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Cocoa cultivation is one of the sectors that most contributes to Ecuador’s GDP. The aim of this study is to determine the Land-Use Conflict (UC) for cocoa in 71 cities on the coast of Ecuador. Photointerpretation has been applied to locate the crop and geospatial modeling has been used to analyze Land Use Capacity (LUC) criteria, agroecological requirements and LUC at 1:5,000. Of the total study surface area, 4.65% is occupied by cocoa crops and of this value 66.03% is in adequate use (AU) and 33.97% in LUC, and the category of UC over lightly used is the most frequent with 17.25% of the total surface in LUC. In the coastal region, the province of Guayas has the lowest LUC in contrast to Los Rios; the predominant LUC for the crop is Class III 34.32%. The findings show that the LUC of cocoa has a low concordance with the national Agroecological Zoning (AZ), since this model considers the crop in natural conditions, the main limiting factor is the vegetative wet period and does not take into account whether the crop is present in the territory. The use of national AZ information to establish crops could limit their production, since it has been demonstrated that there are cultivated areas that are not in conflict and that are exploited by farmers. This study is replicable to other crops and scalable to any area.

Abstract In February 2023, anomalously heavy rainfall caused widespread landslides in the coastal city of São Sebastião (Southeastern Brazil). This report describes the first version of a landslide inventory dataset for this event. The inventory is primarily based on the analysis of aerial images with 10 cm spatial resolution acquired immediately after the event, as well as archive images from Google Earth and PlanetScope. Delimitation of the landslides relied on a comparison of the images along with the area’s Digital Surface Model (DSM) and hydrography. The spatial vector dataset (shapefile and geopackage) contains points representing the landslide’s crowns and polygons indicating the affected area and is openly available in Zenodo.

Reducing urban environmental inequity is one of the main objectives in advancing towards more sustainable cities. This situation implies developing tools that allow for an integrated assessment environmental and social impacts, to reveal inequalities in the distribution of resources and environmental risks. Applying indicators by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and statistical tools can be a valid option for fulfilling this aim, since it allows for territorial patterns in disparities to be exposed. The aim of this work is to identify and classify the environmental equity indicators applied to date in studies that use statistical methods and GIS for processing and analysing them. Thus, a scoping review was conducted using the SALSA Framework and PRISMA extension for scoping reviews protocol based on the Scopus, Web of Science and Scielo databases. A total of 31 articles were identified that fulfilled the search criteria and which were developed mainly by countries in North American and Europe. They involved 167 different indicators that demonstrate the complexity and heterogeneity in addressing this topic. Negative aspects of the environment such as pollution, and social factors such as the socioeconomic status, were the most used.

This research focuses on the spatial distribution of Airbnb listings in Naples, examining how this phenomenon influences the urban and socioeconomic dynamics of the city. Through a detailed analysis of data collected from 2015 to 2023, the study highlights the significant impact of Airbnb on the processes of gentrification and touristification, showing how the platform has contributed to transformations in the real estate market and the social composition of neighborhoods. Using GIS techniques to map the concentration of listings, the research reveals a growing professionalization of hosts and an intensification of property use as short-term rentals, increasingly shifting the platform's use from a shared to a commercial economy. The work also proposes a reflection on the urban policies needed to mitigate the negative effects of these dynamics and promote sustainable urban tourism.

En esta investigación se determinó la amenaza de inundación en la zona de expansión Aranda del municipio de Pasto, considerando una lluvia crítica de diseño para un periodo de retorno de cien años. Se establecieron las condiciones hidrológicas de la zona de estudio definiendo la cuenca perteneciente a la zona de expansión Aranda, correspondiente a la microcuenca El Blanco. Se utilizaron datos de precipitaciones máximas de tres estaciones meteorológicas y con base en las curvas intensidad-duración-frecuencia (IDF), se determinaron las intensidades de precipitación para diferentes duraciones. Posteriormente, se empleó el software MIKE SHE para simular las profundidades y velocidades del flujo superficial en toda el área de estudio incorporando datos de cobertura, características hidrológicas del suelo de la microcuenca, infiltración y pendiente, así como las intensidades de lluvia calculadas. La zonificación de la amenaza mediante las metodologías de la Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) y el IDIGER reveló que las zonas de pendiente pronunciada presentaban una amenaza de inundación media debido al potencial de inundación repentina. Aunque en un principio se centró en el encharcamiento en la zona de expansión ubicada en la llanura de la cuenca, los resultados mostraron que las condiciones topográficas, caracterizadas por pendientes pronunciadas con altas velocidades de escorrentía, justificaban atribuir un nivel de amenaza medio a estas regiones debido a su mayor susceptibilidad a las inundaciones repentinas. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de la microcuenca presentaba una amenaza baja de inundación por encharcamiento, debido a unos suelos profundos y bien drenados que facilitaban la infiltración y el almacenamiento temporal de agua, reduciendo la acumulación de agua superficial. Por tanto, se destaca que estos hallazgos pueden ser importantes para la planificación en esta zona, considerando las características hidrológicas de la microcuenca El Blanco.

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for 3D reconstruction through photogrammetry has gained significant attention in recent years. With the advancement of technology and the availability of affordable drones with high-resolution cameras, capturing aerial images for creating detailed 3D models has become more accessible, however, UAV survey flight planning still presents challenges. The planning stage is essential in aerial photogrammetry as it sets the foundation for efficient and accurate surveying. Proper predictive planning ensures a smooth workflow on site, generating high-quality datasets for reconstruction while minimizing the need for repeat surveys. This approach not only reduces costs but also mitigates potential errors and delays during the survey process.Within the presented frame of reference, the present study explores the use of UAVs for 3D reconstruction through photogrammetry, focusing on optimizing flight paths and view planning. It addresses challenges such as safety, navigation, and image dataset optimization. The study presents the current advancement of custom parametric workflow developed in Rhino/Grasshopper. The workflow is targeted for average users, aiming to simplify the process and integrate it with architectural and planning workflows. The approach involves four algorithms, including proxy model generation, visibility analysis, path generation, and camera position estimation. The iterative process enhances precision through progressive refinement of the proxy model, offering potential for predictive modelling and effective photogrammetry utilization in UAV planning. Further research and testing are needed to validate real-world performance.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.22

