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The 2-page document intends to provide readers with quick information (mode of action, weeds controlled, postharvest interval, usage restrictions, suggested rates, etc.) on different preemergent or soil-residual herbicides used in citrus. Compiled by R. Kanissery, W. Liu, J. D. Burrow, S. H. Futch, B. A. Sellers, and S. S. Teems and published by the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1438

Wax esters have been widely used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Oleic acid wax esters can be used to replace spermaceti oil or jojoba oil. In this work, the acidic deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride and p-toluenesulfonic acid (1:4, mol/mol) was used as an efficient recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of oleic acid-based liquid wax esters through an esterification reaction. The esterification conversion of cetyl alcohol reached 99.1% under the following optimal reaction conditions: 5% DES as catalyst, molar ratio of fatty acid to alcohol of 1.3:1 and reaction temperature of 70 oC for 3h. The catalyst recovery experiments showed that this low-price acidic DES catalyst could be reused five times with uniform activity. Moreover, DES-catalyzed solvent-free esterification could be applied in the preparation of other oleic acid-based wax esters and excellent conversions (> 96%) could be obtained under such mild conditions.

Trans fats, unsaturated fatty acids with at least one double bond in the trans configuration, have received a great amount of attention in the field of oleo chemistry and safety. In this work, the cis-trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids in edible oils has been successfully developed using simple and cheap p-toluenesulfinic acid as catalyst. The effects of reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading, and the amounts of water and antioxidants on the cis-trans isomerization have been systematically investigated. The results indicate that the amount of water (0–20 wt %) and antioxidants (0–200 mg/kg) had no significant effect on this cis-trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids in edible oils. The final products (trans fats) from the cis-trans isomerization reaction were characterized by both GC and React IR. The yield of trans double bonds from the isomerized fat can reach 79.6% after heating at 100 oC for 90 min without changing either the location of the double bonds or the degree of unsaturation. In addition, this convenient method has been applied to various vegetable oils (e.g., olive oil, camellia seed oil, corn oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil) and nearly 80.0% yields of TFA were generated, which shows a promising method to provide trans-fat products for research related to oleo and food chemistry.

Epoxidized soybean oil methyl esters could be efficiently prepared with the transesterification of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) with a lower dosage of methanol using lipase Novozym 435 as catalyst. The optimum parameters were as follows: the molar ratio of 5:1 (methanol to ESBO), 5% Novozym 435 as catalyst, at 45 °C for 14 h, with a stirring speed of 600rpm, under which the epoxidized soybean oil methyl esters (ESBOME) could be obtained at a 95.7% yield. During the enzymatic transesterification process, the oxirane oxygen values were kept unchangeable, which indicated that excellent functional group tolerance could be achieved under such mild reaction conditions. In addition, the recyclability of the immobilized enzyme Novozym 435 in this transesterification process was examined and the results showed that the biocatalyst could be reused ten times without losing any reaction activity or selectivity. And the final products of ESBOME were also identified by IR and NMR analysis. The kinetic data obtained followed the Ping-Pong Bi mechanism model (Vmax = 6.132 mol·L-1min-1, Km,S = 0,0001 mol·L-1, Km, A = 796.148 mol·L-1, Ki, A = 0,0004 mol·L-1) with competitive inhibition by methanol.

Objetivos: Los datos sobre la supervivencia y los factores de riesgo del adenocarcinoma ampular son limitados debido a su rareza. Este estudio buscó comparar el subtipo intestinal y el subtipo pancreático-biliar en pacientes con adenocarcinoma ampular. Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de hallazgos clínicos y patológicos y la supervivencia de 184 pacientes con adenocarcinoma ampular tratados entre 2007 y 2018. Resultados: El subtipo pancreático-biliar tuvo una mayor prevalencia de ictericia antes de la operación y un tamaño de tumor mayor, y una peor diferenciación, que el subtipo intestinal. La invasión perineural fue más frecuente en el subtipo pancreático-biliar, con una mayor prevalencia de linfonodos disecados positivos y un estadio avanzado de la enfermedad. Los pacientes del subtipo pancreático-biliar tuvieron una supervivencia libre de enfermedad y una supervivencia general peores que los pacientes del subtipo intestinal. No se encontró ningún beneficio de la quimioterapia adyuvante en pacientes del subtipo intestinal o pancreático-biliar. No hubo diferencia significativa en las regiones recurrentes. Conclusión: El subtipo pancreático-biliar mostró una tasa de recurrencia y una tasa de supervivencia general peores, con características patológicas más desfavorables que el subtipo intestinal.

Background: Biliary papillomatosis is a rare type of papillomatosis. Depending on the location of the disease, radical surgical resection or liver transplants are the treatment of choice. These radical surgical options may be unrealistic in patients who are not surgical candidates or who are unwilling to consider surgery., Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of endoscopic electrocoagulation for the biliary papillomatosis., Methods: In this case series, we report six patients with unresectable biliary papillomatosis who underwent cholangioscopic electrocoagulation using needle knife and their clinic follow up information., Results: After patients received cholangioscopy with electrocoagulation of the residual biliary papilloma, the daily T-tube drainage volume increased to 200-400ml with improvement in the drainage content and significant relief of clinical symptoms, such as jaundice and abdominal pain., Conclusion: This method of using electrocoagulation to directly target and destroy tumor tissue is a safe and effective alternative for those with unresectable disease, and this method has shown to enhance T-tube drainage volume and improve patients' overall clinical symptoms., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)