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Pope Francis has claimed that “we are living through a change of epoch, the deepest level of which is cultural.” “A change of epoch” entails much change in Catholic parishes especially across the Western world. Change can be chosen or unchosen. Actively chosen change is explored in this paper. Examples include parishes self-consciously adapting to become more mission-focused or purposefully adopting more traditional liturgical styles. Drawing on empirical case studies of British parishes undertaken in the course of my doctoral research in 2017 and 2018, this paper explores two different styles of leadership using Pope Francis’s metaphor of two “fires.” While “powerful flame” stands for bold, visionary leadership, “charcoal fire” represents more mild and tender listening. I consider questions such as: What is the cultural impact on a community when listening is engaged in, and when it is not? How might listening impact a parish’s direction of travel if intentional change is pursued? And what limitations to change might a listening approach entail?

Educating the Senses: Pepe Zúñiga and Mexico City’s Rebel Generation seeks to track the feelings, desires, and expectations shaped and nurtured by educating institutions in the generation of Mexico City youth that came of age from early 1960s and undertook a massive student rebellion of 1968. The story is told through the memories and experiences of painter Pepe Zúñiga. It particularly focuses on his interaction with the mass media (radio, music, film) as well as theater. The methodology combines extensive and deep oral interviewing complemented by primary and secondary sources.

La pandemia de la Covid-19 alteró los modos “normales” de funcionamiento de la esfera pública y activó un modo experimental de hacerla frente, que reinventaba las formas de lo público y los intercambios comunicativos. En este artículo, conceptualizamos las respuestas sociales desencadenadas por la crisis como formas particulares de resiliencia de la esfera pública, y evaluamos el papel de la digitalización y los espacios digitales en la aparición de distintos modos y dinámicas de resiliencia. Examinamos tres áreas de experimentación de la esfera pública con respecto a nuestra concepción: el consumo político, la movilización de la protesta política y el consumo de noticias. Discutimos las características generales de la resiliencia de la esfera pública en todas las subesferas sociales y destacamos las dinámicas e hibridaciones que estructuran los espacios públicos emergentes. Las prácticas de resiliencia van acompañadas de dinámicas de politización y despolitización, así como de cambios en los límites de lo público y lo privado. Nuestras observaciones también revelan la interacción dinámica entre la resiliencia y la resistencia.

El perezoso de dos dedos (Choloepus hoffmanni) y el de tres dedos (Bradypus variegatus), hoy considerados símbolos nacionales de Costa Rica, fueron estudiados durante 13 años (2004-2016) en una finca de cacao y sus alrededores dentro del proyecto “Theobroma cacao: Biodiversidad en doseles forestales totales y parciales”. Las investigaciones interinstitucionales e interdisciplinarias fueron realizadas por seis departamentos en cinco instituciones, y abarcaron los siguientes temas: a) ecología espacial, b) comportamiento, c) salud de vida silvestre, d) demografía, e) genética, y f) conservación. De ello resultaron 26 publicaciones científicas, la mayoría con información novedosa; algunas aparecen resumidas en este artículo. Conservación de perezosos dependerá de una variedad de componentes, entre ellos: i) protección y regeneración de hábitat donde viven y transitan, sobre todo cacaotales, bosques ribereños, cercas vivas y árboles en potreros, ii) programas de educación ambiental, iii) evitar extraer y vender perezosos a centros de rescate y zoológicos privados, y iv) continuar programas de investigación y monitoreo.

Esta investigación exploró la conexión entre el aprendizaje híbrido y la parti-cipación activa de los estudiantes utili-zando los siete principios del aprendizaje híbrido de Vaughan, Cleveland-Innes y Garrison (2013). Se ofrece una in-troducción al aprendizaje híbrido y a la participación activa de los estudiantes, junto a una visión general del marco de la comunidad de investigación y de los siete principios. Se utilizó un enfoque de investigación de métodos mixtos para in-vestigar la forma en que estos siete principios podrían utilizarse para diseñar, facilitar y dirigir un curso híbrido en la Enseñanza Superior a fin de promover la participación activa y el éxito de los estudiantes.

Introduction: Hugh Cairns, a neurosurgeon practising in Oxford, noted in a 1941 report the high number of deaths in motorcycle accidents, and advocated the use of helmets. Objective: to review road traffic accident fatality data to assess how the risk of death in a motorcycle accident has changed, or not changed, since the publication of Cairns’ findings.Material and Methods: analyses of road traffic accident data for Great Britain (1950–2017).Results and Discussion: in modern times, the risk of fatality for a motorcycle rider is around fifty times greater than that for a car driver, per mile travelled. Although the wearing of a helmet became mandatory in Great Britain in 1973, motorcyclist fatalities increased in the following years, against a background of falling all-road-user fatalities. Fatalities, however, declined markedly after restrictions were placed on novice riders in the early 1980s.Conclusions: a motorcyclist remains essentially as vulnerable as one was in the 1940s, aside from the reduced risk of head injury, and death from head injury, afforded by use of a helmet. On most modern motorcycles, in contrast to modern motor cars, there is no restraint system, nor impact energy-absorbing vehicular structure. The implementation of restrictions on novice rider led to a greater fatality rate reduction than had the enactment of the requirement to wear a helmet a decade earlier.

El Patronato Colombiano de Artes y Ciencias alberga en sus instalaciones la producción musical de algunos de los compositores sinfónicos colombianos más importante del siglo xx y obras de otros tantos tanto de ese siglo como del xxi. Su colección incluye diversas tendencias musicales, entre las que se destacan las obras sinfónicas creadas sobre temática indígena. La mayoría de estas se encuentran aún inéditas. Este trabajo presenta una mirada general al contenido orquestal indigenista de los archivos del patronato y propone una perspectiva que invita a valorar la información que las peculiaridades de dicho contexto musical y archivístico aportan accidentalmente a los documentos.