Urban modelling processes are the basis for the management of Smart Cities. Automated workflows are typically used to model large portions of cities with homogeneous urban fabrics. These processes result in very simple three-dimensional models with large discrepancies with reality. However, the case of the historic centres of small cities is different due to the complexity of their urban fabric and the heterogeneity of their buildings.This paper proposes a semi-automatic supervised modelling workflow that allows the elaboration of complex urban fabric models following the CityGML standard and its levels of detail. The case study focuses on the historic centre of Cehegín (Spain).The advantage of this methodology is the use of downloadable data from public SDIs such as the Digital Cadastre (cadastral polygons) and the National Geographic Institute (LiDAR point clouds with an approximate density of 0.5 pts/m2). These data are geolocated and processed in GIS, and exported to Rhinoceros-Grasshopper3d where modelling algorithms are implemented for each level of detail, supported by statistical filters and automatic classifiers.This results in richer and more accurate models than those obtained with automatic modellers and can be used for different applications in the field of management and simulation.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.14

Los sistemas dunares son ecosistemas multifuncionales de gran importancia para el equilibrio ecológico y la biodiversidad. Se trata de sistemas dinámicos y frágiles de especial protección, por lo que será fundamental conocer su evolución a lo largo del tiempo. Debido a la escasez de datos históricos, la mayoría de los trabajos se basan en el empleo de fotografía aérea, estableciendo comparativas entre las imágenes disponibles. En los últimos años, el empleo de datos provenientes de vuelos LIDAR ha permitido definir con mayor precisión las unidades morfológicas y determinar los avances de los frentes dunares. Combinando ambas fuentes de datos mediante el empleo de técnicas GIS y el software DSAS ya se han mejorado los resultados de la evolución de los campos dunares en otras costas de España. El estudio se realiza sobre el complejo dunar Salinas-El Espartal (Asturias). Se han descargado todos los datos disponbiles de fuentes libres, incluyendo fotografía aérea, ortofotografía y el LIDAR de los años 2014 y 2020. Los resultados de este estudio ponen de manifiesto el deterioro del sistema dunar ya que el 60% de la superficie natural original se ha antropizado.

Education and processes of agrarian change are deeply imbricated processes. While political ecologists have begun exploring education in earnest, questions of race have remain largely unexplored. In this article, we analyze the spatial linkages between education, race, and the permanence of the peasantry in the face of expanding capital. Our focus is the crisis of rural school closures in Brazil. Over the last twenty five years, the state has closed more than 65% of Brazil’s rural schools. Social movements argue that these school closures are differentially occurring in communities of color. To better understand the factors driving this crisis, we assembled a “big data” database, consisting of twenty five years of municipal school records from every school in Brazil. Drawing upon advanced geospatial statistics and multiple linear regression techniques, we analyze both how these school closures are spatially patterned throughout Brazil, and the social, political, and economic factors shaping this crisis. Our results highlight land concentration and race as central dynamics in this crisis, underscoring the enduring impact that racial oppression and historical patterns of land inequality play in structuring the politics of knowledge and educational landscape in Brazil.

In literature, the nuraghi, megalithic towers, are studied as separete cases. The proposed study aims instead at analysing them as a whole taking as a empirical reference in the case of Sinis, within the territory of Cabras (central-western Sardinia). By means of a visual connection between the various nuraghi, it is possible to trace 'paths' of information exchange with which it is hypothesised that the ancient architectures interacted in synergy in order to protect their mother city, currently under the waters of the Cabras pond, in the Conca Illonis area. The results of the analysis allow us to imagine a new possible analysis model that illustrates the functioning of the nuraghi and a nuragic dwelling settlement of considerably larger dimensions than any known to date in Sardinia.

Amburana acreana (Ducke) A. C. Sm., popularly known as "cerejeira" or emburana, is a tree belonging to the Fabaceae family (Leguminosae: Faboideae) and is included in the list of threatened and endangered species, according to Regulation No. 06 of the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment, dated 23 September 2008, standing out as one of the most vulnerable species. The objective of this study was to analyse the biogeographic distribution of A. acreana in the municipality of Cacoal, located in the Brazilian Amazon. The research was based on field data, complemented by herbarium records, databases, sampling and surveys of the local community to obtain information on the location and abundance of the species. The use of advanced tools such as DIVA-GIS 7.5® and Terra-i® made it possible to visualise the distribution of A. acreana in Brazil, both in its natural habitat (States of Acre, Mato Grosso and Rondônia) and in cultivated areas (Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro), extending also to Bolivia and Peru. In the municipality of Cacoal, the presence of the species was confirmed in ten localities, two of which hosted more than six adult individuals. The consideration of the microclimatic conditions of these localities proves to be a crucial element for proposing effective conservation strategies. The study not only provides a detailed overview of the distribution of A. acreana, but also highlights the need to address specific environmental conditions to ensure the long-term conservation of this threatened species in the Amazon region.

Many capital cities are expanding bicycle lanes or investing in public bike-sharing systems to make cycling mobility a viable transport solution within urban areas. While bicycles are fit for short-distance trips (

This research explores the potential of geographic intelligence in modelling optimal corridors for assessing alternative locations for power transmission lines at different stages of the study. The difficulties verified in the environmental licensing of new projects, the expansion of the national transmission system, and the lack of work to research techniques for formulating locational alternatives are motivating questions for this research. The investigation employs a multicriteria decision-making approach integrated with a geographic information framework to compute and map the feasibility corridors based on environmental constraints and stakeholder inputs. Findings reveal that the current decision-making process for implementing new power transmission lines involves disparate public and private entities operating non-integratively in a multi-level analysis and decision-making process. Through a case study utilising multicriteria analysis and expert consultations, the research demonstrates the applicability of spatial modelling in the locational planning of transmission projects. It highlights the model's capacity to address the complexity inherent in such studies, aggregate analyses and decisions from various stakeholders, and enhance transparency in the decision-making process from energy planning to operational phases.

Sacred spaces, such as Iberian caves, with liminal location and character, had important ritual significance and socio-political meanings for their communities. Through the Geographical Information Systems –GIS– techniques, we can analyse these sacred spaces in context. In this paper, by using a regional study as an example, we show the main analysis undertaken with gis, such as visibility and mobility, considering diverse variables and formulas. This will allow to develop comparative perspectives with other similar Mediterranean contexts. A first approach to the sacred landscape of the Iberian Iron Age territory of Edeta, in Llíria, València, is presented, analysing two ritual caves in context: Cueva del Sapo and Cueva Merinel, located on the southern border of the territory and frequented between the fifth and the second centuries BC. By using diverse models, we propose access routes to them, with the final objective of thinking about the effort and symbolism that a ritual journey linked to these natural sacred locations would imply.

