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Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents the greatest number of identified therapeutic targets, some of which have therapeutic utility. Currently, detecting EGFR, BRAF, KRAS and MET mutations, ALK, ROS1, NTRK and RET translocations, and PD-L1 expression in these patients is considered essential. The use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) facilitates precise molecular diagnosis and allows the detection of other emerging mutations, such as the HER2 mutation and predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy responses. In this consensus, a group of experts in the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC selected by the Spanish Society of Pathology (SEAP) and the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) have evaluated currently available information and propose a series of recommendations to optimize the detection and use of biomarkers in daily clinical practice., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Kidney procurement procedure must be carried out following a standardized technique in order to optimize kidney grafts for their subsequent implantation., Objectives: Review of the available literature on kidney procurement procedure., Material and Methods: Narrative review of the available evidence on deceased donor kidney procurement technique after a search of relevant manuscripts indexed in PubMed, EMBASE and Scielo written in English and Spanish., Results: Deceased donor kidney procurement can be divided into two groups, donation after brain death (DBD) and donation after circulatory death (DCD). Kidney procurement in DBD frequently includes other chest and/or abdominal organs, requiring multidisciplinary surgical coordination. During the harvesting procedure, the renal vascular pedicle must remain intact for subsequent implantation and reduced ischemia time., Conclusions: Adequate execution and perfect knowledge of the technique for surgical removal and anatomy reduces the rate of graft losses associated to inadequate harvesting techniques., (Copyright © 2022 AEU. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objectives: Comparative analysis of postoperative complications and survival between laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (PN) and radical nephrectomy (RN) in cT1 renal cell carcinoma (RCC)., Material and Method: Retrospective study of patients with two kidneys and single renal tumor cT1 treated in our center between 2005 and 2018 by laparoscopic PN or RN., Results: 372 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. RN was performed in 156 (41.9%) patients and PN in 216 (58.1%). Clavien Dindo III-V complications were observed in 10 (4,6%) PN and 6 (3,9%) RN patients (p = 0.75). The comorbidity Charlson index (CCI) was identified as an independent predictor variable of complications (p = 0.02) and surgical approach did not affect multivariate analysis. Estimated overall survival (OS) was 81.2% and 56.8% at 5 and 10 years in the RN group and 90.2% and 75.7% in the PN group, respectively (p = 0.0001). Obesity (HR 2.77, p = 0.01), CCI ≥ 3 (HR 3.69, p = 0.001) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 at discharge (HR 1.87, p = 0.03) were identified as predictors of overall mortality. Nephrectomy approach showed no influence on OS. Estimated recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 86.1% at 5 and 10 years in the RN group and 93.5% and 83.6% in the PN group, respectively (p = 0.22)., Conclusions: Laparoscopic PN is not inferior to RN in terms of oncologic and surgical safety in cT1 RCC. Nephrectomy approach did not influence patient OS, however, obesity, CCI ≥ 3 and GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 at discharge did behave as predictors., (Copyright © 2021 AEU. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To review the current situationof biomarkers used in the diagnosis, prognosis,treatment response and relapse of testicular cancer., Methods: A non systematic review was performedof clinical guidelines and articles published within thelast years regarding biomarkers in testicular cancer., Results: The most commonly used biomarkersare alphafetoprotein (AFP) and beta human corionicgonadotropin (β-HCG).The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is presentin multiple tissues and is elevated in advancedgerminal tumors. A few micro molecules of RNA (micro-RNA) have demonstrated to be specifically elevatedin testicular germinal tumors. However, its clincalbenefit, as well as its standardization is currently underinvestigation., Conclusions: Classic biomarkers AFP, β-HCG,and LDH are of some utility confirming the diagnosisif they are elevated. However, its limited sensibility isnot enough to rely the diagnosis on themselves. Thereare promising results with Micro-RNA but its daily usedoes not seem imminent.

