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Oats (Avena sativa L.) with similar amylose content were used to investigate the effects of ultra-high pressure treatment (UHPT) on the eating quality of steamed oat and oat protein structure. Water absorption and texture of steamed oat were evaluated and taste analysis was conducted by electronic tongue after a series of UHPT (400–600 MPa; holding time 5–15 min). The oat protein was extracted from the oat and treated with the same UHPT as the steamed oat (400–600 MPa; holding time 5–15 min). The oat protein structure was scanned by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The water absorption rate of oat rice was increased by UHPT. Hardness values of steamed oat were reduced while springiness and cohesiveness were increased by UHPT. The UHPT samples showed significant differences in electronic tongue profiles from that of the original samples. The SEM results indicated that the structure of the protein was greatly affected by UHPT. The impact on protein structure significantly increased with an increasing level of pressure and treatment time. In general, the UHPT has strong potential to improve the texture and flavor of oat and change the structure of oat protein during industrial production.