The research aims to explore the representation of the landscape through methodologies and experiments that involve information systems aimed at reading and representing the landscape.The general objective of this project is to define a methodology that integrates data acquisition with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), point cloud management in GIS (Geographic Information System), and the cataloguing of information and the representation of landscape components through representational maps and 3D models in GIS.This workflow is aimed at promoting and improving the documentation, management, and enhancement processes of territorial heritage.The research thinks about the possibilities of information systems to transfer and assign an added value in the process of knowledge of the landscape, and to be exhaustive in the aspects of Representation, through maps and three-dimensional models. The case study is a part of the Caffarella Valley in Rome, near the Vaccareccia farmhouse, inside the Appia Antica Archaeological Park.The first phase concerns the aerial photogrammetric acquisition with a drone. The second phase involved the recognition of plant types through direct observation, collection of botanical samples, data cataloging and consultation with a botanist.Processing in the GIS environment involved: importing the point cloud; its classification; the processing of DEM, TIN and isoipse; the construction of the three-dimensional model of the buildings of the farmhouse; the representation of vegetation systems and the assignment of information attributes; the representation of the arboreal essences with the informative attributes concerning the vegetative, botanical and metric-dimensional state. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.29.2022.10

En la presente investigación realizó el análisis de la incidencia geotécnica de los suelos presentes en el municipio de Ponedera, localizado en el departamento del Atlántico para la construcción de un distrito de riego mediante la toma de muestras a través de apiques manuales junto con ensayos de penetración estándar (SPT). Esta información fue procesada en una base de datos para su correcta manipulación y análisis. Como producto de esta investigación se obtuvo el tipo de suelo los cuales fueron en su mayoría arcillas y limos inorgánicos (CL y ML) y en poca medida arenas limosas y arcillosa (SM y SC), también se realizaron mapas en (SIG) de zonificación del tipo de suelo y capacidades admisibles de dichos suelos. No se encontró nivel freático en el área de suelo investigada. Este estudio por el tipo de información obtenida siguiendo los lineamientos del Reglamento Colombiano Sismo Resistente (NSR-10) y el RAS, contiene información de utilidad para futuros estudios. Se concluye que el suelo explorado puede soportar capacidades de carga a aproximadamente 3,0 metros de profundidad de 31,8 Ton/m2 en suelos arcillosos y limosos.

The generation of permeability maps is based on the analysis and interpretation of geology, environmental morphology, land use, and slope, which enables the selection of sampling areas with similar characteristics. The method represents the integration of the physical characteristics of the study area and then determines the infiltration capacity differences in the most representative geopedologic units. In determining the basic data, minidisc infiltrometers were used to perform seventy-two infiltration tests in different types of soils with varying organic matter content, texture, soil structure, and vegetation cover, which showed the spatial variability that exists in two cantons of Loja province, Ecuador. In addition, it was observed that the infiltration rate depended mainly on the content of the organic matter in the soil and is consistent with information collected on permeability worldwide. In this study, generated pedotransfer function (FTP) coefficient of determination R2 0.78, the determination of the coefficient indicates a satisfactory estimate of the permeability with the variables that were analyzed; in addition, the methodology for assessing the permeability was suitable for the conditions of this investigation. For this reason, the method described here should be tested in other areas of the country with a greater number of field trials and with more variable contents of organic matter and soil textural classes.

The population of the Rif mountains in Morocco depends mainly on the cultivation of cannabis for its livelihood. This study shows the role played by such cultivation in landscape changes in the upstream part of the Laou river catchment area between 1985 and 2019. The analysis was developed using Landsat data. The results indicate that cannabis cultivation has contributed to accelerating the process of LUCC, given that most types of forests were largely transformed to cultivated areas. The increasing pressure on agricultural land, especially after agricultural innovations and the culture of new cannabis hybrids, has had serious consequences on the environment, economy and society. This has been demonstrated in the intensive exploitation of water, and as a result several areas are now denied access to drinking and irrigation water. To reduce the harm of these transformations, diversified and sustainable agricultural practices must be restored to their previous state.

La Vega de Granada es una de las comarcas españolas que presenta una mayor peligrosidad sísmica, donde se han registrado importantes eventos con intensidad macrosísmica (Io)≥VIII. A final de 2020 comenzó una serie sísmica (aún activa, en marzo de 2021), que ha alcanzado una Io=V-VI. En el marco de los estudios de riesgo sísmico, es necesario conocer la vulnerabilidad de las edificaciones. Así, esta investigación persigue estimar unos valores relativos de vulnerabilidad de las edificaciones. Para ello, partiendo de información proveniente de Catastro y del Instituto Geográfico Nacional, así como de las fechas de normativas sismorresistentes, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis multicriterio. Para la integración de los datos, los cálculos, la representación y el análisis de los mismos se ha empleado un sistema de información geográfica gratuito. Los resultados muestran que, principalmente, la zona oeste de Santa Fe es la que podría verse más afectada. Abstract La Vega de Granada is one of the Spanish regions with the highest seismic hazard, where important events with macroseismic intensity (Io)≥VIII have been recorded. At the end of 2020 a seismic series began (still active, in March 2021), which has reached an Io=V-VI. In the framework of seismic risk studies, it is necessary to know the vulnerability of buildings. Thus, this research aims to estimate relative vulnerability values of buildings. For this purpose, a multi-criteria analysis was carried out based on information from the Cadastre and the National Geographic Institute, as well as on the dates of seismic-resistant regulations. A free geographic information system was used for data integration, calculations, representation and analysis. The results show that the area west of Santa Fe is the most likely to be affected.

The research investigates the use of innovative technologies for the documentation, analysis, cataloguing of tangible and intangible heritage within the historical urban landscape. The main objective is the implementation of knowledge for safeguarding the Heritage in a perspective of sustainable development based on the understanding and increasingly wide use of the cultural values of a territory. Within this frame, the contribution presents the case study of Ascoli Piceno, characterized by a rich and widespread architectural-cultural heritage, testimony of history and experiences and unique resource of memory. The heritage of Ascoli Piceno has been enhanced through an information management tool in GIS environment, proposing a new digital model to be applied to build thematic layers of knowledge/enhancement of historical-artistic stratifications. The different information levels are organized in a georeferenced database, then structured in itineraries, easily accessible according to the interests of the users. This approach allows to analyze and manage a lot of information, putting in synergy technologies, data and urban space.