Esta lección (la segunda de dos partes) te enseña los rudimentos de TEI-XML para codificar textos.

Esta lección (la primera de dos partes) te enseña los rudimentos de TEI-XML para codificar textos.

Desde 1990, la ecología de la lapa roja (Ara macao) en el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica ha sido estudiada. Un análisis preliminar de los conteos entre 1990-1994 demostró una población decreciendo rápidamente, en riesgo de desaparecer en varias décadas. Con sentido de alarma, esta información fue compartida con 16 actores locales y científicos en un taller sobre conservación de la lapa roja en Punta Leona. Se acordaron acciones de manejo inmediatas para rescatar la población en peligro y se creó, asimismo, una asociación local (LAPPA) para coordinar los esfuerzos. A partir de 1995, se comenzaron a aplicar acciones de manejo in situ, que involucraron el hábitat, la población de lapa roja y las comunidades humanas. Como resultado, se registró un aumento significativo de dicha población y ampliación de su rango. Esto posiblemente se debió a a) la protección del hábitat y de los pichones en sus nidos; b) la educación ambiental sobre la lapa roja en escuelas rurales y pueblos; c) LAPPA coordinando muchos proyectos de manejo; d) la siembra de árboles utilizados por la lapa roja; e) construcción y colocación de nidos artificiales, y f) Punta Leona como padrino del proyecto desde 1994. Esta investigación aplicada y manejo in situ de lapa roja ha demostrado cómo recuperar una población en vías de extinción. Sin embargo, retos futuros que deben ser abordados incluyen: a) el cambio climático; b) necesidades de investigación, manejo y monitoreo con una población de lapa roja en expansión, y c) el impacto de las reintroducciones de lapa roja (manejo ex situ).

La idea moderna de la "figura de autor" debe mucho, de manera irreversible, a los dos ensayos de Roland Barthes y Michel Foucault, "La muerte del autor" y "¿Qué es un autor?". Ellos proporcionan un marco útil para una investigación sobre la aparente ausencia del autor en el mundo del web, nos permite preguntarnos si la autoría es congruente con los nuevos medios de comunicación, y si algún modelo puede ser establecido por su presencia. Se argumenta que el autor es de hecho presente, pero con su presencia y modalidades de actividad desplazadas a la figura del usuario.

This paper will investigate, analyse and comment upon the various layers of performance in Pride. An intertextual discursive approach, which will encompass the film Pride itself, contemporary historical footage and critical reception, will be used to address how multiple examples and definitions of performance combine within and outside of the film text to create meaning and encourage activism. Two performance theories will be applied.Firstly, the work by philosopher and linguist, J.L. Austin, defined certain utterances as ‘performative’ (for example “I do” spoken during a wedding ceremony) because in saying what the person is doing, they perform that action. Secondly, Erving Goffman’s research into the centrality of performance traditions in everyday social life remains influential nearly sixty years after it was first published. Applying these two theories to Pride allows the complex layers of performance in the film to develop.As a result, this paper will focus on certain themes: performative activism where gay pride marches and the miners’ strikes are reconstructed and, therefore, commemorated; musical performance and how it is used to create solidarity and a sense of community; and performative identity related to lesbian and gay identity (of which the performative process of ‘coming out’ is a part). The discussion will conclude that in these ways, through performative acts, the film is ‘showing’ an audience what political protest and acceptance ‘looks like’ and how it should be promoted.

This essay reviews the following works: Political Landscapes: Forests, Conservation, and Community in Mexico. By Christopher R. Boyer. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015. Pp. xix + 337 pages. $27.95 paper. ISBN: 9780822358329. Dictablanda: Politics, Work, and Culture in Mexico, 1938–1968. Edited By Paul Gillingham and Benjamin T. Smith. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014. Pp. vii + 444. $28.95 paper. ISBN: 9780822356370. The War Has Brought Peace to Mexico: World War II and the Consolidation of the Post-Revolutionary State. By Halbert Jones. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2014. Pp. ix + 296. $55.00 cloth. ISBN: 9780826351302. Mexico’s Once and Future Revolution: Social Upheaval and the Challenge of Rule since the Late Nineteenth Century. By Gilbert M. Joseph and Jürgen Buchenau. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013. $23.95 paper. Pp. x + 252. ISBN: 9780822355328. Instituting Nature: Authority, Expertise, and Power in Mexico’s Forests. Andrew S. Mathews. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011. Pp. xii + 304. $32.00 paper. ISBN: 9780262516440. The Logic of Compromise in Mexico: How the Countryside Was Key to the Emergence of Authoritarianism. By Gladys I. McCormick. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. Pp. xiv + 284. $32.95 paper. ISBN: 9781469627748. Myths of Demilitarization in Postrevolutionary Mexico, 1920–1960. By Thomas Rath. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. Pp. vii + 256. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780807839294.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of Australia are among the most researched in the world. Indigenous research methodologies reframe a historical colonial-centric and often exploitative research paradigm, to instead privilege the voices and perspectives of Indigenous peoples within a social justice framework. In this article, we describe the lessons learnt in a research partnership between an Aboriginal and two Anglo-Australian researchers conducting an arts-based action research project in collaboration with five Aboriginal communities in New South Wales, Australia. We identify the importance of reflexivity to shed light on the impact of insider and outsider status in order to design and conduct culturally and ethically informed research with Aboriginal communities. Reflexivity, and a collaborative, adaptive approach to research processes also operates to ensure cultural and professional integrity are embedded into such research projects.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar una revisión sobre la calidad del empleo generado por las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (Mipymes) en el estado de Michoacán de Ocampo, México, desde la perspectiva de la suficiencia del ingreso, que es uno de los múltiples indicadores que existen para su medición. Este estudio se deriva de una investigación previa con enfoque cuantitativo que implicó la obtención, análisis y vinculación de datos generados mediante dos encuestas aplicadas a los centros de trabajo y a los trabajadores de las Mipymes. La investigación se apoya en el estudio realizado por Bonnet et al. (2003) donde propone mediciones desde la perspectiva de la sociedad (nivel macro), de la empresa (nivel meso) y del trabajador en lo individual (nivel micro), así como en las dimensiones definidas por Galardhi (2011). La metodología que se aplicó se fundamentó en primera instancia, en la revisión de la literatura enfocada en el análisis de las características del trabajo decente, constructo surgido dentro de los "Objetivos del Milenio", en la Conferencia Internacional del trabajo en 1999, que establece que como trabajo decente debe entenderse la oportunidad para mujeres y hombres de obtener trabajo productivo en condiciones de libertad, equidad, seguridad y dignidad humana. De las distintas dimensiones que miden este constructo el elemento referente a suficiencia del ingreso resulta de trascendencia. Los resultados permiten asegurar que el ingreso que perciben los trabajadores de las Mipymes en Michoacán es insuficiente para lograr el mínimo bienestar para una vida digna

