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Abstract The saffron finch, Sicalis flaveola, a passerine bird, can be found in nearly all Brazilian territory and is also raised in captivity. The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence and load of oocysts in captive saffron finches in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, state of Rio de Janeiro and in free-living saffron finches in the municipality of Eugenopolis, state of Minas Gerais. In this analysis, 30 captive and 30 wild birds were assessed. Feces eliminated in a 24-hour period were collected and weighed to determine the number of oocysts per gram of feces (OoPG). Statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism Software. All birds in the present study were positive for one or more species of coccidia. Captive birds had a mean total oocyst count higher than that of wild birds. No significant differences in OoPG counts were observed when comparing males and females or captive and wild birds. We can conclude that due to the fact that birds both eat and defecate in their cages, it is essential to keep them as clean as possible, since captive birds have a higher prevalence of coccidia.

Moose (Alces alces andersoni) population numbers have decreased by 50–70 % in some parts of northern British Columbia (BC), Canada. Predation of moose calves by bears may be affecting moose populations in this area, but has gone undocumented. A total of 1,381 bear scats were collected during the spring and summer of 2014 and 2015. Hairs extracted from the scats were identified to species through hair scale imprints made in thermoplastic film, with the specific purpose of identifying the frequency of occurrence of moose calf hairs in scats. Only 27 scats (~2 %) contained moose calf hair. We discuss possible explanations for our findings.

Abstract Endoparasitic infections are associated with morbidity in cats. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of endoparasites among cats of different life stages in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The samples were analyzed individually by macroscopic exploration for proglottids and centrifugal-flotation. Stool samples were obtained from household cats (n = 57) and shelter cats (n = 336). Endoparasites were detected in 50.64% of the samples. Among household and shelter cats, 21.05% and 55.66% were infected with endoparasites, respectively. In household cats, the most prevalent endoparasites were Ancylostoma spp. (in 25.0%) and Strongyloides spp. (in 25.0%), followed by Toxocara spp. (in 16.67%), Dipylidium caninum (in 16.67%), Cystoisospora spp. (in 8.33%), and Uncinaria spp. + Ancylostoma spp. (in 8.33%). In shelter cats, the most prevalent endoparasite was Ancylostoma spp. (in 29.41%), followed by Cystoisospora spp. (in 26.20%) and Toxocara spp. (in 16.58%), as well as Cystoisospora spp. + Toxocara spp. (in 8.02%); Ancylostoma spp. + Toxocara spp. (in 11.76%); Cystoisospora spp. + Ancylostoma spp. (in 3.74%); Cystoisospora spp. + Toxocara spp. + Ancylostoma spp. (in 3.21%); and Dipylidium caninum + Ancylostoma spp. (in 0.53%). Endoparasitic infections in cats underscore the need for preventive veterinary care and routine coproparasitologic tests.

Introduction: Dogs represent a potential public health risk because of the natural transmission of zoonotic parasitic infections. Objective: To estimate the frequency and to determine factors associated with the presence of intestinal nematode eggs in dog feces collected in public parks of Mérida,Yucatán, México. Materials and methods: A total of 100 dog fecal samples collected from 20 public parks in two areas of Mérida were analyzed. Samples were processed by the centrifugation-flotation and the McMaster techniques to confirm the presence and to quantify the excretion of intestinal nematode eggs per gram of feces. The factors associated with the presence of nematode eggs were identified using the chi square univariate analysis. Results: We found an 11% frequency of fecal samples positive for intestinal nematode eggs. Eggs of three species of parasites were identified: Ancylostoma caninum was the most common (10%), followed by Toxocara canis (10%), and Trichuris vulpis (1%). Most positive samples were infected with only one intestinal nematode (10%), and only 1 % was positive for a mixed infection by A. caninum and T. vulpis. The presence of stray dogs in public parks was an associated factor (p=0.046) with a higher number of fecal samples positive for intestinal nematode eggs. Conclusions: The frequency of intestinal nematodes in dog feces with zoonotic potential was high in parks of Mérida, Yucatán, México; samples from parks where there were stray dogs had a higher possibility of being positive.

Introducción: La fasciolosis es una parasitosis causada por Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica). En el departamento del Quindío se desconoce su prevalencia tanto en humanos como en bovinos. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de F. hepatica en heces de trabajadores del sector ganadero y bovinos en el departamento del Quindío entre los meses de septiembre de 2012 y marzo de 2013. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, mediante análisis parasitológico en heces de empleados del sector ganadero y en bovinos en los 12 municipios del departamento del Quindío, usando la técnica directa de Lugol, concentración de Kato-Katz y Ritchie; se realizó la determinación de antígenos de F. hepatica en heces mediante la prueba inmunológica Fascidig®. Se realizó una encuesta epidemiológica a los empleados y propietarios, en la que se consignaron la presencia de sintomatología y los factores de riesgo implicados en la adquisición de esta parasitosis. Resultados: La prevalencia de F. hepatica en bovinos fue 3,74%, por microscopia óptica y 3,01% mediante Fascidig®, y 0% en humanos. Los animales recibieron antiparasitarios en los meses previos a la toma de las muestras, sin embargo, se determinó presencia de huevos de Fasciola en las heces de los bovinos. Los municipios donde se encontraron resultados positivos fueron: Salento, Génova, Quimbaya, Montenegro y Circasia. Conclusión: Demostramos la presencia del parásito F. hepatica en los bovinos en pie de 4 municipios del departamento del Quindío. © 2014 ACIN. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados.

Objective. To determine the Cryptosporidium spp. infection frequency by using Ziehl-Neelsen and Auramine stains on samples obtained from diarrheic calves from milking farms of the Valdivia province. To compare both diagnostic tests and to determine the geospatial distribution of the infections caused by this protozoan. Materials and methods. 221 fecal samples of diarrheic calves of 24 milking farms of the Valdivia province were studied. The processing and analysis of the samples was done by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and Auramine (AU) staining techniques, and the results were compared by McNemar statistical test and the concordance level was determined by kappa index. A map was also generated to determine the geospatial distribution of Cryptosporidium infections. Results. 57.9% of all the animals tested were classified as positive with the ZN stain test, while 55.6% of all the animals turned out positive for the AU stain test. The McNemar test showed no significant difference between both diagnostic techniques (p>0.05), while the kappa index showed proper concordance between tests (κ=0.73). 100% of the farms studied showed protozoan presence demonstrating the broad distribution of the parasite, however, and considering the previous factor, it was not possible to determine geospatial associations for the parasite distribution. Conclusions. The infection frequency of Cryptosporidium is higher than 50% in the milking farms studied from the Valdivia province. No difference between the Ziehl-Neelsen and Auramine staining techniques was demonstrated showing very consistent results. It was possible to detect that the number of farms infected correspond to 100% of the farms analyzed.