Abstract We present this manuscript as a methodological approach and general guidelines for geochemical mapping and background/baseline projects for environmental assessment in tropical areas. A case study was carried out in the Itacaiúnas River watershed (IRW), Eastern Amazon, to fill in a gap in knowledge on the distribution of chemical elements, particularly those potentially toxic, in the near-surface environment of the area. The high-impact results of this research project revealed the need for similar scientific investigation across the globe with the implementation of a systematic methodology. The study shows, for example, the importance of well-planned field activities, multi-medium sampling, analytical methods, laboratory procedures, database construction, and general aspects of data processing and statistical treatment. The importance of this contribution is that it can be used as a reference in support of geospatial analysis in research within the scope of geochemical mapping and background-baseline projects. The database is accessible through a web-based geographic information system front-end; a Geochemical Atlas of the IRW will be available as soon as possible.

Contemporary cities are the result of a combination of individual choices, which are increasingly differentiated in order to respond not only to the needs and expectations of the residents, but also to the requests coming from the rising number of populations temporarily crossing them. It is common knowledge that tourists have assumed a dominant role in cities due to two main factors: on the one hand, the worldwide steady increase in tourism over the past thirty years, with the exception of slight downturns (i.e., the two years after the attack on the twin towers); on the other hand, the economic power exercised by tourism and the consequences it has on the destinations. The urban areas of the south of Europe are not exempted from the dynamics of these social and economic changes. In particular, this article presents the results of an empiric study of migration flows and international tourism-related consumption in some coastal towns in the south of Italy. The analysis was conducted with the technical support of cartographic representations of data (Geographic Information System). Thanks to the analysis of the data stored in the Banca d’Italia archive, the work focuses on two main aspects of the international tourism demand. Firstly, the entity and the features of the flows (according to age, provenance, motivation) will be studied, in order to identify the specific attractiveness of the various destinations. Secondly, the study aims to analyze the dynamics of the consumption behavior patterns in international tourism, with particular attention to daily expenses, such as transport, food and accommodation, entertainment (i.e. shows, events, excursions) and culture (i.e. museums, theatres). The aim of the study is to problematize the principal changes in the international tourism demand highlighting new trends emerging in Mediterranean towns, in particular in the South of Italy. A lack of horizontal and vertical subsidiarity has been noted, including the deficiency of government and governance measures, which would allow these towns to plan a more effective tourism offer, consolidating the idea of the territory as a heritage and a project. This deficiency has lead to the outlining of a tourism offer that mainly tends to rhetorically emphasize some scarcely significant traits rather than focus on the identity of the places themselves.

The geographical boundary or limit outlines the spatial expansion of a specific feature, being a scale dependent notion. In geography, there are different types of boundaries, such as natural and artificial, physical and political, clearly-positioned defined lines or fuzzy and complex belts, determined through traditional methods or quantitative approaches. Clear delineation of the boundary is important for fully reveal and representation of the feature area. The aim of our study is to propose a GISbased multi-criteria analysis in order to define the boundary at fine scale between two landform units: Curvature Carpathians and Subcarpathians placed between Prahova and Teleajen rivers. Various natural and anthropic criteria are selected, reclassified, homogenized and quantified, and then combined and converted into a spatial model providing a qualitative-quantitative integrated approach for boundary delineation. The resulted spatial model is classified in five gradually classes from Subcarpathians to Carpathians, allowing the drawing of boundary at high spatial resolution. This approach represents a good example for landform boundary delimitation and the variables number and type can be adjusted according to the specificity of the study area.

The purpose of this study was the estimation of current and potential water erosion rates in Castellon Province (Spain) using RUSLE3D (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation-3D) model with Geographical Information System (GIS) support. RUSLE3D uses a new methodology for topographic factor estimation (LS factor) based on the impact of flow convergence allowing better assessment of sediment distribution detached by water erosion. In RUSLE3D equation, the effect that vegetation cover has on soil erosion rate is reflected by the C factor. Potential erosion indicates soil erosion rate without considering C factor in RUSLE3D equation. The results showed that 57% of estimated current erosion does not exceed 10 t/ha.year (low erosion). In the case of potential erosion rates, 5% of the area of Castellon Province does not exceed 10 t/ha.year but 55% exceed 200 t/ha.year. Based on these results, the current vegetation cover of Castellon Province is adequate but needs to be conserved to avoid an increase in the current soil erosion rates as shown by potential erosion rates.

ABSTRACT The environment is vital to the agricultural sector since it can cause adversities throughout the entire productive chain. This study evaluated the geographical distribution of zebu breeds in Brazil and correlated their occurrence with environmental variables and the human development index. Herds of purebred zebu cattle (Bos indicus) in Brazil were classified as beef, dairy, and dual-purpose breeds, and all breeds were spatialized in the ArcGIS program. Environmental (precipitation, temperature, relative humidity index) and the human development index (HDI) were examined. We conducted regression and logistic analyses. Zebu cattle showed a lower distribution in the Northeastern states compared to other locations, possibly due to harsh weather conditions, namely long periods of high temperatures and lower precipitation, directly affecting local livestock. Beef breeds were evenly spread throughout the country in regions influenced by environmental variables of higher precipitation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), temperature, relative humidity (RH), and temperature humidity index (THI), as well as properties without smallholder farmers and rivers and streams with riparian vegetation. The regions for dual-purpose and dairy breeds were predominantly cultivated with cutting forages (e.g., sugarcane - Saccharum officinarum), with the integration of crops, livestock and/or forestry (i.e., combining different activities in the same area) and areas with a rotational grazing system (i.e., grazing management), indicating a higher occupation in fertile lands. The Gir breed, the only dairy breed evaluated in this study, was seen in establishments with smallholder farmers, characterized by small to medium farms, and in regions at higher altitudes.