Introduction: Pulmonary carcinoids are relatively rare neuroendocrine neoplasms, accounting for only 1-2% of malignant thoracic tumours. We describe our experience in the management and follow-up of such an infrequent tumour, with special emphasis on possible problems that might arise., Patients and Methods: We present a descriptive retrospective study of all patients diagnosed with carcinoid tumour between January 2013 and January 2018. Demographic, histological and clinical data were collected and analyzed. Survival was recorded. SPSS version 21 was used for the statistical analysis., Results: 42 patients with an average age of 66.26 years were included. The mean period of follow-up was 60 months and the average survival 59.12 months. The only statistically significant factor related to an improved survival time was tumour stage at diagnosis., Conclusion: Carcinoid tumours are infrequent, which makes the objective collecting of data difficult. For this reason, we hope that the present study will contribute to a better understanding of their evolution., (Copyright © 2020 Sociedad Española de Anatomía Patológica. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: There are very few Spanish studies that compare oncological outcomes following radical prostatectomy (RP) based on surgical approach, and their methodology is not appropriate., Objective: To compare oncological outcomes in terms of surgical margins (SM) and biochemical recurrence (BR) between open radical prostatectomy (ORP) and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP)., Material and Methods: Comparison of two cohorts (307 with ORP and 194 with LRP) between 2007-2015. Surgical margin status was defined as positive or negative, and BR as a PSA rise of >0.4 ng/ml after surgery. To compare the qualitative variables, we employed the Chi-squared test, and ANOVA was used for quantitative variables. We performed a multivariate analysis using logistic regression to evaluate the predictive factors of SM, and a multivariate analysis using Cox regression to evaluate the predictive factors of BR., Results: Gleason 7 (3+4) was determined in the surgical specimens of 43.5% of patients, and 31.7% had positive SM. The most frequent pathological stage was pT2c, on the 61.9% of the cases. No significant differences were found between both groups, except for extracapsular extension (p=0.001), more frequent in LRP. The median follow-up was 49 months. BR was seen in the 23% of patients, without significant differences between groups. In the multivariable analysis, only the D'Amico risk group behaved as an independent predictive factor of positive SM, and Gleason score and positive SM acted as independent predictive factors of BR., Conclusion: The surgical approach did not influence SM status or BR., (Copyright © 2020 AEU. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Survival analysis of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) with adverse prognostic factors (APF) treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) and salvage radiotherapy (SRT) after biochemical recurrence (BR) or biochemical persistence (BP)., Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of 446 patients with at least one of the following APF: Gleason score ≥8, pathologic stage ≥pT3 and/or positive surgical margins. BR criteria used was PSA level over 0.4ng/ml. A survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier was performed to compare the different variable categories with log-rank test. In order to identify risk factors for SRT response and cancer specific survival (CSS) we performed univariate and multivariate analyses using Cox regression., Results: Mean follow up: 72 (IQR 27-122) months, mean time to BR: 42 (IQR 20-112) months, mean PSA level at BR: 0.56 (IQR 0.42-0.96). BR was present in 36.3% of the patients. Biochemical response to SRT was observed in 121 (75.7%) patients. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates after SRT at 3, 5, 8 and 10years were 95.7%, 92.3%, 87.9%, and 85%; overall survival (OS) rates after 5, 10 and 15years was 95.6%, 86.5% and 73.5%, respectively. CSS rates at 5, 10 and 15years were 99.1%, 98.1% and 96.6%. Only time to BR <24months (HR=2.55, P=.01) was identified as an independent risk factor for RFS after SRT., Conclusions: In these patients, RP only controls the disease in approximately half of the cases. Multimodal sequential treatment (RP+SRT when needed) increases this control, achieving high CSS rates and biochemical control in over 87% of the patients. Patients with time to recurrence >24months responded better to rescue treatment., (Copyright © 2020 AEU. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Recurrence trends after renal cell cancer nephrectomy are not clearly defined., Objective: To evaluate recurrence trends according to recurrence risk groups (RRG)., Material and Method: Retrospective analysis of 696 patients with renal cell cancer treated with nephrectomy between 1990-2010. Three RRG were defined according to the presence of anatomopathological variables (pTpN stage, nuclear grade, tumor necrosis [TN], sarcomatoid differentiation [SD], positive resection margin [RM]): -Low RG (LRG): pT1pNx-0 G1-4, pT2pNx-0 G1-2; no TN, SD and/or RM (+). -Intermediate RG (IRG): pT2pNx-0 G3-4; pT3-4pNx-0 G1-2; LRG with TN. -High RG (HRG): pT3-4pNx-0 G3-4; pT1-4pN+; IRG with TN and/or SD; LRG with SD and/or RM (+). The Kaplan-Meier method has been used to evaluate recurrence-free survival as a function of RRG. The log-rank test was used to evaluate differences between survival curves., Results: The median follow-up was 105 (IQR 63-148) months. Of the total series, 177 (25.4%) patients presented recurrence: distant 15.9%, local 4.9% and 4.6% distant and local. The recurrence rate varied according to the RRG with values of 72.9% for HRG, 16.9% for IRG and 10.2% for LRG (p=.0001). Most cases in LRG presented single organ recurrence (72.2%) (p=.006). The LRG experienced recurrence as single metastasis in 50% of cases, compared to 30% and 18.6% in IRG and HRG, respectively (p=.009). The most common sites of recurrence were lung and abdomen. Lung recurrence predominated in the HRG (72.9%) (p=.0001) and abdominal, in the LRG (83.3%) with a tendency to significance (p=.15)., Conclusions: Recurrence rates (especially bone and lung) increase with higher RG. Single organ recurrences and single metastases are more frequent in LRG., (Copyright © 2020 AEU. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: MicroRNA-7 (miR-7) has a suppressive role in lung cancer and alterations in its DNA methylation may contribute to tumorigenesis. As COPD patients with emphysema have a higher risk of lung cancer than other COPD phenotypes, we compared the miR-7 methylation status among smoker subjects and patients with various COPD phenotypes to identify its main determinants., Methods: 30 smoker subjects without airflow limitation and 136 COPD patients without evidence of cancer were recruited in a prospective study. Clinical and functional characteristics were assessed and patients were classified into: frequent exacerbator, emphysema, chronic bronchitis and asthma COPD overlap (ACO). DNA collected from buccal epithelial samples was isolated and bisulfite modified. miR-7 methylation status was evaluated by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (qMSP)., Results: miR-7 Methylated levels were higher in COPD patients than in smokers without airflow limitation (23.7±12.4 vs. 18.5±8.8%, p=0.018). Among COPD patients, those with emphysema had higher values of methylated miR-7 (27.1±10.2%) than those with exacerbator (19.4±9.9%, p=0.004), chronic bronchitis (17.3±9.0%, p=0.002) or ACO phenotypes (16.0±7.2%, p=0.010). After adjusting for clinical parameters, differences between emphysematous patients and those with other phenotypes were retained. In COPD patients, advanced age, mild-moderate airflow limitation, reduced diffusing capacity and increased functional residual capacity were identified as independent predictors of methylated miR-7 levels., Conclusion: The increase of miR-7 methylation levels experienced by COPD patients occurs mainly at the expense of the emphysema phenotype, which might contribute to explain the higher incidence of lung cancer in these patients., (Copyright © 2019 SEPAR. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

In 2011, the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) and the Spanish Society of Pathology (SEAP) initiated a joint project to establish guidelines for biomarker testing in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer based on the information available at the time. As this field is constantly evolving, these guidelines were updated in 2012 and 2015 and now in 2019. Current evidence suggests it should be mandatory to test all patients with this kind of advanced lung cancer for EGFR and BRAF mutations, ALK and ROS1 rearrangements and PD-L1 expression. The growing need to study other emerging biomarkers has promoted the routine use of massive sequencing (next-generation sequencing, NGS). However, the coordination of every professional involved and the prioritisation of the most suitable tests and technologies for each case remain a challenge., (Copyright © 2020 Sociedad Española de Anatomía Patológica. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of laparoscopy in patients with renal cancer treated with radical nephrectomy in terms of surgical time, hospital stay, postoperative complications and survival.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 570 patients with renal cancer treated with radical nephrectomyin stage ≤pT3a. Differences between groups were analysed using ANOVA test for quantitative variables and Chi squared test for qualitative. In order to evaluate possible risk factors for longer hospital stay and surgical time, multivariate analysis was performed (lineal regression). For complications we performed binary logistic regression. Overall survival (OS), recurrence free survival (RFS) and cancer specific survival (CSS) were estimated using Kaplan Meier and compared using Log Rank test. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed using Cox regression in order to identify independent risk factors for overall, cancer specific and recurrence mortality., Results: Two cohorts: 361 (63.3%) open radical nephrectomies (ORN) and 209 (36.7%) laparoscopic (LRN). Surgical time was longer in LRN (p=0.001) globally. After the period when the learning curve was over these differences were no longer significant. Hospital stay was shorter in LRN (p=0.0001). cT stage (p=0.005) and surgical access (p=0.001) acted as independent risk factors for longer surgical time. 33,5% (121 patients) of the ORN had some sort of postoperative complication vs. 11% (23 patients) in the LRN group (p=0.0001). These differences were observed in the Clavien-Dindo's grade II group. Independent risk factors for postoperative complications observed were: ASA≥III (OR=1.82, p=0.004) and stage pT3a (OR=2.29,p=0.0001). Laparoscopy acted as a protective factor for complications (OR=0,26, p=0.0001). Surgical access did not influence RFS (HR=0.87, p=0.50), CSS(HR=0.69, p=0.12)., Conclusions: Laparoscopic access to RN in patients with renal cancer in ≤pT3a stage increased surgical time only in the first years, reduced hospital stayand postoperative complications and did not influence RFS, OS or CSS.

Introduction: 85% of lung cancers are non-small cell carcinomas (NSCLC), the majority of which are diagnosed in an advanced stage. Immunotherapy has changed the treatment pattern for these tumors and created the need to find a marker for patient selection. Although not ideal, PD-L1 is the biomarker currently used in clinical practice., Material and Methods: Retrospective review by two pathologists of 53 cases of NSCLC from 2005 to 2007 in Hospital Universitario La Paz, using the WHO 2015 classification studying PD-L1 with clones 22C3 and 28-8. The consistency between observers and clones was assessed and all data studied were correlated with survival rates., Results: We found a prevalence of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells (TC) similar to that previously reported in the literature and a very good consistency between clones in the evaluation of TC and immune cells (ICC 0.99-0.93, p<.001). Interobserver concordance was very good in the evaluation of TC (ICC 0.902, 95% CI: 0.836-0.942, p<.001 for clone 22C3 and ICC 0.927, 95% CI: 0.877-0.957, p<.001 for clone 28-8) and poor for immune cells (ICC of 0.413, 95% CI: 0.163-0.613, p=.001 with clone 22C3 and ICC of 0.313, 95% CI: 0.053-0.534, p=.010 with clone 28-8). Subtype and histological grade were the only variables related to prognosis., Conclusions: The clones of PD-L1 22C3 and 28-8 are equivalent and there is good interobserver consistency in the evaluation of TC but not in immune cells., (Copyright © 2019 Sociedad Española de Anatomía Patológica. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: . To determine the frequency of sleepiness and its associated factors in public transportation drivers in Lima metropolitan area., Materials and Methods: . Transversal analytical study carried out on drivers between 18 and 65 years old who work in a public transportation company registered in the Municipality of Lima. Sleepiness was assessed using a version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale validated in Peru. The variables that could behave as associated factors were obtained by a data collection sheet. Logistic regression was used to estimate the magnitude of the association between sleepiness and variables considered