Introducción: las parasitosis intestinales constituyen un problema de salud pública, por la elevada prevalencia que muestran, donde los manipuladores de alimentos parasitados, se convierten en potenciales fuentes de infección, pues algunas formas parasitarias se transmiten directamente de la fuente de infección al susceptible, por vía fecal-oral. A esto se suma el incremento en el consumo de comida fuera del núcleo familiar, en residentes de zonas urbanas y rurales. El objeto es recolectar información para que las autoridades sanitarias implementen programas de salud acordes a cada región. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, de campo y transversal. Fueron 64 los manipuladores de alimentos, pero la muestra fue de 50. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre prácticas higiénicas en la manipulación de alimentos, se determinó nivel socioeconómico y prevalencia de parasitosis por ensayos coproparasitológicos. Resultados: fueron 44 mujeres y 6 hombres; un 52% pertenecía al estrato IV; la mayoría conocía las prácticas higiénicas en la manipulación de alimentos, pero un 26% tenía alguna parasitosis intestinal; los parásitos más frecuentes fueron: E. nana (41,2%) y B. hominis (38,7%); el monoparasitismo fue del 54%. Conclusión: en la presencia y frecuencia de una enfermedad parasitaria intestinal intervienen diversos factores. Por lo tanto, en manipuladores de alimentos, la educación ajustada al entorno, en buenas prácticas de higiene, es básica para prevenir la transmisión.Aim: Intestinal parasites are a public health problem due to their high prevalence. Handlers of food contaminated with parasites become potential sources of infection because some parasitic forms are transmitted directly from the source of infection to the host through the fecal-oral route. In addition, there is an increased consumption of food outside the household by residents of urban and rural areas. The objective is to collect information so that health authorities implement health programs appropriate to each region. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional field-study. Sixty-four food handlers participated but the sample was composed of 50. A questionnaire on hygienic practices in food handling was administered. The socioeconomic status was determined, as well as prevalence of parasites by performing stool tests. Results: The sample was composed of44 women and 6 men, 52% belonged to the IV stratus; most knew about hygienic practices in food handling but 26% had some form of intestinal parasites; the most frequent were: E. nanny (41.2 %) and B. hominis (38.7 %); monoparasitism was 54%. Conclusion: Several factors are involved in the occurrence and frequency of intestinal parasitic disease. Therefore, educating food handlers about good hygiene practices according to the environment is essential to prevent transmission.

La región de la Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, ubicada al norte del estado de Oaxaca, México, es una zona de ecosistemas con alta actividad forestal; en algunas áreas sus bosques templados son conservados por iniciativas de las comunidades indígenas que ahí habitan. Dentro de estos bosques, se analizó la dieta del venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) en San Miguel Amatlán y Santa Catarina Lachatao entre junio 1998 y agosto 1999. Se utilizó el análisis microhistológico de heces fecales, la observación de rastros de ramoneo en plantas y el análisis de contenidos estomacales. La dieta anual estuvo constituida por 42 especies de 23 familias vegetales. Las familias con el mayor número de especies fueron: Fagaceae, Asteraceae, Ericaceae y Fabaceae. La diversidad de la dieta durante la estación húmeda y seca no presentó diferencias significativas (H’= 0.918 y H’=0.867 respectivamente). El porcentaje de similitud entre ambas temporadas fue de 58%. La diferencia entre la frecuencia de aparición de las especies vegetales fue mayor en la estación húmeda. Del total de especies consumidas, el mayor porcentaje estuvo constituido por las herbáceas. Las especies preferidas a lo largo del año fueron: Sedum dendroideum (herbácea) y Satureja macrostema (arbusto). La riqueza de especies en la dieta fue menor a la observada en otras regiones con bosques tropicales y bosques mixtos, pero similar a la obtenida en un bosque tropical seco en Costa Rica y en los bosques de coníferas en Estados Unidos.Odocoileus virginianus diet (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in a temperate forest of Northern Oaxaca, Mexico. The Sierra Madre de Oaxaca region, located in the Northern state of Oaxaca, Mexico, is an area of forest ecosystems subject to high exploitation rates, although in some areas its temperate forests are conserved by indigenous community initiatives that live there. We analyzed the diet of white tailed-deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the localities of Santa Catarina Lachatao and San Miguel Amatlán from June 1998 to August 1999. Sampling was done during both the wet and dry seasons, and included the observation of browsing traces (238 observations), microhistological analysis of deer feces (28 deer pellet-groups), and two stomach content analysis. The annual diet of white-tailed deer was composed of 42 species from 23 botanical families. The most represented families in the diet of this deer were Fagaceae, Asteraceae, Ericaceae and Fabaceae. There were significant differences in the alpha diversity of the diet during the wet and dry seasons (H’=2.957 and H’=1.832, respectively). The similarity percentage between seasons was 56%. Differences in plant species frequency were significantly higher during the wet season. Herbaceous plants made up the greatest percentage of all the species consumed. The preferred species throughout the year were Senecio sp. (shrub), Sedum dendroideum (herbaceous), Arctostaphylos pungens (shrub) and Satureja macrostema (shrub). Diet species richness was found to be lower than that observed in a tropical forest (Venezuela), tropical dry forest (Mexico) and temperate deciduous and mixed forest (Mexico), but similar to the diet species richness observed in a tropical dry forest (Costa Rica) and temperate coniferous and deciduous forests (USA).

Dada la importancia de la criptosporidiosis en salud pública, se desarrolló un estudio en el Valle de Chiquinquirá, Boyacá- Colombia, analizando la proporción de animales y de fincas positivas y las variables alojamiento, origen del agua, edad, tamaño de hato, permanencia con la madre, alimentación y consistencia. Se evaluaron terneros menores de 30 días de edad, tomando 190 muestras de material fecal, directamente del recto, en 34 fincas. Se observaron ooquistes del parásito, en el 7 y 24%, respectivamente, en los animales y en las fincas. Se encontró asociación, estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05), para las variables: municipio, edad del animal, fuente de agua y consistencia de las heces. En el municipio de Simijaca, al norte del departamento de Cundinamarca, existió diez veces más riesgo de encontrar el parásito, cuando se comparó con los municipios de Chiquinquirá y San Miguel. Los terneros muestreados con edades entre 11-20 días tuvieron seis veces más probabilidad de eliminar el parásito frente a los individuos de las otras edades. En cuanto a la calidad de agua, se observó nueve veces más riesgo de detectar ooquistes en los animales manejados con agua tratada, que en aquellos que consumían agua de pozo. Adicionalmente, existió cuatro veces más posibilidad de hallar ooquistes del parásito en la materia fecal líquida. La presentación de la criptosporidiosis bovina en la región fue menor frente a estudios previos. Se recomienda evitar el hacinamiento, aislar y tratar animales enfermos y monitorear la posible presentación de signos en los individuos que convivieron con el grupo infectado. Finalmente, implementar medidas de cuarentena y desinfección a las áreas contaminadas.In the Chiquinquirá Valley a study that sought to contribute to the characterization of bovine cryptosporidiosis was carried out. The proportion of positive animals and farms, housing variables, water origin, age, herd size, permanence with mother, food and consistency of the stool, were taken into account. Calves aged less than 30 days old, were evaluated, taking 190 stool samples directly from the rectum in 34 farms. Parasite oocysts were observed in 7% and 24% of animals and farms, respectively. Statistically significant relationship was found (p

During a 6-months research carried out in the Robles village (Jamundí municipality, Valle del Cauca Department, Colombia) in 2014, bat feces were collected to determine the diet of fruit-eating bats. This study area included farms and tropical dry forest remnants, where A. lituratus was the most generalist species, with 10 different plant species recorded in its diet, including Ficus, Psidium, Mangifera, Cecropia, and Piper species (Montoya-Bustamante et al., 2016). Within two (out of 130) different fecal samples an individual of Atta cephalotes (both workers) were found associated to Psidium guajava seeds and pulp

