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Epicatechin (EC) is a water-soluble natural organic compound belonging to the flavanol class of compounds. It exhibits various physiological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, treatment of mitochondrial diseases, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.To examineEC’s impact and mechanism on adult myoblasts’ insulin resistance. The effects of various EC concentrations on the viability of C2C12 adult myoblasts were measured, as were glucose consumption and glycogen content; in vitro antioxidant activity of EC was measured; cellular oxidative marker content and apoptosis were measured; and protein expression was detected by Western blot. A model of insulin resistance in C2C12 myogenic cells was established using palmitic acid. EC significantly increased the glucose consumption and glycogen content; EC increased the levels of CAT, SOD and GSH and decreased the levels of NO, MDA and ROS; EC decreased the apoptosis rate of cells; EC treatment upregulated the levels of GLUT4, p-AMPK, p-ACC, NRF2, and HO-1 proteins. These results suggest that EC can regulate the NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathway, enhance GLUT4 transport, activate AMPK/ACC pathway, enhance cellular uptake of glucose, thus effectively improving insulin resistance in C2C12 cells.

ABSTRACTTargeting disorders of glucose metabolism and the occurrence of hyperglycemia provides a potential therapeutic strategy for balancing energy to reduce insulin resistance such as type 2 diabetes. The present study investigated whether theasaponin E1 regulate energy metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. C2C12 mouse myoblasts were differentiated into myotubes . An MTT colorimetric assay verified cell viability. Theasaponin E1 (30, 45 or 60 mg/ ml), or metformin (2.5 mM), insulin (150 nM) for reference were used to treat the C2C12 myotubes. The expressions of energy metabolism were measured by western blotting in C2C12 myotubes. 2-NBDG kit to detect the glucose uptake capacity. Theasaponin E1 Treatment increases glucose uptake,GSK 3 β, as well as increases to the glycogen synthesis through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, while reducing AMPK and ACC activities, and reducing the adipose synthesis pathway. These results suggest that theasaponin E1 may be increases glucose uptake by improving muscle energy metabolism.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different subjects from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SCS5 (L. plantarum SCS5) on type 2 diabetes by modulating oxidative stress levels.The normal group (NG) and the model group (MG) of mice were fed normally, while the three test groups (LP1,LP2,LP3) received 10 ml/kg (body weight) of the L. plantarum SCS5 suspension, intracellular material, or heat-killed intracellular material daily for 10 weeks. The weight loss and the increase in blood glucose were alleviated in the LP2 and LP3 groups. Insulin, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase significantly increased in the LP3 group of mice compared with the MG group. Additionally, the pathological sections showed that the lesions in the LP3 group were less severe than those in the MG group. These findings indicate that the heat-killed intracellular L. plantarum SCS5 material was most effective in alleviating oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic mice.

This study investigated the ability of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SCS3 (L. plantarum SCS3) to alleviate oxidative stress in diabetic mice. Diabetic mouse model was established by administering 50 mg/kg (bodyweight) of streptozocin for 5 days. We then applied 0.5 mL of 1.0 × 1010 CFU/mL L. plantarum SCS3 cell suspension (TGa group), its intracellular contents (TGb group), or boiled intracellular contents (TGc group) to mice for ten weeks. Compared with the model group (MG), weight loss and hyperglycemia were most effectively ameliorated in the TGc group compared to the other treatment groups; based on the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, levels of insulin and glycosylated hemoglobin were improved; the reactive oxygen species level decreased, while superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels in the TGc mice increased significantly (P

A series of cyclic energetic derivatives based on nitroguanidine and 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene were theoretically designed. The spatial structures, infrared spectrometry, heats of formation, electronic structures, detonation properties, and thermal stabilities of these designed compounds were fully investigated by density functional theory. It is found that all the designed compounds have moderate stabilities (bond dissociation energies range from 11.3 to 99.0 kJ mol-1), high crystal densities (from 1.9589 to 2.00188 g cm-3), high positive heats of formation (from 649.6 to 1060.8 kJ mol-1) and high positive heats of detonation (from 1074.77 to 1332.06 cal g-1) which lead to the excellent detonation properties (detonation velocities range from 8.71 to 9.05 km s-1 while detonation pressures range from 35.47 to 38.55 GPa). Electronic structures such as electrostatic potentials on the surface, electronic densities, highest occupied molecular orbitals, lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals and their energy gaps were also simulated to give a better understanding of chemical and physical properties of these compounds. All the data may shine lights on the explosive searching and synthesis.