0.058), while being female (OR: 2.94; 95%CI: 1.01-8.57; p=0.048) and having a EuroSCORE of >4% (OR: 4.94; 95%CI: 1.52-16.10; p=0.008) showed an increased risk of presenting adverse cardiac events. In the long-term, greater age (HR: 1.06; 95%CI: 1.01-1.10; p=0.026) and lower rates of body mass index after the first postoperative year (HR: 0.90; 95%CI: 0.81-0.99; p=0.040) were independent predictors of mortality., Conclusion: Age was an independent predictor of long-term mortality, while being female and a EuroSCORE >4% were associated with a higher risk of suffering from short-term cardiovascular events.