El desarrollo de Internet a lo largo de las dos últimas décadas ha dado lugar a una nueva disciplina que permite estudiar la Web desde un punto de vista cuantitativo: la webmetría. La aplicación de técnicas webmétricas al estudio de empresas apunta a la posible existencia de relaciones entre el número de enlaces que recibe un sitio web corporativo y determinadas variables económico-financieras. La incipiente evidencia encontrada se limita, en todo caso, a empresas pertenecientes a sectores tecnológicos que, por su propia naturaleza, cuentan con una fuerte presencia en la Red. El presente trabajo, de carácter exploratorio, extiende el análisis a diversos sectores económicos de los Estados Unidos, confirmando la existencia de una relación significativa entre las variables expuestas. Esto abre nuevas posibilidades de investigación en el ámbito empresarial a partir del empleo de la información extraída de la estructura de enlaces de la Web.

In this article, we discuss the historical shifts in the purposes of public education and examine how neoliberal education policies, like Chicago’s school closings, attempt to limit the purpose of public education to be in service to and at the whim of the market. We juxtapose this dominant neoliberal narrative of public education with the voices of the parents from closed schools, whose deep involvement with and beliefs about public schools counter neoliberalism’s shallow concept of the public purpose of public education. Drawing upon a 2014 qualitative study of parents and caregivers who were impacted by school closures and actions, as well as publically available data, we find that parents believe school closings cause great harm to students, families and communities, aim to reduce citizens to consumers in an educational marketplace, and seek to further undermine democracy in education toward a “thin democracy” (Gandin Apple, 2002) of marketized education. However, we argue that there is an alternative to the neoliberal narrative reflected both in the ongoing historical struggle about the purposes of schooling and in the wisdom, experiences, and desires of parents most directly impacted by neoliberal education policies.

Knowledge of ecological impacts of exotic beach almond (Terminalia catappa) in the central Pacific of Costa Rica are little known, but studies have found this species to be a potentially important food source for endangered scarlet macaws (Ara macao). In this study, reproductive phenology and seed predation by variegated squirrels (Sciurus variegatoides) and scarlet macaws were measured during March and April 2011 on beaches of central Pacific coastal Costa Rica. Seed productivity and predation levels were quantified on a weekly basis for 111 beach almond trees to assess the importance of beach almond as a food source for scarlet macaws and the extent of resource partitioning between seed predators. Seed production of the trees was great (about 194 272 seeds) and approximately 67% of seeds were predated by seed predators. Macaws consumed an estimated 49% of seeds while squirrels consumed 18%. Additionally, evidence of resource partitioning between squirrels and macaws was found. Scarlet macaws preferred to feed on the northern side and edge of the canopy while squirrels preferred to feed on the southern and inside parts of the canopy. Both species ate most seeds on the ocean side of the tree. Despite the status of this tree as an exotic species, the beach almond appears to be an important resource for scarlet macaw population recovery. The resource produced by this tree should be taken into account as reforestation efforts continue in Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (3): 929-938. Epub 2014 September 01.

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) is an important cash crop in tropical climates such as that of Latin America. Over the past several decades, the infection of cultivated cacao by Moniliophthora roreri, known commonly as “monilia”, has significantly hindered cacao production in Latin America. Studies have proposed the use of Trichoderma sp. Fungi in biocontrol treatments to prevent and reduce monilia infection, yet tests of Trichoderma-containing spray treatments on cacao agroforests have produced mixed results. Researchers and agricultural workers have suggested that addition of soil, fly ash, or other carbon sources to a Trichoderma spray may improve its efficacy in fighting monilia. To test these suggestions, we designed a series of spray mixtures including Trichoderma cultures, soil, and all necessary controls. We applied the spray mixtures to 80 cacao trees (20 trees for each of four resistant-selected clones to monilia) at the FINMAC organic cacao plantation in Pueblo Nuevo de Guacimo, Limón Province, in northeastern Costa Rica in March-April 2013. Five treatments were applied (control, water, water plus sterilized soil, water plus Trichoderma, and water plus sterilized soil plus Trichoderma). Each treatment was applied to four trees of each clone. We monitored the incidence of moniliainfection under each spray treatment over the course of 35d. We found that spraying entire cacao trees two times with a mixture containing Trichoderma and sterilized soil significantly reduced the incidence of monilia infection by 11% (p