Criptosporidium parvum es un protozoario intracelular que infecta el epitelio gastrointestinal, ocasionando diarrea autolimitada, en pacientes inmuno-competentes y potencialmente grave en inmuno-comprometidos. El microorganismo, se transmite de persona a persona por contacto con animales infectados, por el agua de bebida, de las piscinas o por alimentos contaminados. El presente trabajo buscó contribuir al conocimiento de la criptosporidiosis en una pequeña población preescolar, mediante un estudio epidemiológico, en la región Sabana Centro (Cundinamarca- Colombia). Se obtuvieron 260 muestras de heces de niños menores de cinco años, entre julio de 2009 y abril de 2010, provenientes de centros hospitalarios y de jardines infantiles, de siete municipios evaluados. Se realizó análisis microscópico de las muestras, consistente en la tinción de Ziehl Neelsen modificada y, posteriormente, se confirmó por inmuno-cromatografía. Para analizar la fuerza de asociación entre las variables estudiadas, se llevó a cabo la prueba de X2 y prueba de Fisher y se halló el p-valor. Para rechazar la hipótesis nula, se tomó como valor de referencia un pCriptosporidium parvum is an intracellular protozoan that infects the gastrointestinal epithelium, causing self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent and potentially serious affections in immunocompromised patients. The organism is transmitted from person to person, by contact with infected animals, by drinking water in swimming pools or by contaminated food. The present research was aimed to contribute to the knowledge of cryptosporidiosis in a preschool population through an epidemiological study in the Sabana Center area (Cundinamarca, Colombia). 260 stool samples were obtained from children under five years between July 2009 and April 2010, from hospitals and kindergartens in the seven municipalities evaluated. Microscopic analysis of the samples, consisting in the modified Ziehl Neelsen staining and later confirmation by immunochromatography was performed. To analyze the association between variables the X2 and the Fisher test was used to find the p-value. To reject the null hypothesis as reference p

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do uso de probiótico (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) em dietas para cavalos, utilizaram-se quatro equinos machos com média de 400 kg de peso corporal, em delineamento em quadrado latino 4 õ 4. As dietas foram compostas de concentrado e feno de capim-tifton 85 (de baixa qualidade) ou feno de alfafa (de alta qualidade), com ou sem a adição de levedura. Cada período experimental teve duração de 36 dias, com coleta total de fezes, para determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, e coleta de fezes, para determinação do pH e da microbiologia fecal. A utilização de probiótico não alterou os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes das dietas, com exceção do extrato etéreo. A qualidade nutricional do feno influenciou os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS), da proteína bruta (PB) e do extrato etéreo (EE) apenas no caso das dietas com feno de capim-tifton sem probiótico e com feno de alfafa com probiótico. A utilização de cultura de levedura aumentou a população de Lactobacillus nas fezes dos animais que receberam a dieta com feno de capim-tifton com probiótico. Não houve uso de probiótico na população de Lactobacillus nas dietas com feno de alfafa (de boa qualidade). A população de Streptococcus nas fezes aumentou com suplementação de levedura, tanto na dieta com feno de capim-tifton como naquela com feno de alfafa. A dieta com capim-tifton 85 sem probiótico promoveu redução nos valores de pH fecal 14 e 17 horas após a alimentação. Considerando ainda os valores de pH fecal nesses períodos após a alimentação, as dietas suplementadas com probiótico apresentaram valores superiores àqueles obtidos sem adição de levedura.In order to evaluate the effect of using probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in diets for horses, it was used four male equines, with average body weight of 400 kg, in a 4 õ 4 Latin square design. Diets were composed of concentrated and 85 Tifton grass hay (low quality) or alfafa hay (high quality), with or without addition of yeast. Each experimental period lasted 36 days, with total fecal collection for determination of apparent digestibility coefficients of the nutrients and fecal collection for determining pH and fecal microbiology. Use of probiotic did not affect apparent digestibility coefficients of the diets, except for ether extract. Hay nutritional quality affected coefficients of dry matter digestibility, crude protein and ether extract (EE) only for diets with Tifton grass hay without probiotic and with alfafa hay with probiotic. The utilization of yeast culture increased the Lactobacillus population in feces of animals fed diet with Tifton grass hay with probiotic. Probiotic was not used in population of Lactobacillus in diets of alfafa hay (good quality). Streptococcus population in the diet increased as yeast was supplemented in both diets with Tifton grass hay as that with alfafa hay. Diet with 85 Tifton grass without probiotic promoted reduction in fecal pH values 14 and 17 hours after feeding. Considering the values of fecal pH in this periods after feeding, the diets supplemented with probiotic showed values higher than those without addition of yeast.

Con el objeto de contribuir al conocimiento de la criptosporidiosis, reconocer la prevalencia de Cryptosporidium en terneros y asociar la presencia de ooquistes a la consistencia de la materia fecal, se realizó un estudio en el cual, se recolectaron 170 muestras de heces de terneros que tenían entre cinco y 35 días de edad, recogidas en 41 fincas ubicadas en el Valle de Ubaté - Chiquinquirá. Para identificar los ooquistes de Cryptosporidium, se empleó la técnica de Heine. El 22% de las muestras fue positivo y en el 44% de las fincas evaluadas había, al menos, un animal infectado. El análisis estadístico mostró una asociación entre la edad y la presencia de ooquistes de Cryptosporidium (X² 15; P < 0,01). La mayor prevalencia se halló en los terneros que tenían entre 11 - 15 y 16 - 20 días de nacidos, existiendo diferencias significativas al comparar estos dos grupos de edad frente a los demás grupos. Estadísticamente, no hubo una asociación entre la presencia o ausencia de Cryptosporidium y la consistencia de la materia fecal (X² 1,3. P > 0,25). Al comparar la consistencia de la materia fecal con la intensidad de la infección no se halló una asociación entre tales variables (X² 1,7. P To contribute to the knowledge of cryptosporidiosis, recognize the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in calves and associate the presence of oocysts to the fecal consistence, a study was executed, collecting 170 samples of fecal material of calves, aged between five and 35 days, within 41 ranches located in the Ubaté-Chinquinquirá valley. In order to identify the Cryptosporidium oocysts the Heine technique was employed. Thirty seven (22%) of the 170 calves were positive and 18 (44%) of the 37 ranches showed at least one positive animal. The statistical analysis revealed an association between age and the presence of oocysts (X² 15; P0.25). When comparing the fecal consistence with the infection intensity, no association was found (X² 1.7; P>0.42), result that confirms the high number of asymptomatic calves in the Ubaté-Chiquinquirá valley. The outcome of this research indicates an ample distribution of Cryptosporidium infection in the cattle ranches of the geographic area under survey.