The role of urban parks has gained interest in urban health research. However, there are currently no clear definitions of these urban assets as exposure variable across the literature, which do have implications for the analysis. In this study, we exhibit an approach to design a comprehensive spatial database of urban parks in cities, using the example of Madrid. This approach consisted of the combination of different spatial databases containing information about parks and green spaces in the city of Madrid, and then a spatial processing to keep only those that met the selected criteria for urban park definition: accessible for pedestrians (to have at least one path around or through the area) and with the minimum size suitable (bigger than 0.50 ha) for physical activity. This approach can be helpful to design spatial databases that enable conducting epidemiological studies on the relationship between urban parks and population health. Resumen: El papel de los parques ha cobrado interés en la investigación sobre salud urbana. Sin embargo, actualmente no existen definiciones claras de estos activos urbanos como variable de exposición, lo que tiene implicaciones para el análisis. En este estudio se muestra un enfoque para diseñar una base de datos espacial integral de parques en ciudades, utilizando el ejemplo de Madrid. Se combinaron diferentes bases de datos espaciales con información sobre parques y espacios verdes de la ciudad de Madrid, que luego se procesaron espacialmente para mantener aquellos que cumplían los criterios de definición de parque: accesible (disponer de al menos un camino alrededor o a través del área) y un tamaño mínimo adecuado para realizar actividad física (mayor de 0,5 ha). Este enfoque puede ser útil para diseñar bases de datos espaciales que permitan realizar estudios epidemiológicos sobre la relación entre parques urbanos y salud poblacional.

Abstract Debris flows are among the most destructive types of mass movements throughout the world and are not restricted to certain climate zones or geological environments. In opposite corners of the American continent, Canada and Brazil have experienced several historic debris flows. As part of a one-year international exchange program, the lead author compared morphological evidence related to debris flows and the morphometry of watersheds at sites in Canada and Brazil, with the ultimate goal of improving the understanding of debris flows in Brazil. Field surveys carried out in both areas in 2019 and 2020 permitted observation of the debris-flow signatures, as well as the physical aspects of the surrounding areas and morphometric mapping of watersheds. Both areas exhibit similar typical features of debris flows, and the morphometric results indicate differences that may influence the recurrence of events at the sites in Canada as compared to Brazil due to their higher values for the parameters area > 25° (A25), relief ratio (Rr), and Melton ratio (Mr) at the Canadian sites; however, this dataset is limited. Compared to results in the literature from around the world, values of morphometric parameters at Brazilian sites are within the ranges observed in other tropical climates.

Landscape studies and compartmentalization through shapes, defined by relief, and composition understood as elements of rocky substrate and soils integrate information of use and occupation are fundamental to understand geomorphological dynamics and assist in the management and planning of agricultural and urban areas. The present work aims at the geoenvironmental compartmentalization of the São Vicente do Sul municipality, through combinations of elements in a GIS environment. The study identifies four units and five subunits geoenvironmental defined: Floodplain Units subdivided into Ibicuí floodplain, Jaguari floodplain, Toropi floodplain; Hills Unit with fields and crops and with Forestry; Buttes of the São Vicente do Sul resulting from the regressive erosion and; Urban Unit.

The GIS smart campuses have been constituted as an efficient system that allows the integration of information from different agencies inside universities, with the use of geographic applications developed for different types of users. This research describes general considerations to begin implementation of a smart GIS at the Nueva Granada Campus, in Cajicá. This phase was developed based on the generation of a campus base map, which is used as a spatial reference for the elaboration of all applications that require associated geographic information, as well as the implementation of a Gisweb system for the monitoring, verification, and updating of the campus trees. The result of the work provides the basis for subsequent systems and applications of location, mobility and efficacy management related with the academic and administrative activities in the university campus.

En la provincia de Río Negro la producción de lana Merino se realiza en diversas condiciones ambientales. A pesar de esta realidad se desconoce la variabilidad de la calidad de lana a escala regional. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar los parámetros que mejor describan la variabilidad fenotípica de la calidad de lana de establecimientos ubicados en la provincia de Río Negro. Se utilizaron 113 establecimientos ubicados en dos regiones naturales de la provincia de Río Negro (Patagonia Occidental y Oriental). Se analizaron registros de análisis comerciales de los establecimientos (periodo 2002-2015) realizados por el Laboratorio de Fibras Textiles INTA Bariloche de lana Merino y de esquila preparto mediante técnicas de estadística multivariada (Componentes Principales). El primer plano factorial del análisis de Componentes Principales explicó el 60,66% de la variabilidad y los parámetros más influyentes en su formación fueron el RP, RT, DMF y MV. Los establecimientos de la Patagonia Oriental registraron lotes de lana de mayor DMF y MV, respecto de aquellos ubicados en la Patagonia Occidental. A su vez, la mayoría de los establecimientos de la Patagonia Oriental indicaron lotes de lana con menores porcentajes de RP y RT. La distribución de los establecimientos en el plano factorial sugeriría posibles asociaciones entre algunos parámetros de calidad de lana y la heterogeneidad del ambiente los cuales debieran estudiarse con mayor detalle a futuro.

The research study was conducted in the Gubawan watershed, Basilan province. The watershed has a total area of 19,348.48 hectares (193.48 km2). The study aims to characterize the watershed in terms of morphometric analysis and rank it according to management prioritization. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is used and processed in GIS software to produce maps and other data. Some linear and shape morphometric parameters are used in the evaluation for ranking. The study revealed that sub-watersheds (SW5) and (SW1) ranked first and seventh. High-risk sub-watershed was given priority in terms of management prioritization to reduce soil erosion, enhanced infiltration, and promote conservation farming.

