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The gravimetric and electrochemical tests are the most common techniques used in determining the corrosion rate. However, the use of electrochemical polarization is limited to electrolytes with sufficient conductivity for which Tafel curves are linear. In this study, we investigated a technique in which working microelectrodes of AISI 1020 steel were used to obtain the Tafel curves in diesel oil. The strategy was to reduce the electrode area and hence the ohmic drop. The diameter of the microelectrode was reduced to a value where the compensation of the Tafel curves became unnecessary. The results showed that for electrodes with diameters below 50 μm, the ohmic drop tends to a minimum and independent of the microelectrode diameter.

O uso de energias renováveis aliadas à preservação do meio ambiente tem despertado interesse cada vez maior em nível nacional e internacional principalmente a utilização do biodiesel em substituição ao diesel de petróleo. Sua utilização traz uma série de vantagens sociais, econômicas e ambientais. Nos últimos anos, houve no Brasil um aumento nas pesquisas sobre o biodiesel. A lei brasileira nº 11.097 de 2005 dispõe sobre a introdução do biodiesel na matriz energética brasileira, misturado ao óleo diesel em um percentual mínimo obrigatório de 2%, com aumento na adição para 5% até 2012. Contudo, essa adição só é possível se o biodiesel estiver dentro dos padrões de qualidade exigidos. Diante disto, neste trabalho foram preparadas misturas de biodiesel adicionado ao diesel interior, nas proporções 2, 5, 10 e 20% (v/v), sendo posteriormente caracterizados a partir da determinação dos parâmetros físico-químicos citados na Resolução da Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP), visando avaliar se as misturas estão em conformidade com a norma. De acordo com os resultados concluiu-se que, tanto o biodiesel quanto suas misturas binárias (B2 a B20) encontram-se dentro dos padrões de qualidade estabelecido pela ANP.The use of renewable energies allied to the preservation of the environment has awakening more and more interest on the national and international level, especially the utilization of biodiesel in substitution of petroleum diesel. Its use brings a series of social, economical and environmental advantages. In the last few years, there has been an increase in biodiesel research in Brazil. The Brasilian law no. 11.097 of 2005 proposes the introduction of biodiesel in the Brazilian energetic matrix, mixing it with diesel oil at an obligatory percentile minimum of 2%, with an increase of 5% in the addition, until 2012. However, the addition is only permitted if the biodiesel is within the quality patterns demanded. Before this, mixtures of biodiesel added to interior diesel were prepared, in proportions of 2, 5, 10 and 20% (v/v), which were later characterized, as of the physical chemical parameters determined in the Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP) Resolution for evaluating mixtures in accordance with the norm. The results show that, biodiesel as well as their binary mixtures (B2 to B20) are within the quality patterns established by the ANP.

The ability of microorganisms to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons is important for finding an environmentally-friendly method to restoring contaminated environmental matrices. Screening of hydrocarbon-utilizing and biosurfactant-producing abilities of organisms from an estuarine ecosystem in Nigeria, Africa, resulted in the isolation of five microbial strains identified as Corynebacterium sp. DDv1, Flavobacterium sp. DDv2, Micrococcus roseus DDv3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DDv4 and Saccharomyces cerevisae DDv5. These isolates grew readily on several hydrocarbons including hexadecane, dodecane, crude oil and petroleum fractions. Axenic cultures of the organisms utilized diesel oil (1.0 % v/v) with generation times that ranged significantly (t-test, P < 0.05) between 3.25 and 3.88 day, with concomitant production of biosurfactants. Kinetics of growth indicates that biosurfactant synthesis occurred predominantly during exponential growth phase, suggesting that the bioactive molecules are primary metabolites. Strains DDv1 and DDv4 were evidently the most metabolically active in terms of substrate utilization and biosurfactant synthesis compared to other strains with respective emulsification index of 63 and 78 %. Preliminary biochemical characterization indicates that the biosurfactants are heteropolymers consisting of lipid, protein and carbohydrate moieties. The hydrocarbon catabolic properties coupled with biosurfactant-producing capabilities is an asset that could be exploited for cleanup of oil-contaminated matrices and also in food and cosmetic industries. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 16031611. Epub 2008 December 30.La capacidad de los microorganismos para degradar hidrocarburos del petróleo es de gran importancia para hallar un método aceptable y ambientalmente amigable para la restauración de terrenos ambientalmente contaminados. Al investigar las capacidades de los organismos de un ecosistema de estuario que utilizan hidrocarburos y producen biosurfactantes, se produjo como resultado el aislamiento de cinco cepas microbianas identificadas como Corynebacterium sp. DDv1, Flavobacterium sp. DDv2, Micrococcus roseus DDv3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y DDv4 Saccharomyces cerevisiae DDv5. Estas cepas crecieron fácilmente en varios hidrocarburos incluyendo hexadecanos, dodecanos, petróleo crudo y fracciones de petróleo. Los cultivos axénicos de organismos utilizaron diesel (1.0% v/v) con períodos por generación con ámbitos significativos (t-test, P

Los hidrocarburos derivados del petróleo constituyen la principal fuente de energía para la humanidad y son, a su vez, importantes contaminantes ambientales. En esta experiencia, se estimó y comparó la tasa de descomposición de dos tipos de hidrocarburos (gasoil y aceite de carter) por medio de las técnicas de atenuación natural y de la incorporación de un producto comercial específico en un suelo franco extraído del horizonte A de un Argiudol típico. Simultáneamente se evaluó el efecto de dichas prácticas tecnológicas sobre algunas variables edáficas. Los tratamientos fueron: [suelo sin contaminante testigo], [suelo + gasoil] [suelo + aceite de carter], [suelo + gasoil + producto], [suelo + aceite de carter + producto] y [suelo + producto]. La toma de muestra se realizó en la siguiente serie de tiempo [0;15; 30; 60; y 180 días]. La tasa de degradación de los hidrocarburos presentes en el gasoil y aceite de carter por la técnica de atenuación natural fue más lenta y menos efectiva que la obtenida al incorporar el producto comercial, alcanzando en este caso los valores finales más bajos de hidrocarburos totales de petróleo. Entre las variables edáficas, el carbono oxidable y la respiración de la biomasa del suelo mostraron los mayores valores medios en los tratamientos de suelo contaminado. La incorporación del producto comercial produjo una disminución significativa en dichos valores, un aumento en la conductividad eléctrica, pero no influyó sobre el pH y el fósforo extractable del suelo.The petroleum derived hydrocarbons represent the main energy source for the humanity and they are in turn, an important environmental polluting source. In this experience it was estimated and compared the rate of decomposition of two hydrocarbons (diesel and crankcase oil), by natural attenuation, and with the incorporation of a specific commercial product in a Typic Argiudoll. The effect of these practices was also evaluated on some soil variables. The treatments were: [control soil without pollution], [soil + gasoil], [soil + crankcase oil], [soil + gasoil + product], [soil + crankcase oil + product], [soil + product]. The soil sampling was carried out in the following series of time [0; 15; 30; 60 and 180 days]. The degradation rate of diesel and crankcase oil hydrocarbons by natural attenuation was slower and less effective than that obtained when adding the commercial product, the latter presented final lower values of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Among the soil variables, the oxidable carbon and the biomass soil respiration registered higher mean values for the polluted soils. The commercial product incorporation produced a significant decrease in these values, an increase in the electric conductivity, but no influence on the pH and the soil extractable phosphorous.