Para contribuir al conocimiento de la criptosporidiosis, comprender la prevalencia de Cryptosporidium spp. en terneros y asociar la presencia de ooquistes a diferentes factores ambientales, se realizó un estudio, en el cual, se recolectaron 151 muestras de heces de terneros, de hasta un mes de nacidos, en la región Sabana Centro (Cundinamarca). Para identificar los ooquistes de Cryptosporidium spp., se empleó la técnica de Ziehl Neelsen modificada. El 22% de las muestras fue positivo y en el 83% de las fincas había, al menos, un animal infectado. El análisis estadístico mostró una asociación entre la consistencia de la materia fecal y la presencia de ooquistes de Cryptosporidium spp. (X² 16,3; p < 0,01). La fuente de agua de las fincas reveló una asociación estadísticamente significativa, cuando se comparó con la presencia de ooquistes en las heces (X² 11,79; p < 0,008), siendo un factor de riesgo el agua de acueducto; contrario a lo esperado, el agua tratada mostró tener un efecto protector. Así mismo, se consiguió una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el tipo de alojamiento y la presencia de ooquistes (X² 7,23; p < 0,02), con una mayor probabilidad de hallar ooquistes en los animales que estaban en estaca que en aquellos que permanecían estabulados (OR > 4,03). Los resultados obtenidos confirman que la infección por Cryptosporidium spp. está ampliamente distribuida en los hatos lecheros de la zona geográfica de estudio.In order to contribute to the knowledge of cryptosporidiosis, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in calves and the association of the oocysts presence, related to different environmental factors was studies in 151 samples collected from faeces of calves up to one month old in the region Sabana Centro (Cundinamarca). To identify the Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts the Ziehl Neelsen technique was employed. 22% of the samples were positive; 83% of farms had at least one infected animal. Statistical analysis showed an association between the consistency of the stool and the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts (X² 16.3, p < 0.01); the water source of the farms showed a statistically significant influence when compared with the presence of oocysts in the feces (X² 11.79, p < 0.008), being a risk factor the aqueduct water, contrary to expectations, the farm treated water showed a protective effect. Likewise, we obtained a statistically significant relationship between the type of accommodation and the presence of oocysts (X² 7.23, p < 0.02), with a greater likelihood of finding oocysts in animals that were in stake than those which remained in cowshed (OR> 4.03). The results confirm that Cryptosporidium spp. infection is widespread in dairy herds in the geographical study area.

La identificación diferencial de Entamoeba histolytica y Entamoeba dispar es esencial para un tratamiento adecuado del paciente y con fines epidemiológicos. Para determinar la prevalencia de E. histolytica y E. dispar se estandarizó y aplicó un ensayo de PCR, utilizando oligonucleótidos específicos para cada especie. 204 muestras de heces de individuos de la comunidad de Santa Rosa de Agua (Municipio Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela), fueron analizadas a través del examen directo con SSF (0,85%) y lugol, concentrado de formol-éter y PCR. Al examen microscópico, 42 individuos (20,58%) presentaron formas evolutivas del complejo E. histolytica/E. dispar; mientras que la técnica de PCR evidenció un total de 47 casos positivos a estas amibas; de los cuales 22 eran portadores de E. histolytica (10,78%), 16 (7,84%) de E. dispar y 9 (4,41%) presentaron infección mixta. No hubo diferencia significativa al relacionar las variables sexo y presencia de E. histolytica y/o E. dispar, ni con los grupos etarios. No existieron casos de estas amibas, en los menores de 2 años. La frecuencia observada de E. histolytica (31/204), demuestra el carácter endémico de la amibiasis en esta comunidad.Differential identification of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar is essential for both appropriate patient treatment and epidemiological purposes. To determine the prevalence of these amoeba infections in Santa Rosa de Agua (Maracaibo, Zulia State, Venezuela), a PCR assay using specific primers for each species was standardized and applied. 204 stool samples were analyzed through direct microscopic examination with SSF (0.85%) and lugol, formol-ether concentration, and PCR. Under direct microscopy, 42 individuals (20.58%) presented the E. histolytica/E. dispar complex. Meanwhile PCR showed 47 positive cases for these amoebas: 22 E. histolytica (10.78%), 16 E. dispar (7.84%), and 9 (4.41%) mixed infections. There was no significant difference in the presence of E. histolytica and/or E. dispar according to either gender or age. There were no cases of these amoebas in children under 2 years of age. Observed frequency of E. histolytica (31/204) shows the endemic nature of amoeba infection in this community.

Introducción. Los microsporidios son agentes de infecciones oportunistas en pacientes con sida y con trasplantes, principalmente. Enterocytozoon bieneusi y Encephalitozoon intestinalis son los más frecuentes, asociados con infecciones entéricas. Los cultivos celulares han contribuido al conocimiento de los microsporidios. En Colombia no se han obtenido aislamientos provenientes de pacientes con microsporidiosis y, por consiguiente, no existen cepas autóctonas de los mismos. Objetivo. Establecer el cultivo celular de microsporidios intestinales a partir de materia fecal de pacientes parasitados. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó concentración agua-éter de la materia fecal positiva para microsporidios y el sedimento resultante se trató con una mezcla de antibióticos y antimicóticos durante 18 horas a 37 oC. Se inocularon células Vero previamente cultivadas en placas de 24 pozos y en medio RPMI con suplemento de suero bovino fetal al 10% y antibióticos, con las esporas concentradas. Los cultivos se mantuvieron a 37 oC al 5% de CO2. Se cambió de medio cada dos días y se evaluó la presencia de esporas en los sobrenadantes mediante Gram-cromótropo rápido en caliente. Resultados. En la segunda semana después de la infección, se encontraron esporas de microsporidios con morfología y coloración características. Mediante PCR se determinó que el microsporidio encontrado correspondía a la especie E. intestinalis. Conclusión. Se estableció el cultivo in vitro de microsporidios de materia fecal. Este protocolo es importante para la obtención y el mantenimiento de cepas autóctonas en Colombia, y contribuirá a las investigaciones de aspectos bioquímicos, inmunológicos y epidemiológicos de dichas cepas.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de fontes de fósforo (Yoorin®, Superfosfato simples + superfosfato triplo e testemunha) em pastagem de capim-mombaça sobre as concentrações de nutrientes da excreção animal em condições de pastejo. O método de pastejo foi o de lotação contínua com cargas variáveis. Utilizaram-se novilhos mestiços com peso médio de 300 kg distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas, cada uma com quatro repetições. A produção média de urina animal e a concentração de potássio na urina foram maiores nos animais do tratamento Yoorin e variaram de 7,2 a 20,4 L/animal/dia e 180 a 310 g/L, respectivamente. Os excrementos dos animais dos tratamentos testemunha e SFS + SFT apresentaram maior teor de nitrogênio e fósforo na urina em comparação aos do tratamento Yoorin (154 a 195; 0,2 a 0,29 g/L, respectivamente). A quantidade média de nitrogênio e potássio na urina foi maior nos animais dos tratamentos Yoorin e SFS + SFT em comparação aos do tratamento testemunha (de 51 a 99 e 46 a 149 g/animal/dia, respectivamente). A concentração de cálcio e a quantidade média de fósforo e cálcio na urina foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. A produção de fezes, as concentrações e as quantidades de nitrogênio, potássio e cálcio nas fezes foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. A quantidade média de fósforo foi maior nas fezes dos animais mantidos nas pastagens fertilizadas com SFS + SFT e Yoorin em comparação aos da pastagem testemunha e variou de 7,5 a 11,6 g/animal/dia. O retorno de nutrientes por meio da excreção animal contribuiu no período experimental com 73, 87, 6 e 28 kg/ha de nitrogênio, potássio, fósforo e cálcio, respectivamente. Os animais da pastagem fertilizada com Yoorin apresentaram maior produção diária de urina, além de mais alta concentração de potássio na urina.The objective of this experiment was to evalute the effects of phosphorus sources (Yoorin®, Ordinary Superphosphate (SS) + Triple Superphosphate (TS) and control) on the concentration and amount of N, P, K, and Ca in the excreta of crossbred steers under grazing conditions on mombaça grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. mombaça) pasture. The grazing method was the continuous stocking with variable stocking rate, and the animals used were crossbred with average live weight of 300 kg. It was used a complete randomized design in split plot with four replications. Urine production and K concentration were high for animals grazing on Yoorin fertilized pastures compared to other treatments; urine production ranged from 7.2 to 20.4 L/animal/day and K urine concentration ranged from 180 to 310 g/L. Animals grazing on the control and SS + TS treatments presented greater N and P urine concentration than the ones grazing on Yoorin fertilized pastures, ranging from 154 to 195 g N/L and 0.2 to 0.29 g P/L, respectively. Average N and K amount excreted via urine was greater for animals grazing on Yoorin and SS + TS treatments compared to control treatment, ranging from 51 to 99 g N/animal/dia and 46 to 49 g K/animal/dia, respectively. Average Ca concentration and P and Ca amount excreted via urine were similar among treatments. Average fecal production and N, K, Ca concentrations and amounts were similar among treatments. Average P amount was greater for SS + TS and Yoorin treatments compared to the control, ranging from 7.5 to 11.6 g P/animal/day. Nutrient return via animal excreta contributed in the experimental period with 73, 87, 6, and 28 kg/ha of N, K, P, and Ca, respectively. Animals on Yoorin fertilized pastures presented greater urine production and greater K urine concentration and amount.