as associated factors., Results: . Four hundred forty (440) drivers were included, median age was 38.0 years and the majority (99.3%) were males. From the total number of drivers, 17.7% (78) experienced daytime sleepiness. A significant association was found between sleepiness and the 2 x 1 rotation system (p=0.038), and between sleepiness and hours of sleep under seven (p=0.011). Logistic regression analysis showed that drivers with six or fewer hours of sleep were more likely to have daytime sleepiness (OR 1.83, 95% CI: 1.03-3.25)., Conclusions: . Approximately one out of five drivers experienced daytime sleepiness, which was associated with having six or fewer hours of sleep per day.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to compare performance of two biopsy approaches in patients with at least one previous negative prostate biopsy (PB): classical transrectal biopsy (ClTB) versus cognitive registration biopsy (COG-TB)., Material and Methods: A retrospective study of 205 patients with at least one negative PB. 144 (70.2%) patients underwent a prior mpMRI and 61 (29.8%) patients did not. Nodule classification was carried out according PI-RADS version 2. Peripheral zone (PZ) grouped pZa, pZpl and pZpm areas, transition zone (TZ) Tza, Tzp and Cz areas, and anterior zone (AZ) AS areas. COG-TB was conducted in patients with previous mpMRI (144); while in the remaining 61 (29.8%) patients a ClTB of PZ and TZ was performed. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi square and T-student tests for qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively. Multivariate analysis was carried out in order to identify predictive variables of prostate cancer., Results: Median patient age was 68 (IQR 62-72) years, median PSA was 8.3 (IQR 6.2-11.7) ng/ml and median previous biopsies was 1 (IQR 1-2). Digital rectal examinations (DRE) findings were normal in 169 (82.4%) patients and suspicious in 36 (17.6%) patients (cT2a-b in 34 patients and cT2c in 2). Median prostate volume was 48 (IQR 38-65) cc. Statistically significant differences in PSAD between both groups were found (P=.03). Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) showed hypoechoic nodules in 8 (13.1%) ClTB patients and in 62 (43.1%) COG-TB patients (P=.0001). The median number of biopsy cylinders per set of prostate biopsies was 10 (IQR 10-10) in ClTB group and 11 (IQR 9-13) in COG-TB group (P=.75). Cancer was diagnosed in 74 (36.1%) patients: of them, 10 (16.4%) were ClTB patients and 64 (44.4%) COG-TB (P=.0001). Tumors classification was as follow: ISUP-1: 34 (45.9%), ISUP-2: 21 (28.4%), ISUP-3: 9 (12.2%), ISUP-4: 7 (9.5%) and ISUP-5: 3 (4.1%). No significant statistical differences were found (P=.89). The median number of biopsy cylinders impaired per set of prostate biopsies was 1 (IQR 1-5) in ClTB group and 2 (IQR 1-4) in COG-TB group (P=.93). Regarding independent predictive variables for prostate cancer the results were: age (OR=12.05; P=.049), suspicious DRE (OR=2.64; P=.04), hypoechoic nodule (OR=2.20; P=.03) and mpMRI +COG-TB sequence (OR=3.49; P=.003)., Conclusions: In patients with at least one negative PB, mpMRI +COG-TB sequence improves 3.5 (OR=3.49) times the diagnosis prostate vs. ClTB., (Copyright © 2018 AEU. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objective: One of the inherent features of kidney tumours is the capacity to spread inside the venous system as tumour thrombi. The aim of this study was to assess in patients with stage pT3apN0cM0 kidney cancer whether venous tumour involvement influenced tumour recurrence., Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients with stage pT3apN0cM0 kidney cancer treated with radical nephrectomy between 1990-2015. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis to identify predictive variables and independent predictive variables relating to recurrence., Results: The results of 153 patients were studied. The median follow-up was 82 (IQR 36-117) months. Recurrence-free survival at 5 years was 58.9% with a median of 97 (95% CI 49.9-144.1) months. Seventy-seven (50.3%) patients recurred. Seventy cases 70 (90.9%) had distant metastases, 17 (14.2%) of these patients had local recurrence in the bed of nephrectomy. Tumour necrosis (p=.0001), and microvascular invasion (p=.001) were identified as independent predictors of tumour recurrence in the multivariable analysis., Conclusions: In our series, after multivariable analysis, venous tumour extension was not related to recurrence. Tumour necrosis and microvascular infiltration did behave as independent predictive factors of tumour recurrence., (Copyright © 2018 AEU. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Evaluation of the effectiveness of cognitive biopsy (CB) in patients with clinical suspicion of prostate cancer (PC), and at least one negative biopsy (TRB)., Material and Method: Retrospective study of 144 patients with at least one previous TRB and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI nodules were classified based on PI-RADS v2 grouping pZa, pZpl and pZpm as the peripheral zone(PZ), Tza, Tzp and CZ as the transitional zone (TZ), and the AS zones as the anterior zone (AZ). A biopsy was indicated for nodules ≥PI-RADS 3. Uni and multivariate analysis was undertaken (logistic regression) to identify variables relating to a PI-RADS 3 tumour on biopsy., Results: The median age was 67 (IQR: 62-72) years, the median PSA was 8.2 (IQR: 6.2-12) ng/ml. A nodule was identified on MRI in the PZ in 97 (67.4%) cases, in the TZ in 29 (20.1%), and in the AZ in 41 (28.5%). PC was diagnosed on biopsy in 64 (44%) patients. The cancer rate in the PI-RADS 3 lesions was 17.5% (7/40), in the PI-RADS 4 47.3% (35/73), and in the PI-RADS 5 lesions it was 73.3% (22/29) (p=.0001). Multivariable analysis with variables that could influence the biopsy result in patients with PI-RADS 3: None (age, PSA, number of previous biopsies, rectal examination, PSAD, prostate volume or number of extracted cylinders) behaved as an independent tumour predictor., Conclusions: The diagnostic performance of CB in patients with at least one previous negative biopsy was 44%, increasing according to the PI-RADS grade, and low in PI-RADS 3. No clinical variable predictive of cancer was found in patients with PI-RADS 3., (Copyright © 2018 AEU. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: Surgery on renal tumours with venous thrombosis suffers a high rate of complications and non-negligible perioperative mortality. Our objective was to analyse the postoperative complications, their relationship with the level of the thrombus and its potential predisposing factors., Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 101 patients with renal tumours with venous thrombosis operated on between 1988 and 2017. Two patients were excluded because of intraoperative pulmonary thromboembolism and exitus (2%). The postsurgical complications were classified according to Clavien-Dindo. To compare the qualitative variables, we employed the chi-squared test. We performed a multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression to identify the independent predictors., Results: Some type of postsurgical complication occurred in 34 (34.3%) patients, 11 (11.1%) of which were severe (Clavien III-V). There were significant differences in the total complications (P=.003) and severe complications (Clavien≥III; P=.03) depending on the level of the tumour thrombus., (Copyright © 2018 AEU. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Prostate cancer is a disease that presents a wide spectrum from low aggressiveness localized to disseminated cancer. Locally advanced prostate cancer (LAPC) is a particularly difficult to manage phase of this spectrum., Objectives: We review the definition, diagnosis and treatment of this phase of the disease., Methods: We performed a non systematic literature review of the most relevant features of this pathology., Results: LAPC is more aggressive than organ confined disease. Its clinical diagnosis is not always easy. Local treatment, in spite of being aggressive with potential sequelae, seems to be advantageous in terms of patient survival., Conclusions: Prostate cancer local staging is currently based on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). Local radical treatment with surgery or radiotherapy, with probable addition of systemic treatment, offers promising results for disease control and quality of life improvement.

In order to determine sleep habits in bus drivers and their relationship to accidents in the city of Arequipa, Peru, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in a non-probabilistic sample of 166 drivers. Driving hours per day were 9.4 ± 3.7. 54% (89) drive over 4 hours without stopping; 74% (123) drive at night; and 87% (145) sleep on the bus. 75% reported fatigue while driving (124). 27% (45) had drowsiness; 24% (40) reported having been in or on the verge of an accident while driving. Sleepiness or fatigue while driving was common in this population and their driving and rest habits could contribute to this.