La curuba (Passiflora tripartita (Juss.) var. mollissima (Kunth)) es un cultivo importante en Colombia, especialmente en el departamento de Boyacá. A pesar de que el estrés osmótico es un limitante en la producción de este cultivo, existe poca información sobre su respuesta a la salinidad. En el presente estudio se evaluó el crecimiento y la fluorescencia de la clorofila en plantas de curuba bajo estrés salino. Las plantas se expusieron a concentraciones (mmol/kg de suelo) de 20, 40, 60, y 80 de NaCl. Como consecuencia, el área foliar de la planta se redujo 20.89, 42.91, 58.37 y 76.40%, respectivamente, en relación con plantas control (condiciones no salinas). La longitud total de tallos se redujo 9.97, 27.28, 42.79 y 55.77% y el peso seco total por planta en 23.89, 31.49, 39.60 y 61.26%. La eficiencia cuántica máxima del fotosistema II (Fv/Fm) se redujo 11.29, 14.23, 38.89 y 92.25% bajo los tratamientos de salinidad; por tanto, la salinidad afectó drásticamente los parámetros de crecimiento y fluorescencia. La reducción en el área foliar se correlacionó con la reducción en la fotosíntesis. La reducción en peso seco también siguió la tendencia de la relación Fv/Fm, lo que sugiere que la mayoría de los impactos de la salinidad en las plantas de curuba se deben a los efectos negativos sobre la fotosíntesis.

Si entre 1940 y 1980 el ascenso social en la Ciudad de México se atribuye a las oportunidades educativas y al empleo, también desempeñaron un papel significativo los medios masivos de comunicación. Este artículo se refiere a las experiencias cinematográficas de dos hombres, José Zúñiga Heredia (n. 1914-1985), un sastre que emigró de Oaxaca a la Ciudad de México en 1939, y su hijo Pepe (n. 1937) quien llegó a ser estudiante, profesor, y director (1991-93) de la Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura, y Grabado La Esmeralda. Examina el papel del cine de Hollywood y de la Edad de Oro mexicana en la formación de sus sensibilidades, sus aspiraciones, sus nociones de los derechos y la dignidad y argumenta que el cine tuvo un papel importante en la formación del espíritu de rebeldía y una nueva definición de la masculinidad en los jóvenes que llegaron a la educación superior a finales de los años cincuenta.

The Baird’s tapir (Tapirus bairdii) is an endangered neotropical species which has little field research to guide its conservation efforts. For this reason, the diet and foraging activity of a free ranging female was observed for 286 hrs. from June 1995 to April 1996 in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica. She consumed 126 plant species (percents: 35.2 vines, 34.1 trees, 15.9shrubs, 14.8 herbs). Three plant genera accounted for 40% of her diet for the entire study: Monstera sp. (Areaceae), Persea sp. (Lauraceae), and Psychotria sp. (Rubiaceae). Her food consisted of 67.0% leaf matter, 18.6% fruit, 11.7% stem, 2.1% bark and 0,1% flower. More fruit and bark were consumed in the wet season and more stem in the dry season. Average time spent feeding was 29.7%, standing chewing 33.4%, moving chewing 7.6%, standing not chewing 5.7%, moving not chewing 20.1% and in social encounters 2.1%. In the wet season more time was spent feeding and chewing while moving and less time moving without chewing. Means for number of paces and bites in ten minute periods were 42,9 and 49,7 respectively. More paces and bites were recorded in the wet season. Average biomass consumed per bite (dry wt.) over a three month period was 3.32 g, for a yearly estimate of 4,307 Kg of dry mass. For an estimate of 200 tapirs in the park, total biomass consumed would be about 861,400 Kg yearly. The tapir is an important mammal in the dynamics of neotropical forests for its roles as keystone browser and potential seed disperser.

The information on ecological behavior of wild sloths is very scarce. In this study we determined the home ranges and resources used by three adult female three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus) and their four young in an agricultural matrix of cacao (Theobroma cacao), pasture, riparian forests and living fencerows in Costa Rica. Births occurred during November-December and the young became independent at five to seven months of age. Initially, mothers remained fixed in one or a few trees, but expanded their use of resources as young sloths became independent from them. Mothers initially guided the young to preferred food and cover resources, but they gradually left their young in small nucleus areas and colonized new areas for themselves. Home range sizes for young sloths (up to seven months of age) varied between 0.04-0.6 hectares, while home range sizes for mothers varied from 0.04-25.0 hectares. During the maternal care period, 22 tree species were used, with the most common being Cecropia obtusifolia (30.9%), Coussapoa villosa (25.6%), Nectandra salicifolia (12.1%), Pterocarpus officinalis (5.8%) and Samanea saman (5.4%). However, young sloths used only 20 tree species, with the most common being C. villosa (18.4%), S. saman (18.5 %) and N. salicifolia (16.7%). The cacao agroforest was used only by mother sloths and never by their young following separation. However, in the riparian forest, both mother sloths and young used the tree species. A total of 28 tree species were used by the mother sloth; including the food species: C. obtusifolia, C. villosa, N. salicifolia and P. officinalis. However, the young used 18 trees species in this habitat with N. salicifolia and S. saman most commonly used, although they rested and fed during the day in C. obtusifolia, C. villosa and O. sinnuata. The cacao agroforest with adjacent riparian forests and fencerows provides an important habitat type that links the smaller secondary forests and other patches. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (4): 1743-1755. Epub 2011 December 01.