O objetivo nesta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito de dois ingredientes protéicos da dieta (farelo de soja e de algodão) e de dois processamentos físicos do concentrado (farelado e extrusado) na terminação de 16 bovinos machos não-castrados da raça Canchim. Avaliaram-se ainda a excreção de nutrientes nos dejetos e o potencial de produção de biogás. Os animais tinham 12 meses de idade e 315 kg PC, em média, e foram confinados em baias individuais durante 147 dias (os primeiros 35 dias foram de adaptação). Como volumoso utilizou-se silagem de milho, em uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50, com base na MS. Os resultados foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 (fonte protéica × processamento físico). A fonte protéica influenciou o ganho de peso corporal (1,50 e 1,35 kg/dia para o farelo de soja e de algodão, respectivamente), a conversão alimentar (4,73 e 5,31 kg MS ingerida/kg de ganho de peso, respectivamente) e a eficiência protéica (1,78 e 1,59 kg de ganho de peso/kg PB ingerida, respectivamente). O tratamento físico do concentrado e a fonte protéica não influenciaram a ingestão de MS, a área de olho-de-lombo e a espessura de gordura, estimadas por ultra-som. O balanço de nutrientes foi semelhante entre tratamentos para MS, FDN e FDA, mas a fonte protéica determinou diferenças no balanço de PB. Entre os macro e microminerais quantificados nas fezes, os teores de P e Mg diferiram entre as fontes protéicas e a extrusão aumentou o conteúdo de Ca, com médias de 0,39 e 0,43 g/100 g de MS de dejetos, respectivamente, para os concentrados farelado e extrusado. Os dejetos produziram biogás de maneira efetiva entre o 70º e o 200º dia.The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of two protein ingredients of the diet (soybean and cottonseed meals) and two physical process of the concentrate (grounded and extruded) upon the finishing of 16 Canchim young bulls. It was evaluated also the nutrients excretion in feces and biogas production potential. The animals were 12 month-year-old, with initial 315 kg BW, and they were confined in individual pens for 147 days, being the first 35 days of adaptation. The roughage used was corn silage and the forage:concentrate rate was 50:50, on dry matter basis. The results were analyzed in a total randomized design, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (protein source x physical process). There was effect of protein source upon the body weight gain (1.50 and 1.35 kg/day with soybean and cottonseed meal, respectively), feed conversion (4.73 and 5.31 kg DM intake/kg weight gain, respectively) and protein efficiency (1.78 and 1.59 kg weight gain/kg CP intake, respectively). There was no difference among treatments for DM, loin eye area and subcutaneous fat thickness, evaluated by ultra-sound. The nutrient balance was similar among treatments for DM, NDF and ADF, but protein source caused differences in CP balance. Among the macro and microminerals determined in feces, P and Mg contents were different among protein sources, and extrusion increased Ca content, with means of 0.39 and 0.43 g/100 g dejections dry matter, respectively for grounded and extruded concentrate. The dejections produced biogas effectively from 70th to 200th days.

O monitoramento endócrino pela mensuração de metabólitos urinários e fecais de hormônios esteróides tem se mostrado uma alternativa viável na investigação da fisiologia reprodutiva e do estresse em uma grande variedade de aves e mamíferos, domésticos e selvagens. Esta abordagem tem contribuído para uma maior integração da endocrinologia com estudos comportamentais e ecológicos, gerando informações mais detalhadas em diversas áreas tais como bem-estar animal, comportamento social, reprodução, biologia da conservação, biomedicina, entre outros. Todavia, o emprego desta metodologia no Brasil tem sido limitado principalmente à pesquisa de parâmetros reprodutivos e de estresse em espécies selvagens, não havendo até o momento trabalhos publicados utilizando a quantificação urinária ou fecal de glucocorticóides ou esteróides sexuais em animais domésticos. Desta forma, esta palestra tem como objetivo ilustrar alguns exemplos de estudos conduzidos no país envolvendo técnicas de monitoramento endócrino não-invasivo, assim como expor possíveis áreas de aplicação desta ferramenta em pesquisas com espécies domesticas.The endocrine monitoring through urinary and fecal steroid analysis has been proven a feasible alternative in the investigation of reproductive and stress physiology in a great variety of birds and mammals (domestic and wild species). This approach has contributed to enhance integration between endocrinology and behavioral/ ecological studies originating detailed information towards different areas, such as animal welfare, social behavior, reproduction, conservation biology, biomedicine, among others. In Brazil, however, its application has been limited mainly to the determination of reproductive and stress parameters in wild species, with no published articles employing measurement of urinary or fecal glucocorticoids or sexual steroids in domestic animals. Thus, the aim of this lecture is first show examples of Brazilian researches involving non-invasive endocrine monitoring, and secondly illustrate possible applications of this technology in studies involving domestic animals.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da restrição alimentar sobre a excreção de minerais nas fezes de suínos, foram utilizados 48 machos castrados com peso inicial de 41,92 ± 0,21kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos (T1=alimentação à vontade; T2=95% do consumo diário apresentado por T1; e T3=90% do consumo diário apresentado por T1) e 16 repetições. Os animais permaneceram durante 21 dias em adaptação aos tratamentos em baias coletivas e gaiolas de estudos metabólicos. As coletas de urina e fezes foram realizadas durante dois dias, utilizando-se 20 g de partículas de plástico colorido como marcador fecal. Houve redução de 8,54% no consumo diário de ração dos animais do T3, acarretando em decréscimo em torno de 9,65% excreção de matéria mineral nas fezes, quando comparado com o consumo ad libitum (T1). Todos os macrominerais, com exceção do magnésio, sofreram redução significativa no conteúdo fecal com o aumento da restrição alimentar. Os teores de cálcio e potássio das fezes representaram cerca de 29% da matéria mineral excretada pelas fezes dos animais e foram reduzidos significativamente com o emprego da restrição alimentar. Para todos os microminerais, as relações entre as quantidades excretadas e as quantidades consumidas foram iguais ou superiores a 86,60%, indicando que os animais apresentaram baixa eficiência de retenção desses nutrientes. Concluiu-se que a restrição alimentar de suínos em fase de terminação acarreta redução da quantidade de matéria seca e da maioria dos minerais excretados.With the objective to evaluate the effect of feed restriction on fecal mineral content of finishing swine, forty-eight barrows, with initial weight of 41.92 ± 0.27 kg were assigned to a randomized experimental block design. Treatments were: T1=ad libitum feeding; T2=95% T1 feed intake; and T3 = 90% T1 feed intake and 16 replications. Animals were kept during 21 days in adaptation period to the treatments in collective pens and metabolism cages. Urine and fecal collection was performed during two days, using 20 g of colored plastic particles as fecal markers. There was a reduction of 8.54% in the daily feed consumption of the diet in T3 animals, causing a decrease close to 9.65% in fecal mineral content, as compared to ad libitum consumption (T1). All macro minerals, except for magnesium, showed significant reduction in the fecal content with the increase of feed restriction. Calcium and potassium fecal content represented about 29% of the excreted mineral matter of the animals and both were significantly reduced with the use of feed restriction. For all micro minerals, the relations between excreted amount and consumed amount were equal or higher than 86.60%, indicating that the animals showed a low retention efficiency of these nutrients. In conclusion, feed restriction in finishing phase of swine cause reduction in the amount of dry matter and almost all minerals excreted. Therefore, the use of this practice can contribute to reduce pollution problems of swine manure.