The issue of the historical centres is a matter of physical conservation and socio-economic managing. Physical conservation of common historical buildings needs special tools to check the vulnerability and to address intervention on them. The development of digitalization gives new and interesting possibilities to pursue this aim. The essay gives a synthetic panorama of the Geographic Information Systems that are currently available to describe the territory in Italy, starting from the institutional geoportals. These illustrate the regional urban planning and other aspects of the territory, among them sometime there are the geo-localisation of the historical centres, without no descriptions of their features and their state of conservation. The Risk Map is a GIS of the MiBACT (Ministry for cultural heritage and activities and tourism) dedicated to vulnerability and risk of loss of cultural heritage assessment. A development of this system for a new way of managing the historical centres has been studied by a research group of Sapienza with experts of the Istituto Centrale per il Restauro and Istituto Centrale del Catalogo e della Documentazione of MiBACT. This allows a detailed representation of the historical centre vulnerability through six levels of description, from the urban scale to that of the building façade. The features of the historical centres in Latium have helped us to define five different categories of settlements that are at risk or in condition of abandon. For each of them we have analysed the possible use of the Risk Map, referring to different existing scheduling models and making a hypothesis for new special development of the system to check the protection of abandoned sites. La Carta del Rischio come strumento di gestione conservativa dei centri storici La questione dei centri storici è un tema che riguarda la conservazione fisica e la gestione socio-economica. La conservazione fisica degli edifici storici comuni necessita di strumenti speciali per verificare la vulnerabilità e per indirizzare gli interventi su di essi. Lo sviluppo della digitalizzazione offre nuove e interessanti possibilità per perseguire questo obiettivo. Il saggio fornisce un panorama sintetico dei Sistemi Informativi Geografici attualmente disponibili per descrivere il territorio in Italia, a partire dai geoportali istituzionali. Essi illustrano la pianificazione regionale e altri aspetti del territorio, tra cui a volte reintra la geolocalizzazione dei centri storici, senza alcuna descrizione delle loro caratteristiche e del loro stato di conservazione. La Mappa del Rischio è un GIS del MiBACT (Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali e del turismo) dedicato alla vulnerabilità e al rischio di perdita della valutazione dei beni culturali. L’implementazione di questo sistema per un nuovo modo di gestire i centri storici è stato studiato da un gruppo di ricerca della Sapienza insieme a esperti dell'Istituto Centrale per il Restauro e dell'Istituto Centrale del Catalogo e della Documentazione del MiBACT. Ciò consente una rappresentazione dettagliata della vulnerabilità del centro storico attraverso sei livelli di descrizione, dalla scala urbana a quella della facciata dell'edificio. Le caratteristiche dei centri storici del Lazio ci hanno aiutato a definire cinque diverse categorie di insediamenti a rischio o in condizione di abbandono. Per ognuna di esse si è analizzato il possibile utilizzo della Mappa dei Rischi, facendo riferimento a diversi modelli di schedulazione esistenti e facendo ipotesi di nuovo sviluppo specifico del sistema per il controllo della protezione dei siti abbandonati.

The abstract introduces a research and census activity carried out at the municipality of Furore in the Amalfi Coast (Italy), located in the bound-ary of the site registered in the WHL of Unesco. The urban landscape of the small coastal center is characterized by colorful paintings and murals that we can find on many houses.Aim of the article is to introduce the collection of census data that has been merged into a GIS that not only identifies the geographical location of each work but analyses its technique (painting, ceramic, metallic), size, author, as well as the object of the depiction, very often related to glimpses of the territory or to moments of local life. The tradition of murals in the municipality of Furore can be traced back to 1982, the year from which Italian and foreign artists dedicated to the art of wall drawings have succeeded, making the small town one of the main and most original painted village of the peninsula, listed in the Italian Association of Painted Villages. The survey methodology started from the establishment of a census sheet, support for the sur-vey in the field of the heritage of murals of the municipality of Furore. The census was carried out using open source software and apps for localization and information acquisition. Known the heritage of works present on the municipal territory, the research continued with the analysis of the most significant murals representing urban scenes and the articulated orography of the places, simulating on the piano support of the representation spaces through pseudo perspectives. Results are all catalogued and interrogated in the digital platform that wants to be a searchable and questionable tool as well as providing a wealth of information that can be useful for conservation that in the future the murals will require.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.24.2020.22

Abstract This study carried out a mapping procedure focusing on apple orchards considering the planted area, spatial location, altitude range, slope interval, and presence of anti-hail nets in the city of São Joaquim (Southern Santa Catarina Plateau, Brazil). Spectral images from the Sentinel-2 orbital platform acquired in August 2018 and an enhanced digital elevation model from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) were used. In a GIS application configured with the SIRGAS 2000,4 reference system and UTM cartographic projection, Sentinel-2 constellation images and digital elevation models from the SRTM mission and more recently refined with sensor data Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) were added. All images were resampled to a spatial resolution of 10m. The results were validated based on high spatial resolution images available from Google Earth. The results show that São Joaquim has a planted area of 7,974.80 ha, and only 12% use an anti-hail coverage system. The majority of the orchards range from one to five ha and belong to small producers. More than 50% of the orchards are between 1,200 and 1,400 m in altitude, with 45% of orchards located in areas with slopes between 8 to 20%. Interestingly, most of the orchards are concentrated in a radius of up to 20km from the urban center of São Joaquim, where industries and cooperatives are located for packaging, processing, and logistics. This study demonstrated that orbital data from Sentinel-2 can effectively quantify the distribution of apple orchards, being a viable and effective alternative for collecting information for agricultural monitoring. In this way, it enables efficient planning of apple production, such as technical assistance, marketing with producers, and production flow.

This article analyzes the role played by freed people of color, and specially by Black and Meztiço freed women, in the process of land appropriation and physical construction of the portuguese episcopal city of Minas Gerais. Many of them were heads of households and were legally able to appropriate urban and peri-urban plots, where they built houses, cultivated fields and exploited gold. Through the mapping (GIS) of municipal land data which refers to the "condition" and color of the landowners, we can analyze the distribution of individuals and social groups in Mariana’s urban space.

Brazil has shown thousands of incidents every year, which the State of Rio Grande do Sul is part of a significant portion that suffers mainly, from disasters related to heavy rainfalls. Thus, this paper presents a diagnostic of the urban area's vulnerability as regards as landslides in the medium city of Santa Maria, located in the central area of the State. To determine the degree of vulnerability it was applied remote sensing, GIS, geoprocessing, and multicriteria decision analysis. By means of thematic maps of hypsometry, slope, pedology, and soil use, it was applied to the algebra operation of maps and analytic hierarchy process. As a result, it was obtained the levels of potential environmental fragility (FAP) and emerging environmental fragility (FAE). It was concluded that although less than 15% of urban or no urbanized areas are in hazardous areas, the urban perimeter is mostly in transitional areas and preventive measures should be implemented to avoid possible disruption of stability.

El presente artículo desarrolla la metodología del continuo urbano-rural como herramienta para el análisis de la ocupación del territorio peruano. Para ello, discute el método propuesto por la Comisión Europea para la delimitación de ciudades, zonas urbanas y rurales junto con los debates actuales latinoamericanos sobre la materia. De esta forma, se propone, para el caso peruano, un método complementario de clasificación espacial de grilla de celdas que emplea la densidad de viviendas y el número de población como indicadores principales. Los resultados muestran la ocupación del territorio peruano a través de una gradiente que inicia en las aglomeraciones de alta densidad, pasa por las zonas de media y baja densidad y finaliza en las zonas prácticamente inhabitadas. Asimismo, los resultados reflexionan sobre la pertinencia de trascender el análisis y clasificación del territorio como un binomio urbano-rural. Esta forma de entender la ocupación del territorio peruano es llevada a una clasificación que permite analizar el acceso y la inversión en servicios de saneamiento y electricidad, discutiendo su utilidad como herramienta para la gestión pública. La investigación recomienda utilizar la metodología de la gradiente urbano-rural como herramienta para diseñar políticas públicas con mayor pertinencia territorial en el Perú.