Successful programs for ex situ and in situ conservation and management of raptors require detailed knowledge about their pathogens. The purpose of this study was to identify the internal parasites of some captive raptors in Mexico, as well as to verify their impact in the health status of infected birds. Birds of prey were confiscated and kept in captivity at the Centro de Investigación y Conservación de Vida Silvestre (CIVS) in Los Reyes La Paz, Mexico State. For this, fecal and blood samples from 74 birds of prey (66 Falconiformes and eight Strigiformes) of 15 species, juveniles and adults from both sexes (39 males and 35 female), were examined for the presence of gastrointestinal and blood parasites. Besides, the oropharyngeal cavity was macroscopically examined for the presence of lesions compatible with trichomoniasis. Among our results we found that lesions compatible with Trichomonas gallinae infection were detected only in two Red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) (2.7%); nevertheless, infected birds were in good physical condition. Overall, gastrointestinal parasites were found in 10 (13.5%) raptors: nine falconiforms (13.6%) and one strigiform (12.5%), which mainly presented a single type of gastrointestinal parasite (90%). Eimeria spp. was detected in Harris’s hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus), Swainson’s hawk (Buteo swainsoni), Red-tailed hawk (B. jamaicensis) and Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus); whereas trematodes eggs were found in Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and Swainson’s hawk (B. swainsoni). Furthermore, eggs of Capillaria spp. were found in one Swainson’s hawk (B. swainsoni), which was also infected by trematodes. Hemoprotozoarian were detected in five (6.7%) falconiforms: Haemoproteus spp. in American kestrel (F. sparverius) and Leucocytozoon spp. in Red-tailed hawk (B. jamaicencis). Despite this, no clinical signs referable to gastrointestinal or blood parasite infection were observed in any birds. All parasites identified were recorded for the first time in raptors from Mexico. Furthermore, this represents the first report for T. gallinae, trematodes, Haemoproteus spp. and Leucocytozoon spp. in raptors from Latin America. Diagnosis and control of parasitic infections should be a part of the routine in health care evaluations for ex situ raptor populations. Finally, this information is also valuable for in situ conservation actions on these birds. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1265-1274. Epub 2011 September 01.El éxito de los programas de conservación de rapaces (ex situ and in situ) requiere de un conocimiento detallado de sus patógenos. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los parásitos internos de rapaces en cautiverio en México, así como verificar su repercusión en el estado de salud de las aves. Las mismas fueron estudiadas, decomisadas y mantenidas en el Centro de Investigación y Conservación de Vida Silvestre (CIVS) en Los Reyes La Paz, estado de México. Las muestras de heces y sangre de 74 rapaces (66 Falconiformes y ocho Strigiformes) de 15 especies, juveniles y adultos de ambos sexos (39 machos y 35 hembras), fueron examinadas para analizar la presencia de parásitos gastrointestinales y sanguíneos. Asimismo, la cavidad orofaríngea fue evaluada macroscópicamente para verificar la presencia de lesiones compatibles con trichomoniasis. Lesiones compatibles con la infección por Trichomonas gallinae fueron detectadas en dos (2.7%) Buteo jamaicensis; no obstante, las aves infectadas estaban en buena condición física. En general, los parásitos gastrointestinales fueron encontrados en 10 (13.5%) rapaces: nueve (13.6%) Falconiformes y uno (12.5%) Strigiformes; los cuales presentaron un único tipo de parásito gastrointestinal (90%). Eimeria spp. fue detectada en Parabuteo unicinctus, B. swainsoni, B. jamaicensis y Bubo virginianus; mientras que los tremátodos lo fueron en Falco peregrinus y B. swainsoni. Capillaria spp. fue diagnosticada únicamente en B. swainsoni. Los hemoparásitos fueron encontrados en 6.7% de los Falconiformes: Haemoproteus spp. en F. sparverius y Leucocytozoon spp. en B. jamaicencis. No fueron observados signos clínicos relacionados con la infección por los parásitos internos. Todos los parásitos identificados son reportados por primera vez en rapaces de México. De tal manera que, T. gallinae, y los trematódos: Haemoproteus spp. y Leucocytozoon spp. son reportados en rapaces en Latinoamérica por primera vez. El diagnóstico y control de las infecciones parasitarias deberían ser parte de la rutina de los cuidados de salud de poblaciones de rapaces ex situ. Además, la información obtenida es de gran valor para la conservación in situ de estas aves.

Raptorial birds harbor a variety of ectoparasites and the mayority of them are host specific. The aim of this study was to identify the ectoparasites of captive birds of prey from Mexico, as well as to verify their impact in the health of infested birds. Raptorial birds were confiscated and kept in captivity at the Centro de Investigación y Conservación de Vida Silvestre (CIVS) in Los Reyes La Paz, Mexico State. Seventy-four birds of prey (66 Falconiformes and eigth Strigiformes) of 15 species were examined for the presence of ectoparasites. We examined both juvenile and adult birds from both sexes. The overall prevalence was 16.2%; 66.7% of raptors were infested with a single type of external parasite. Lice were the most prevalent ectoparasites (91.7%), followed by feather mites and fleas (8.3%). Degeeriella fulva (72.7%), Craspedorrhynchus sp. (45.4%) and Strigiphilus aitkeni (9.1%) (Ischnocera, Philopteridae) were recovered from wings, head and neck regions of red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), Swainson’s hawk (B. swainsoni), Harris’s hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) and Barn owl (Tyto alba). Low lice infestation level was observed. Nymphs and females of feather mites Kramerella sp. (Pterolichoidea, Kramerellidae) were recovered solely from Barn owl (T. alba); while one Caracara (Caracara cheriway) was infested by the sticktight flea Echidnophaga gallinacea (Siphonaptera, Pulicidae). No clinical signs were observed in any infested bird. Probably the periodic use of organophosphorates was responsible of the low prevalence and lice infestation levels. The diversity of external parasites illustrates the importance of detailed revision of incoming and long-term captive raptors as part of responsible captive management. Five new hosts and geographic records are presented. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1257-1264. Epub 2011 September 01.