Introduction: Sleepiness in students has an impact on their learning, focus and memory. Sleepiness is caused by multiple factors. Therefore, our objective was to estimate the frequency of sleepiness in Peruvian students and assess its relation to lifestyle and sleep habits., Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted on first through fifth year secondary students. The Spanish version of the pediatric daytime sleepiness scale (0 to 32 points) was administered and sleep and demographic characteristics and harmful habits, among others were investigated. Excessive sleepiness was considered as a score higher than 20 points, and its association was assessed using raw and adjusted odds ratios., Results: The study included 586 students; the average score in the pediatric daytime sleepiness scale was 13.0 ± 5.5; 11.9% of students had excessive sleepiness. Smoking was associated with excessive sleepiness, with an adjusted OR of 6.9 (95% CI: 2.9-17.0); alcohol consumption showed an OR of 4 (95% CI: 1.5-10.5), and practicing sports showed an OR of 0.5 (95% CI: 0.3-0.9). Likewise, having a bad sleep quality (OR: 5.4; 95% CI: 3.1-9.5) and taking more than 60 minutes to fall asleep (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.16.0) were associated with a higher probability of having sleepiness., Conclusion: Sleepiness was observed in 12% of the studied population, and was found to be lower than the rates described in studies with different populations. Excessive sleepiness is associated with smoking and frequent alcohol consumption, a lower level of sports practice, and bad sleep habits.

Restless legs syndrome is a disorder associated with the imperative need to move the legs, starting at different times of day and it gets worse at night, relieved by activity, affecting the quality of life and sleep who sufferers it. Despite being a common disorder at any age, in adults with a prevalence of up to 10%, is not diagnosed by doctors and first level specialists that is why diagnostic and therapeutic interventions get delayed contributing to the perpetuation of symptoms and worsening quality of life. Since its diagnosis is purely clinical, getting familiar with this disorder is essential to ensure proper focus and thus rule out other diseases commonly confused with this one. Restless legs syndrome has a multi-factorial etiology that ranges from a genetic and hereditary, which are called primary restless legs syndrome, to its association with multiple pathologies, known as secondary restless legs syndrome. As for its management, drug therapy and non-drug therapy is aimed at symptom control, as its cure is not possible, although occasionally the condition can refer to later repeat in months or years.

Purpose: To evaluate the new treatment strategies in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that affects the graft in renal recipients., Acquisition of Evidence: A literature review is made, analyzing all the published cases of conservative surgery in renal graft RCC., Synthesis of Evidence: A total of 51 partial nephrectomies in renal graft patients have been described, with a graft survival rate of 88% and a recurrence rate of 6%. Most of the patients (75%) were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis, and the mean lesion size was 2.8 cm. Enucleation was the most frequent technique employed. 77% of all immunosuppressor regimens included cyclosporine A. Six patients with graft RCC were subjected to radiofrequency ablation and two patients underwent percutaneous cryoablation, with a single case of relapse and a graft survival rate of 100%., Conclusions: Nephron-sparing surgery is a good management option in renal graft RCC, affording good oncological control and graft survival. Modification of immunosuppression with the withdrawal of cyclosporine A and the introduction of mTOR inhibitors is an adequate measure in such patients., (Copyright © 2012 AEU. Published by Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To describe the clinical and polysomnographyc differences between obese and non- obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea (OSAH) syndrome., Materials and Methods: A physical examination, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and a polysomnography were performed to all included patients. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 30 kg/m(2)., Results: 408 patients with OSAH were analyzed, out of these, 119 (47 %) were obese. OSAH was mild in 101 (25 %), moderate in 91 (22 %) and severe in 216 (53 %). There were no age, sex and EES score differences between obese and non-obese patients. Cervical perimeter and sleepiness prevalence according to the ESS were significant higher in obese population. Obese patients had higher comorbidity related to dyslipidemia, high blood pressure and coronary disease. With respect to the polysomnographyc variables, the indexes of respiratory events and the levels of oxygen saturation were worse in obese patients. There were no differences in the other variables. The regression analysis showed association between obesity and OSAH severity., Conclusions: OSAH is a clinical condition not limited to obese population, although this group has a higher comorbidity and OSAH severity.