The coronavirus pandemic is causing a huge impact around the world. Its real magnitude presents very important regional differences, which are appreciable in the number of infected and victims in the different countries. The outbreak of the pandemic and the ignorance of the virus mean that, even today, there are many unknowns about essential aspects related to it. In this sense, geographic knowledge can help answer many questions from the territorial analysis of the data. The objective of this article will be to analyze the behavior of the coronavirus pandemic within the Spanish region of Galicia. The authors of this study propose a multiscale analysis that allows deciphering the most common propagation patterns. For this, we have high spatial resolution data that has been provided by the competent authority under confidentiality. The results of this work allow us to represent and interpret the territorial impact of the pandemic, understanding its behavior as far as possible, allowing future dynamics to be predicted.

In the face of the confusion and uncertainty that COVID-19 has caused over the last year, Geography has proven to be a useful aid in the interpretation of the spatial dynamics that explain the transmission of the virus. Applied cartography and GIS analysis of epidemiological data have been consolidated as essential tools for interpreting the health crisis. This paper explores the usefulness of maps for the study of the evolution of the pandemic in Castile and Leon, one of the Spanish regions with the highest levels of infection and mortality. Based on the statistical variables of sick and dead people at the scale of the Basic Health Area (BHA), a first analytical approach is carried out by means of a sequence of dynamic maps during the first wave. Afterwards, a systematic study is carried out using thematic mapping for the period of the three waves, a period between March 2020 and March 2021. The analysis unravels the differential impact of the disease between rural and urban areas and reveals the problems of the mismatch between the functional divisions of the territory (BHA, as units of health analysis) and the scale of administrative management (municipalities, as the effective scale of action).

El presente artículo trata la evolución del poblamiento medieval de la zona septentrional del Valle Alto del río Guadalbullón. Se presentan datos novedosos, nunca tenidos en cuenta en los yacimientos del entorno, gracias a la aplicación de múltiples análisis GIS en materia de altitud, pendiente y visibilidad. Todo ello, bajo una metodología multidisciplinar, ha podido confirmar modelos defensivos y patrones de asentamiento muy variables entre el emirato y la fijación fronteriza castellano-nazarí. Estas páginas ponen sobre la mesa la necesidad de actualizar el incompleto conocimiento histórico de Sierra Mágina siguiendo los principios metodológicos expuestos.

This paper seeks to characterize, analyze and diagnose the Teixeira Soares River basin based on the methodology of analysis and diagnosis proposed by Ian McHarg (1992). It is found that the region presents a weakening of rural communities, in addition to difficulty and instability in issues related to food production and environmental conservation. The form of production that was tried to be inserted may be interfering in the local landscape and causing a shortage of natural soil fertility and an imbalance in the fauna, flora, and water of the hydrographic basin. In the end, we understand the need to plan rural areas, as a way to relate all the aspects inserted in it, from the aspects related to the geobiophysical support to the anthropic ones. To enhance rural production and bring local society closer to the natural environment, guidelines are proposed for the qualification of the spaces that comprise the sub-basin.

This contribution shows the comparison, investigation, and implementation of different access strategies on multimodal data. The first part of the research is structured as a theoretical part opposing and explaining the terms of conventional access, virtual archival access, and virtual museums while additionally referencing related work. Especially, issues that still persist in repositories like the ambiguity or missing of metadata is pointed out. The second part explains the practical implementation of a workflow from a large image repository to various four-dimensional applications. Mainly, the filtering of images and in the following, the orientation of images is explained. Selection of the relevant images is partly done manually but also with the use of deep convolutional neural networks for image classification. In the following, photogrammetric methods are used for finding the relative orientation between image pairs in a projective frame. For this purpose, an adapted Structure from Motion (SfM) workflow is presented, in which the step of feature detection and matching is replaced by the Radiant-Invariant Feature Transform (RIFT) and Matching On Demand with View Synthesis (MODS). Both methods have been evaluated on a benchmark dataset and performed superior than other approaches. Subsequently, the oriented images are placed interactively and in the future automatically in a 4D browser application showing images, maps, and building models Further usage scenarios are presented in several Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) applications. The new representation of the archival data enables spatial and temporal browsing of repositories allowing the research of innovative perspectives and the uncovering of historical details. Highlights: • Strategies for a completely automated workflow from image repositories to four-dimensional (4D) access approaches. • The orientation of historical images using adapted and evaluated feature matching methods. • 4D access methods for historical images and 3D models using web technologies and Virtual Reality (VR)/Augmented Reality (AR).

The deforestation of urban forest remnants has stimulated the debate among perspectives associated with the value of the property and the right of ownership and its inherent value for conservation and social function. To make objective the analysis and valuation of the ecological component we propose a methodology scientifically based on GIS environment to assist decision-makers at different times of a real estate development: i) in architectural planning and site design; ii) in landscaping as a strategy of conservation and environmental compensation; iii) in the process of environmental licensing and definition of environmental compensation; iv) building and construction site; and, if necessary, v) in the judicial process. The model was structured through indicators and indexes of ecological relevance (DAP and height, frequency, regional threat status to the species, preferential succession stage, presence and abundance of epiphytes, fruiting, and landscape value) and analysis of the spatial distribution of these attributes. As a reference for the adequacy of the model, the result expressed in Management Zones after IDW interpolation was compatible with the analysis of the distribution and quality of the forest remnant interpreted in a time series of about 40 years based on current image interpretation and of 1980 and 2004 ones. This demonstrates the feasibility of the model as an objective reference of the relative importance of each tree, species, and association in areas with distinct relevance.

In recent years there has been an increase in the cultivation of crops for agroenergy purposes in the state of Tocantins, such as sugarcane and Eucalyptus. Because they require high investment, it is relevant for decision-making, the identification of regions with agro-climatic aptitude that are favorable to the good performance of these crops in the State, and to consider the possible impacts of climate change. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the possible effects of climate change on the cultivation of agroenergy crops (sugarcane and Eucalyptus) in the Tocantins state. This study analyzed the results of two scientific studies carried out in the State, which elaborated the agroclimatic zoning for sugarcane and Eucalyptus urograndis, which projected the effects of future climate change scenarios on the respective zoning, using the GFDL model, for two different periods. It has been found that, irrespective of future climate change, sugarcane cultivation will require irrigation. Considering the two crops analyzed, the most favorable aptitude classes will reduce significantly according to future emissions scenarios. Soon there will be a need to readjust the management currently employed in sugarcane, and this activity may be economically unviable. However, for the cultivation of Eucalyptus urograndis in this condition, it may not be viable in the Tocantins state.