Despite their role in supporting diverse marine fish communities, tropical rocky shores and reefs have attracted less research and fewer targeted conservation efforts compared to coral reefs. We studied fish community composition in Playa Blanca Marine Reserve (9˚40’ N - 84˚40’ W), a rocky shore site on the central Pacific coast of Costa Rica. We conducted visual surveys of fishes along six strip transects soon after the area was designated a marine reserve in 1995, then again in 2006 following an eleven-year period of complete protection. We recorded a total of 31 406 sightings of 72 species from 30 families. Pomacentrids (42.5%), labrids (16.6%) and haemulids (14.8%) dominated the community, accounting for >70% of total fish abundance. In comparison to other sites in the region, the fish community was more similar to one reported from Bahia Honda, Panama (7˚50’ N - 81˚35 W) than from the geographically more proximate Culebra Bay, Costa Rica (10˚45’ N - 85˚43 W). Sixty-one species from 26 families were recorded in 1995; sixty-nine species from 28 families in 2006. Our results suggest that the Playa Blanca Marine Reserve is fulfilling its conservation role. Average fish abundance, species richness and Shannon’s index of community diversity were greater in 2006 than 1995, and fish community composition varied significantly within each transect among years. Much of the change in community composition among years resulted from spatial and temporal variation in the abundance of a few dominant species, including Abudefduf troschelli, Thalassoma lucasanum, Chromis atrilobata, and Stegastes flavilatus/acapulcoensis. Of the 48 species/species groups recorded in both years, 37 (77%) were more abundant in 2006 than 1995, and several species recorded as uncommon or rare in 1995 were more frequent and abundant in 2006. Fish community composition and the abundance of some species changed in the reserve over time, but further study is needed to determine the role of small-scale marine reserves in the conservation of tropical marine biodiversity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 233-246. Epub 2011 March 01.

Human activity is leading to mass species extinctions worldwide. Conservation biology (CB) courses, taught worldwide at universities, typically focus on the proximal causes of extinction without teaching students how to respond to this crisis. The Extinction of Species 360 course has been taught yearly each fall semester to several hundred students at the University of Wisconsin-Madison for over two decades. In 2007 the instructor and five teaching assistants combined principles driving extinctions, based on traditional lectures and discussion sections, with action-oriented education targeting individual consumer habits, to a group of 285 students. Students learn the science underpinning conservation efforts, as evidenced by highly significant learning (

The Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) is an endangered species. In Costa Rica, the Scarlet Macaw population of the Central Pacific Conservation Area (ACOPAC, n =432 individuals) has undergone considerable study and has been used effectively as a flagship species for regional conservation. Costa Rica’s only other viable Scarlet Macaw population, located in the Osa Peninsula Conservation Area (ACOSA, n=800-1200 individuals), remains virtually unstudied. We studied ACOSA Scarlet Macaw nest cavities from February 19th to March 22nd 2006. Through informal interviews with park guards and residents, we found a total of 57 potential nests in 52 trees. Eleven nests were reported as frequently poached. Scarlet Macaws used 14 identified tree species, ten of which are unrecorded in Costa Rica. The most common nesting trees were Caryocar costaricense (n=12, 24%), Schizolobium parahyba (n=9, 18.0%), Ceiba pentandra (n=7, 14.0%) and Ficus sp. (n=5, 10.0%). We compare nesting characteristics to those recorded in ACOPAC. A combination of bottom-up and top-down strategies are necessary to ensure the Scarlet Macaw’s long-term success, including environmental education in local schools, community stewardship of active nests, and the advertisement of stricter penalties for poaching. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 387-393. Epub 2009 June 30.

The effect of human development on six diurnal mammal species was studied using transects in the Punta Leona Private Wildlife Refuge, Puntarenas, Costa Rica during the dry season months of March and April 2006. Individuals/km was recorded for each species in more developed (MD) (near paved roads, buildings, construction, or deforested trees) and less developed areas (LD) (secondary forest). The white-faced apuchin monkey (Cebus capucinus) (n = 233), coatimundi (Nasua narica) (n = 46), and Central American spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) (n = 36) demonstrated a preference for less-developed habitats. The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) (n = 4), tamandua (Tamandua mexicana) (n = 2) and variegated squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides) (n = 5) were observed infrequently. White-faced monkeys avoided construction areas, but received artificial food daily in developed areas. Coatimundis also received artificial foods daily and showed aggression towards guests. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 441-449. Epub 2009 June 30.Se estudiaron seis especies de mamíferos mediante transectos durante la estación seca tardía (marzo y abril) de 1996 en el Refugio de Vida Silvestre de Punta Leona, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Se registró la cantidad de animales por km en lugares con mucho efecto humano (cerca del caminos pavimentados, edificios, construcción, y deforestación) y lugares con menos efecto. El mono carablanca (Cebus capucinus) (n = 233), el pizote (Nasua narica) (n = 46), y el mono araña centroamericano (Ateles geoffroyi) (n = 36) prefirieron lugares con menos efecto. Se observó pocos armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) (n = 4), osos hormigueros (Tamandua mexicana) (n = 2), y ardillas (Sciurus variegatoides) (n = 5). Los monos carablancas y pizotes aceptan alimentos artificiales y los pizotes fueron agresivos con los turistas. Los carablancas evitan los lugares con construcciones y los caminos pavimentados.