OBJETIVES: To detect anti-Giardia lamblia serum antibodies in healthy children attending public day care centers and to assess serological tests as tools for estimating the prevalence of G. lamblia in endemic areas. METHODS: Three separate stool specimens and filter paper blood samples were collected from 147 children ranging from 0 to 6 years old. Each stool sample was processed using spontaneous sedimentation and zinc sulfate flotation methods. Blood samples were tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Giardia IgG. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Of 147 individuals tested, 93 (63.3%) showed Giardia cysts in their feces. Using IIF and ELISA, serum antibodies were detected in 93 (63.3%) and 100 (68%) samples , respectively. Sensitivity of IIF and ELISA was 82% and 72%, respectively. However, ELISA revealed to be less specific (39%) than IIF (70%). IIF also showed a higher concordance with microscopic examination than ELISA.OBJETIVOS: Detectar anticorpos séricos anti-Giardia lamblia entre crianças atendidas em creches e estimar a freqüência de infecção por Giardia lamblia em área endêmica. MÉTODOS: Foram coletadas três amostras de fezes de cada uma das 147 crianças de três creches da rede municipal de Botucatu, SP, com idade variando de 0 a 6 anos, e as amostras foram processadas pelos métodos de sedimentação espontânea e flutuação pelo sulfato de zinco. Amostras de sangue foram obtidas da polpa digital, coletadas em papel de filtro e testadas pelos métodos de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) e de reação imunoenzimática (Elisa) para pesquisa de IgG anti-Giardia. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: De um total de 147 crianças, 93 (63,3%) apresentaram cistos de Giardia nas fezes. Dos 147 eluatos testados, 93 (63,3%) e 100 (68%) foram positivos para Giardia em IFI e em Elisa, respectivamente. A sensibilidade de IFI foi de 82% e de Elisa, 72%. Contudo, Elisa foi menos específica (39%) do que IFI (70%). A imunofluorescência indireta apresentou maior concordância com o exame de fezes do que Elisa.

Objective: Microscopic examination of the intestinal parasites, from the patient's concentrated feces, has a lower sensitivity when compared to molecular diagnostic techniques. Therefore, the objective of this study has been to compare both techniques, as well as to evaluate whether there is a correlation between the microscopic examination and the threshold cycles (Ct) obtained for Blastocystis hominis., Methods: Retrospective study of the samples received in the Microbiology laboratory during September 2021. The MiniParasep SF® concentration test was performed for microscopic visualization and then PCR was performed with the Seegene AllplexTM Parasite Assay panel., Results: A 27% (n=74) of the samples were positive by molecular diagnosis, with a total of 87 parasites detected. 53% (n=39) were women with a mean age of 47 ± 24 years. In 76% (n=56) of the cases the service of origin was Primary Care. The most frequently found parasite was B. hominis, 85% (n=64), followed by Dientamoeba fragilis 20% (n=15) and Giardia lamblia 11% (n=8). Co-infection by two parasites was detected in 13 cases (B. hominis + D. fragilis in 6 cases, and B. hominis + G. lamblia in 7 cases). In the microscopic diagnosis, 9.5% (n=26) positivity was obtained. The most frequently found parasite was B. hominis, 84% (n=23), followed by G. lamblia, which was seen in three cases by microscopy. D. fragilis was not seen in any case. Coinfection of B. hominis + G. lamblia was observed in one sample., Conclusions: Techniques for molecular diagnosis of intestinal parasites are fast, reliable and more sensitive than microscopic techniques, improving microbiological diagnosis and quality of care., (©The Author 2022. Published by Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).)

Empleando ENZYMEBA, procedimiento diagnóstico de amebiasis intestinal desarrollado en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí", se demostró que en la provincia Cienfuegos el examen microscópico de heces se asocia con un marcado sobrediagnóstico de esta parasitosis (de 424 muestras positivas a Entamoeba histolytica, por examen microscópico, solo 61 lo fueron por ENZYMEBA). Para incursionar en los factores que podrían estar incidiendo en la calidad del trabajo de los técnicos de laboratorio de esta provincia se aplicó a la casi totalidad de ellos ( 96 de 102) un cuestionario (23 preguntas) sobre diversos aspectos relacionados con este tipo de diagnóstico. El conjunto de los resultados de esta encuesta sugiere que en la calidad del diagnóstico de amebiasis intestinal por examen microscópico podría estar incidiendo, además de deficiencias técnico-organizativas y materiales, una insuficiente preparación teórica de quienes la realizan.By using ENZYMEBA, a disgnostic procedure of intestinal amebiasis devoloped at the "Pedro Kourí"Institute of Tropical Medicine, it was proved that in the province of Cienfuegos the microscopic feces test is associated with a marked overdiagnosis of this parasitosis (of 424 samples positive to Entamoeba histolytica by microscopic examination, only 61 proved to be positive by ENZYMEBA). To determine the factors influencing on the quality of the lab technicians´work in this province, most of these technicians (96 of 102) answered a questionnaire containing 23 questions on different aspects related to this type of diagnosis. The results of this survey suggest that in addition to the technical, organizational, and material deficiencies the inadequate theoretical training of those who make the test may also influence on the quality of the diagnosis of intestinal amebiasis by microscopopic examination.