This study aimed to assess landslide susceptibility in the Sahla watershed in northern Morocco. Landslides hazard is the most frequent phenomenon in this part of the state due to its mountainous precarious environment. The abundance of rainfall makes this area suffer mass movements led to a notable adverse impact on the nearby settlements and infrastructures. There were 93 identified landslide scars. Landslide inventories were collected from Google Earth image interpretations. They were prepared out of landslide events in the past, and future landslide occurrence was predicted by correlating landslide predisposing factors. In this paper, landslide inventories are divided into two groups, one for landslide training and the other for validation. The Landslide Susceptibility Map (LSM) is prepared by Logistic Regression (LR) Statistical Method. Lithology, stream density, land use, slope curvature, elevation, topographic wetness index, slope aspect, and slope angle were used as conditioning factors. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) was employed to examine the performance of the model. In the analysis, the LR model results in 96% accuracy in the AUC. The LSM consists of the predicted landslide area. Hence it can be used to reduce the potential hazard linked with the landslides in the Sahla watershed area in Rif Mountains in northern Morocco.

Los paisajes de montaña son el reflejo de las interacciones entre los grupos sociales y su medio ambiente, que se materializan en el espacio mediante la activación de los recursos por medio de diversas prácticas sociales. Este trabajo propone el desarrollo de una metodología de prospección basada en el análisis combinado de las coberturas terrestres y de los artefactos presentes en el paisaje, con el fin de reconstruir la historia social, económica y ecológica que subyace a la configuración actual del paisaje de montaña de Aiako Harria (Oiartzun, Gipuzkoa). Ante la aparente ilegibilidad de unos espacios a menudo observados desde un prisma puramente naturalístico, los resultados alcanzados ponen de relieve la densidad histórica de unos paisajes que actualmente se encuentran, en contraste, sujetos a un fuerte proceso de marginalización. ______________________________________________________________________________ Mountain landscapes reflect past interactions between social groups and their environment, materialised in the space by the activation of environmental resources with a variety of social practices. This paper proposes the development of a multi-proxy archaeological survey methodology, based on the combined analysis of the landcovers and manufacts present in the landscape, with the purpose of reconstructing the social, economic and ecological history that lies beneath its present-day layout, taking as a case study the mountains of Aiako Harria (Oiartzun, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country). The oldest practices documented are wooded pastures, present in the area since the Middle Ages in the framework of diversified silvo-pastoral resource management systems. During the Modern period, the expansion of agrarian lands gave origin to new dispersed settlements, often constructed on previous wooded pastures. In contrast, the 19th-20th centuries are marked by the expansion of industry-oriented forest plantations, which are still nowadays the most common landcover. Despite their progressive marginalisation, these spaces therefore appear as historically built features reflecting complex interactions between societies and their environment, in contrast with the purely naturalistic optic that is widespread in the regulation and management of these spaces nowadays.

In recent years flood problems have intensified in the city of Rondonópolis, mainly due to increased soil waterproofing and changes in the original layout of waterways. This paper aims to discuss the evolution of episodes and for this purpose, records of occurrences in the media were analyzed and interviews were conducted with residents of the most affected areas to analyze the social repercussions of floods. A total of 15 episodes from 1979 to 2015 were verified by the media and that the frequency increased from 2003. However, by the statements of residents this frequency is much higher, and the losses produced are reflected both by the destruction of their goods and belongings and public equipment (asphalt paving, bridges, etc.). It is concluded that the problem of floods in Rondonópolis stems directly from the lack of urban planning and environmental changes made in the urban site without previous environmental studies

This work is based on a bibliometric review aiming to provide an overview of the use of geotechnology applied to plan and management in medium-sized cities, as outlining the main trends and gaps, Scopus was selected as the key database for this study, considering its global use in the academic setting. The researched key terms appear only in 2007, evidencing the lack of papers about medium cities in high-performance journals. It was highlighted predictive models of urban sprawl and assessment of the ecological safety level of cities. Major innovations have adopted multiple satellite data sources, programming validation and optimization routines of image classifying algorithms, as well as the increment of semi-automated open and open-source processing chains. Given the various applications derived from geotechnologies, the adoption of these tools by municipal secretariats is essential to replace the archaic or inefficient territorial planning and management.

Un SIG (Sistema de Información Geográfica) tipológico, es un sistema diseñado para almacenar, analizar, gestionar y visualizar datos geo-referenciados sobre el entorno construido. Permite consultas interactivas para explorar las relaciones espaciales entre edificios mejorarando el conocimiento del patrimonio construido a diferentes escalas. Realizando un análisis espacio-tipológico, es posible extraer información de los edificios existentes sobre las tipologías más utilizadas a diferentes niveles, desde la escala urbana hasta el detalle constructivo. Este conocimiento, podría servir de apoyo para un correcto diseño en los proyectos de renovación urbana destinados a mantener inalterado el carácter de la zona considerada y preservar su valor cultural e histórico. Este trabajo presenta la primera fase de implementación del SIG tipológico de un centro histórico situado al norte de Nápoles, y muestra algunos ejemplos de posibles consultas del SIG para la investigación tipológica del entorno construido a diferentes niveles de detalle.

In molte città del Nord Europa i processi di segregazione residenziale su base etnica risalgono alla metà degli anni Settanta. In questi contesti la crescente concentrazione spaziale degli immigrati è stata a lungo percepita come una minaccia alla coesione sociale dei quartieri, alimentando politiche urbane di desegregazione e dispersione territoriale. Rispetto a questo quadro, in molti paesi dell’Europa meridionale la segregazione etnica è un tema relativamente recente, che assume connotazioni e sfumature molto diverse. Dopo aver discusso le caratteristiche del fenomeno, il contributo si concentra sull’Italia analizzando i modelli insediativi e la condizione abitativa dei cittadini stranieri. Viene proposta un’analisi spaziale della distribuzione della popolazione straniera a Milano e Roma nel nuovo millennio, utilizzando dati delle anagrafi comunali. Il contributo discute alcune delle possibili implicazioni delle dinamiche di micro-segregazione e periferizzazione evidenziate in relazione al grado di inclusività delle città.