We studied temporal parental visitation of Scarlet Macaws (Ara macao) to six active nests in the Central Pacific Conservation Region of Costa Rica. Total parental time in the nest decreased significantly as the nestlings aged. Results provide guidelines to scientists for planning invasive activities to nestlings, such as placement of radio collars, or biological sample collection. These activities should be performed close to the end of the nesting period for minimal disturbance of parents and nestlings. Our results also provide information to aid wildlife guards in protecting active nests from poachers when chicks are close to fledging. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 395-400. Epub 2009 June 30.Estudiamos las visitas temporales de padres de la lapa roja (Ara macao) a seis nidos activos en el Área de Conservación del Pacifico Central (Costa Rica). El tiempo total que pasaron los padres en los nidos bajó en forma significativa en relación con el crecimiento de los pichones. Estos resultados pueden ayudar a los científicos a planear sus actividades "invasivas", tales como colocación de radio collares o colección de muestras biológicas. Las actividades deben coincidir con el final de la época de anidación para molestar menos a las aves. Nuestros resultados proveen información que puede ayudar a los guardaparques a proteger nidos activos cuando los pichones estan casi listos para salir.

Resumen: En este ensayo pongo en contraposición dos doctrinas conspicuamenteleibnicianas: la doctrina del tiempo relacional e ideal, y la doctrina de la armonía preestablecida. Argumentaré que si todas las substancias están necesariamentecoordinadas, entonces no tiene sentido negar el carácter absoluto y real del tiempo. En la primera sección describiré la concepción newtoniana y clarkeana del tiempo absoluto; en la segunda discutiré la crítica leibniciana a dicha concepción, crítica sobre la que se erige su doctrina relacional e ideal del tiempo; en la tercera sección daré un vistazo a la metafísica monádica madura de Leibniz, haciendo especial énfasis en la doctrina de la armonía preestablecida; finalmente, en la última sección sugeriré la existencia de una tensión irreconciliable entre estas dos doctrinas.Abstract: In this paper I bring together two characteristically Leibnizean doctrines:the doctrine of relational and ideal time, and the doctrine of preestablished harmony. I will argue that, if every substance is necessarily connected with another, then it makes no sense to deny absolute and real time. In the first section, I will describe Newton’s and Clarke’s conception of absolute time; then, in the second section, I will consider Leibniz’s critique of that conception, on which he bases his ideal and relational doctrine of time. In the third section I will look briefly at Leibniz’s mature monadic metaphysics, taking special account of his doctrine of preestablished harmony. In the last section, I will suggest that there is an irreconcilable tension between these two doctrines.

Food habits of 15 species of frugivorous bats were studied at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Eight hundred and fifty-four (854) fecal samples and 169 samples from fruit parts and seeds discarded by bats beneath feeding roosts were analyzed. During eight months of study, 47 fruit species consumed by bats were identified. Five plant genera (Cecropia, Ficus, Piper, Solanum, and Vismia) constituted 85% of all plants found in fecal samples. Feeding niche breadth differed significantly among the six most common species of frugivorous bats (Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia sowelli, C. castanea, C. perspicillata, Dermanura sp., and Glossophaga commissarisi). All species, except for Dermanura sp., showed a diet dominated by one or two plant species. This suggests a pattern of resource partitioning at a generic level, in which Carollia consumed mainly Piper, Artibeus consumed Ficus and Cecropia, and Glossophaga consumed Vismia. Cluster analysis revealed higher values of food niche overlap in congeneric species than among species of different genera. Results show that if food is a limiting factor, mechanisms other than trophic selection must reduce interspecific interference or competition for food in this frugivorous bat guild. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 301-313. Epub 2007 March. 31.Estudiamos los hábitos alimentarios de 15 especies de murciélagos frugívoros en la Estación Biológica La Selva. Se analizó 854 muestras de heces y 169 muestras de restos de frutos y semillas en comederos. Durante ocho meses de estudio, se identificó 47 especies de frutos, que fueron consumidos por los murciélagos. Cinco géneros de plantas (Cecropia, Ficus, Piper, Solanum y Vismia) constituyeron el 85% de los hallazgos en las muestras de heces y los comederos. La amplitud de nicho trófico difirió significativamente entre las seis especies de murciélagos frugívoros más frecuentemente capturados (Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia sowelli, C. castanea, C. perspicillata, Dermanura sp., Glossophaga commissarisi). Estas especies, con excepción de Dermanura sp., mostraron una dieta dominada por uno o dos táxones de plantas. Esto sugiere un patrón de repartición de recursos a nivel genérico, donde Carollia consumió principalmente plantas del genero Piper, Artibeus consumió Ficus y Cecropia y Glossophaga consumió Vismia. El análisis de conglomerados reveló que existe un mayor solapamiento de nicho trófico entre especies congenéricas que entre especies no congenéricas. Los resultados sugieren que, si el alimento es un factor limitante, algún otro mecanismo -que no es la selección trófica-debe reducir la interferencia o competencia interespecífica por alimentos entre las especies congénericas de murciélagos frugívoros en la EBLS.

En este ensayo pongo en contraposición dos doctrinas conspicuamente leibnicianas: la doctrina del tiempo relacional e ideal, y la doctrina de la armonía preestablecida. Argumentaré que si todas las substancias están necesariamente coordinadas, entonces no tiene sentido negar el carácter absoluto y real del tiempo. En la primera sección describiré la concepción newtoniana y clarkeana del tiempo absoluto; en la segunda discutiré la crítica leibniciana a dicha concepción, crítica sobre la que se erige su doctrina relacional e ideal del tiempo; en la tercera sección daré un vistazo a la metafísica monádica madura de Leibniz, haciendo especial énfasis en la doctrina de la armonía preestablecida; finalmente, en la última sección sugeriré la existencia de una tensión irreconciliable entre estas dos doctrinas.