Foram utilizados, no experimento, nove caprinos machos castrados, da raça Alpina, em dois períodos. Os animais permaneceram 28 dias em dieta experimental composta de feno e concentrado, sem suplementação de P, ou com 1g ou 2 g de P, na forma de fosfato bicálcico. No 21º dia os animais receberam injeção de 7,4 MBq de 32P na jugular, e coletaram-se amostras de sangue, fezes e urina, por sete dias, com o objetivo de avaliar o metabolismo do P. O aumento do consumo de P levou a aumento linear significativo do P excretado nas fezes, do P absorvido, do P endógeno fecal, da eficiência de absorção, e dos teores de P nas fezes e no plasma. O aumento do P endógeno fecal (Y) em função do consumo de P (X) pode ser descrito pela equação Y= 10,36 + 0,58X (r=0,94); a perda endógena mínima desses animais foi de 10,36 mg/kg de peso vivo/dia. A eficiência de absorção média foi de 65,76% para os animais suplementados. O teor de P na saliva não apresentou relação linear significativa com o P consumido, e não houve excreção de P pela urina.Nine male castrated Alpine goats were used and the experiment was repeated twice. Animals were fed a diet consisted of hay and concentrate mixture without P supplementation, or with different amounts of dicalcium phosphate to give 1g or 2 g P/animal/day for 28 days. At the 21st day, 7,4 MBq 32P were injected through jugular vein into each animal; and feces, blood and urine samples were collected during seven days to determine the P metabolism. Total fecal P, absorbed P, endogenous fecal P, efficiency of absorption, feces and plasma P levels were positively related to P intake. The relationship between P intake (X) and endogenous fecal P (Y) is described by the equation: Y=10.36 + 0.58 X (r=0,94). The minimum endogenous P was 10,36 mg/kg live weight/day and efficiency of absorption was 65,76% for the supplemented treatments. Saliva P level was not related to P intake and there was not P excretion in the urine.

El parasitismo intestinal representa un significativo problema en la salud mundial. Se realiza un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo en manipuladores de alimentos de los principales centros de elaboración de la ciudad de Santa Clara, provincia Villa Clara, durante 1998. Los enteroparásitos patógenos encontrados por orden de frecuencia fueron la Giardia lamblia y la Entamoeba hitolytica; detectados por método directo y de ritchie para dichos parásitos. La técnica de kato katz fue más eficaz para el diagnóstico de los geohelmintos. Se resalta la función del personal médico en centros de trabajo.Intestinal parasitism is a significant problem for world health. An epidemiological and descriptive study was conducted among food handlers at the main centers of elaboration in the city of Santa Clara, Villa Clara province, during 1998. The pathogenic enteroparasites found by order of frequency were Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba hitolytica, which were detected by using Ritchie's and direct method for such parasites. The Katokatz's technique was more efficient for the diagnosis of geohelminth. It was underlined the function of the medical team at the working centers.

Por la utilidad epidemiológica que tiene el desarrollo de procedimientos que permitan estudios confiables de prevalencia de amebiosis intestinal se estudió la eficacia de ENZYMEBA, ensayo inmunoenzimático para la detección en heces de Entamoeba histolytica. ENZYMEBA, mediante el empleo de una sola muestra por individuo participante en el estudio, demostró infección por E. histolytica en 27 de los 686 casos estudiados. La observación microscópica de heces sólo igualó los resultados de ENZYMEBA cuando fueron analizados los resultados de ambos procedimientos sobre 3 muestras de cada uno de los individuos en el estudio. Por su alta sensibilidad, requerir de una sola muestra por persona encuestada y ser un inmunoensayo realizable en condiciones mínimas de laboratorio, consideramos que ENZYMEBA es una herramienta muy útil para estudios de prevalencia de amebiosis intestinalOwing to the epidemiological usefulness of the development of methods allowing reliable studies on the prevalence of intestinal amebiasis, this paper studied the effectiveness of ENZYMEBA, inmuno-enzymatic assay to detect Entamoeba histolytica from feces. Through only one feces specimen from every participant in the study, this assay detected E. histolytica infection in 27 out of the 686 cases observed. The results of microscopic feces observation were only comparable to those of ENZYMEBA when the result of both methods were carefully examined in 3 feces specimen taken from each of the subjects participating in it. Because this inmunoassay is highly sensitive, requires only one feces specimen per surveyed person and can be perfomed at a minimal laboratory conditions, ENZYMEBA is considered to be a very useful tool for studying the prevalence of intestinal amebiasis.

The level of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) were determined in blood plasma samples of healthy black vultures (Coragyps atratus) (n = 10). The correlation between metal levels in plasma samples and metal vs total plasmatic protein level, also calculated. Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni and Fe concentrations determined in a pooled sample of fecal material from the black vulture (n = 5) and compared with levels determined in a pooled sample of Hen fecal material (Gallus gallus domesticus) (n = 5). Metal levels determined through flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Analysis of vulture plasma samples yielded concentrations (mg/L) of 7.25 Ó 3.01; 14.50 Ó 8.60; 6.85Ó4.85; 47.33 Ó 24.74 and 3.50 Ó 2.73, for Cd, Cu, Pb, V and Zn, respectively. No correlation established between plasmatic levels of the various metals, or between metals and total protein levels (P > 0.05). In vulture feces, metal levels (μg/g) corresponded to 13.93 Ó 1.18; 20.26 Ó 0.41; 15.19 Ó 1.33; 4,823.76 Ó 8.99; and 202.57 Ó 1.65 for Cd, Cu, Ni, Fe, and Zn, respectively. In hen fecal samples, metal levels (μg/g) corresponded to 38.85 Ó 0.70; 700.84 Ó 11.09; and 478.18 Ó 5.83, for Cu, Fe, and Zn, respectively. Under assay conditions Cd or Ni were not detected in hen feces. The physiological and environmental significance of elevated plasmatic and fecal metal levels in the black vulture, are discussed.

OBJETIVO: Verificar se pode haver eliminação da proteína p24, antígeno que é um dos marcadores da infecção pelo HIV, pelas fezes de triatomíneos. Foi avaliado o possível risco de contaminação por parte de profissionais que exercem atividades laboratoriais relacionadas aos triatomíneos, e também verificado o eventual mecanismo de disseminação do HIV. MÉTODO: Os triatomíneos (Triatoma infestans) alimentaram-se com sangue de 23 pacientes acometidos de AIDS e nos quais estava presente a p24. As fezes desses insetos foram examinadas 24 e 48 horas depois como tentativas de evidenciar a presença do antígeno. As pesquisas da p24 sempre ocorreram por meio de técnica imunoenzimática. RESULTADO E CONCLUSÃO: Em nenhuma das ocasiões sucedeu detecção da p24. De acordo com a metodologia adotada o objetivo pôde ser alcançado, no sentido de mostrar que a eliminação da p24 nunca aconteceu. Talvez outras formas de agir revelem fatos diferentes e subsidiem o que se conhece quanto aos riscos de veiculação do HIV.OBJECTIVE: To verify any possibility of the elimination of p24 in feces of Triatoma infestans, p24 being an antigen and one of the markers of HIV infection. The purpose of the study was the evaluation of any risk of contamination by laboratory staff who work with activities related to this particular insect, and also investigate any mechanism that might thus lead to the dissemination of HIV. METHOD: Triatoma infestans were fed with p24-marked blood from 23 AIDS patients. Twenty-four and 48 hours later, their feces were examined in order to verify the presence of the antigen. The search for p24 was performed by means of the immunoenzymatic technique. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: No protein 24 was detected in any of the samples. In accordance with the applied methodology, the purpose of showing that the elimination of p24 does not occur, Was obtained. Were this question approached in other ways different results. might reveal new information in terms of risks of HIV dissemination.