The available information indicates that up to one third of the road traffic accidents are produced by the driver's sleepiness. Sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is an organic disease that causes sleepiness. It can be diagnosed by a sleep register and can be controlled by different therapeutic means, varying their complexity according to its severity, which determines the final cost of the management of SAHS. In patients using the therapy thoroughly, the results are very good and achieve to control the sleepiness, improve the quality of life of the affected subject, protect his health and markedly decrease the risk of accidents due to sleepiness during driving. We put into consideration of the respective authorities the application of these tests in drivers suspected of having SAHS who renew their driving licenses type A-II and A-III.

Objectives: To compare the levels of fatigue, sleepiness and their consequences between formal and informal drivers of interprovincial buses. To evaluate labor conditions between both study groups., Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was performed with non-probabilistic sampling. 100 companies of land transport were included, out of which 17 were formal according to the official registries of the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC), the drivers were also classified as formal or informal. The survey included one questionnaire and a Peruvian validated version of the Epworth sleepiness scale., Results: 71 formal drivers and 274 informal drivers participated, all were males. Out of the 134 drivers that worked for the formal companies according to the MTC, only 43 (32%) belong to the formal group based on the proposed criteria. 48% (34) of the formal drivers and 43% (118) of the informal sleep less than 7 hours a day. 48% (34) of the formal and 49% (135) of the informal admitted having had an accident or "almost" having had it, the most frequent time of the day was between 01.00 and 04.00 in the morning. The dawn is the period in which both groups feel most tired. 44% (30) of the formal drivers and 54% (144) of the informal ones perform 5 or more night shifts per week. Out of the total of interviewed, 16% (56) had sleepiness. The association with road traffic accidents was similar., Conclusions: The fatigue and sleepiness levels were similar between formal and informal drivers. Companies classified as formal, have a high percentage of informality amongst their drivers.

The information indicates that the traffic accidents caused by bus drivers' sleepiness or tiredness are frequent in our country. A driver that falls asleep while driving cannot perform evasive maneuvers in order to avoid crashes or getting off the track, being the result of this kind of accidents a great number of victims and infrastructure destruction. In this article we discuss the original data published in Peru up to date and make general proposals to face the problem.

Objective: although the vaccination against hepatitis A (VAH) and hepatitis B (VBH) is recommended in patients with HCV, the most cost-effective strategy has not been established. Our objective was to compare the cost-effectiveness of universal strategy (vaccination all patients) with selective strategy (vaccination only patients against virus they lack immunity to) in patients with HCV., Patients and Methods: we compared the direct medical costs of the two vaccination strategies against both viruses in 313 patients with HC. Serological markers for HAV (anti-HAV) and HBV (HbsAg, anti HBs, anti HBc) were determined in the 313 patients and the costs of the vaccines and the blood tests necessary to determinate the immunity state in our care system were considered., Results: the prevalence of anti-HAV was 81,2% and of anti-HBc was 24,6%. The prevalence of anti-HAV increases with age. HAV vaccination with universal strategy has a cost of 19.806,64 euro and with selective one of 9.899,62 euro. HBV vaccination with universal strategy rose to 18.780 euro and to 20.385,57 euro with selective one (employing anti-HBc). Costs were analysed in different groups of age and several hepatitis HBV risk factors., Conclusions: the selective vaccination strategy against HAV was most cost-effective in our patients with HCV. However, when the prevalence of the anti-HAV decreased to less than 20% universal strategy will be the best option. Difference of cost-effective between the two vaccination strategies against HBV was small, on behalf of universal one, so in groups with higher anti-HBc prevalence, like parenteral drugs users and tattoos, the selective strategy could be the best option.