Abstract: Diarrheic diseases constitute a world problem of public health, specially in developing countries, such as Venezuela where gastroenteritis has an important place as a cause of infant mortality and morbidity. Finding bacteria of the genus Aeromonas among the main etiological agents. Despite that, the clinical meaning of their isolation is not completely established, due to the existence of healthy carriers. The purpose of this investigation was to detect bacterial species of the genus Aeromonas in fecal samples in apparently healthy children, to clarify the existence of asymptomatic carriers in our medium and to contribute to elucidating the clinical importance of its isolation in patients with gastroenteritis. This investigation took place during the period September- December 1999, and samples from122 children of both sex groups were analyzed, with ages between 3 months and six years, enrolled in 16 kindergartens in the Chiquinquira prefecture of Maracaibo Municipality. The analysis of the samples for the detection of pheno-species of the genus Aeromonas was done using the conventional diagnostic methodology based on biochemical tests. In the analyzed samples 27,87% (34/122) were positive. The species of Aeromonas isolated by order of frequency were: A. caviae (52,78%), A. jandaei (19,44%), A. veronii biovar sobria (13,89%), A. hydrophila (11,11%) and A. trota (2,78%). In the majority of cases (94.1%) only one species per sample was isolated. The distribution of Aeromonas by age and sex group was not statistically significant (p>0,05). The results obtained in this investigation show the existence of a considerable number of a-symptomatic carriers of Aeromonas in the children studied, which makes it essential to carry out more research that contribute to establish the importance of their detection in patients with diarrhea. Resumen: Las enfermedades diarreicas constituyen un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, especialmente en los países en vías de desarrollo, como Venezuela donde representan una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad infantil. Entre los principales agentes etiológicos bacterianos de esta entidad nosológica se encuentra el género Aeromonas, sin embargo, el significado clínico de su aislamiento no se ha establecido definitivamente. El propósito de esta investigación es detectar fenoespecies bacterianas del género Aeromonas en muestras de heces de niños aparentemente sanos, con la finalidad de esclarecer la existencia de portadores asintómaticos en nuestro medio y contribuir a dilucidar la importancia clínica de su aislamiento en pacientes con gastroenteritis. La investigación se llevó a cabo durante el período comprendido entre septiembre y diciembre de 1999; se colectaron y analizaron 122 muestras de heces de niños de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 3 meses y 6 años, registrados en 16 preescolares privados de la Parroquia Chiquinquirá del Municipio Maracaibo. El análisis de las muestras para la detección de fenoespecies del género Aeromonas se llevó a cabo empleando la metodología diagnóstica convencional, basada en pruebas bioquímicas. En las muestras analizadas se detectó 27,87% (34/122) de positividad a especies de Aeromonas. Aeromonas caviae resultó la especie más prevalente (52.78%), seguida de A. jandaei (19.44%) A. veronii biovar sobria (13.89%), A. hydrophila (11.11%) y A. trota (2.78%). En la mayoría de los casos (94.1%) se aisló una sola especie por muestra. La distribución de los aislamientos por edad y sexo no resultó estadísticamente significativa (p>0.05). Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la existencia de un número considerable de portadores asintomáticos de Aeromonas entre los niños estudiados, por lo que resulta imprescindible realizar mayores investigaciones que contribuyan a establecer el significado de su aislamiento en pacientes con diarrea.

The natural distribution of thermotolerant Campylobacter sp. in dogs (150 stray animals and 64 pets) was studied. Campylobacters were more frequently isolated (pFoi estudada a distribuição natural de espécies termotolerantes de Campylobacter em 159 cães vadios e em 64 cães de companhia em confinamento permanente. Espécies de Campylobacter foram isoladas mais freqüentemente (p

Introduction: Endoparasites and ectoparasites in dogs are of global distribution. The close relationship between dogs and man implies a risk for the transmission of zoonotic parasites. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the parasites hosted by dogs in specific areas and the factors associated with their presence. Objectives: To identify and to estimate the prevalence of endoparasites and ectoparasites in domiciled dogs in the Metropolitan area of Toluca, México, and the prevalence of D. caninum in fleas of the genus Ctenocephalides spp. Materials and methods: We collected samples from 402 domiciled dogs in four reference hospitals in the area in Toluca. We diagnosed endoparasites using direct smear, flotation, and sedimentation techniques and we performed the taxonomic identification of ectoparasites. Finally, the molecular diagnosis of D. caninum in fleas was made using the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR). Results: A total of 37.2% of dogs were positive for endoparasites; the genera or species identified were Toxocara spp., Giardia spp., Ancylostoma spp., Cystoisospora spp., D. caninum, Taenia spp., and Trichuris vulpis; the prevalence of ectoparasites was 13.13%. We identified fleas of the species Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis; only one animal was parasitized with Rhipicephalus sanguineus and another one with Trichodectes canis; the prevalence of D. caninum in fleas was 9.5%. Conclusion: The prevalence of endoparasites was 37.2% while that of ectoparasites was 13.1%; this is the first analysis of endoparasites and ectoparasites conducted in the same population of dogs in México together with the molecular diagnosis of D. caninum in fleas.

Introduction: Intestinal apicomplexa protozoa are a recognized cause of gastroenteritis. They are endemic in Honduras and their epidemiology varies in different population groups., Objective: To identify risk factors for cyclosporiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and cystoisosporiasis., Materials and Methods: We conducted a case-control study in a hospital-based population. We performed the diagnosis using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique and collected the information from laboratory records and clinical charts., Results: Cyclosporiasis was associated with diarrhea (OR=2.28; 95%CI: 1.10-4.89), weight loss (OR=12.7; 95%CI: 2.49-122.00), watery stools (OR=2.42; 95%CI: 1.26-4.65), and infection with another protozoan (OR=3.13; 95%CI: 1.66-5.95). Cryptosporidiosis was associated with HIV infection (OR=15.43; 95%CI: 3.34-71.22), diarrhea (OR=3.52; 95%CI: 1.40-9.40), lymphopenia (OR=6.16; 95%CI: 1.99-18.98), and green color stools (OR=3.00; 95%CI: 1.23-7.30). Cystoisosporiasis was associated with HIV infection (OR=11.20; 95%CI: 3.53-35.44), diarrhea (OR=7.30; 95%CI: 1.89-28.52), leukopenia (OR=4.28; 95%CI: 1.33-13.75), green color stools (OR=11.59; 95%CI: 1.16-558.60), and Charcot-Leyden crystals (OR=11.59; 95%CI: 1.16-558.60)., Conclusions: In this hospital-based population from Honduras, HIV infection was a risk factor for cryptosporidiosis and cystoisosporiasis, but not for cyclosporiasis.

Introduction: The BITSS scale (Brussels Infant and Toddler Stool Scale) is an instrument used in the diagnosis and follow-up of infants and young children with infectious diarrhea. It consists of 7 pictures of diapers with different types of stools., Objective: To determine intra and interobserver reliability of the BITSS scale in infants and children using diapers., Patients and Method: Reliability study. Three pediatri cians with experience in treating childhood infectious diarrhea were selected and, after training in applying the BITSS scale, they evaluated 70 pictures of stools obtained from pediatric patients, repre senting the 7 different types of stools categorized by the scale (10 images for each item). Two pediatri cians participated in the interobserver reliability study and performed a blind evaluation of the same pictures, assigning a value to each one, and the third pediatrician participated in the intra-observer analysis, evaluating 70 images on two different occasions, 15 days apart. Interobserver agreement and kappa statistics were determined for the scale and each scale item., Results: 280 measurements were made, 140 for the inter-observer reliability study and 140 for the intra-observer one. The degree of inter-observer agreement for the scale was 85.7%; with a kappa of 0.817 (95% CI 0.72; 0.92), and standard error of 0.05; and the intra-observer kappa for the scale was 0.883 (95% CI 0.80; 0.96), with a standard error of 0.04., Conclusions: The BITSS scale has good intra- and interobserver reliability.