From 1993 to 1997, we observed Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) feeding behavior in Central Pacific Costa Rica. Feeding data acquired in this study were not collected systematically, but opportunistically whenever macaws were observed feeding. To supplement feeding observations, we conducted interviews with local residents. Scarlet Macaws fed on seeds, fruits, leaves, flowers and/or bark of 43 plant species. Various plant parts eaten by macaws from several tree species contain secondary compounds toxic to humans, and additional species included in their diet are nonnative, introduced for agricultural purposes. Important macaw feeding tree species are Ceiba pentandra, Schizolobium parahybum, and Hura crepitans; these species are also crucial to this macaw population because of nest cavities they provide. The results of this study contribute to the conservation of Scarlet Macaws in Central Pacific Costa Rica through promoting protection of individual trees, and through local elementary school reforestation programs focusing on tree species that macaws use for feeding and/or nesting. Scarlet Macaw conservation is extremely important, as numerous population pressures have caused significant declines in macaw numbers in Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 919-926. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.Entre 1993-97, observamos el comportamiento de alimentación de la lapa roja (Ara macao) en el Pacifico Central de Costa Rica. La lapa roja se alimentó de semillas, frutas, hojas, flores y corteza de 43 especies de plantas. Varias partes de las plantas comidas por las lapas contienen compuestos secundarios tóxicos al ser humano, y especies adicionales incluidas en la dieta son exóticas; introducidas por razones agrícolas, forestales o estéticas. Especies de árboles importantes como alimento de la lapa roja incluyen: Ceiba pentandra, Schizolobium parahybum, y Hura crepitans; también son criticas para la población de la lapa roja debido a proveen cavidades para anidación. Los resultados de este estudio contribuyen a la conservación de la lapa roja en el Pacifico Central de Costa Rica a través de la promoción de la protección de árboles individuales y programas de reforestación a nivel de escuela primaria que se enfocan en especies de árboles que la lapa utiliza para alimentación o anidación. La conservación de la lapa roja es importante, debido al declive de sus números en Costa Rica.

Este artículo describe un estudio de caso iniciado en 2012 sobre el discurso político del presidente Mujica que determinó su coherencia discursiva y su construcción del poder. La teoría de la enunciación, de Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni, fue aplicada a cinco discursos clave pronunciados por el presidente entre 1985 y 2011 y permitió examinar sus elecciones discursivas. Para este fin, se estableció una cronología de hechos históricos y se seleccionaron hitos en su biografía política. Una metodología general de análisis del discurso político requiere de un macroesquema teórico que determine sus límites, un esquema intermedio que categorice su contenido y un microesquema que examine los enunciados en su situación de comunicación. En esta investigación se identificó la necesidad de introducir otras herramientas metodológicas que enriquecieran los hallazgos y dieran mayor precisión al análisis del corpus. Para ello se recurrió a una triangulación metodológica que comprendiese los campos del análisis de discurso y la comunicación política, ya que la teoría de la enunciación resultaba insuficiente para esclarecer las inscripciones sociales del discurso y merecía reforzarse con los aportes de otros teóricos como Eliseo Verón y su caracterización del discurso político, y Mario Riorda y su concepto de mito de gobierno. Los hallazgos obtenidos a partir de la aplicación de esta triangulación estarían señalando un evidente vínculo entre el relato y la construcción del poder y justificarían la utilización del análisis casuístico para la investigación de otros corpora de discursos políticos.

Given the growing recognition of the importance of the life course approach for the determination of chronic diseases, birth cohort studies are becoming increasingly important. This paper describes the methods used in the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study, one of the largest and longest studies of this type in developing countries. All 5,914 hospital births occurring in Pelotas in 1982 (over 99% of all deliveries) were studied prospectively. The main stages of the study took place in 1983, 1984, 1986, 1995, 1997, 2000, and 2001. More than two thousand variables are available for each subject who participated in all stages of the study. Recent phases of the study included the examination of 2,250 males when presenting for the army recruitment exam in 2000, the study of a 27% sample of men and women in 2001 through household visits, and the study of over 400 children born to the cohort women. Follow-up rates in the recent stages of the cohort were 78.9% for the army examination and 69.0% for the household visits. Ethnographic and oral health studies were conducted in sub-samples. Some recent results on blood pressure, adolescent pregnancy, and asthma are presented as examples of utilization of the data. Suggestions on lessons learned for other cohort studies are proposed.Em função do reconhecimento crescente do enfoque do ciclo vital na determinação de doenças crônicas, estudos de coorte de nascimentos são cada vez mais importantes. Este artigo descreve a metodologia do estudo de coorte de nascidos em Pelotas, em 1982, um dos maiores e mais longos estudos de coorte em países em desenvolvimento. Todos os 5.914 nascimentos hospitalares (mais de 99% de todos os nascimentos) ocorridos em 1982 foram estudados prospectivamente. As principais fases do estudo foram realizadas em 1983, 1984, 1986, 1995, 1997, 2000 e 2001. Mais de duas mil variáveis estão disponíveis para sujeitos incluídos em todas as fases do estudo. As fases recentes incluíram o exame de 2.250 homens durante o exame médico de Alistamento Militar no ano 2000, o estudo de uma subamostra de ambos os sexos em 2001, e o estudo de mais de 400 crianças nascidas para as mulheres da coorte. As taxas de seguimento nas fases recentes do estudo foram de 78,9% para os recrutas e de 69,0% na visita domiciliar de 2001. Diversos estudos complementares foram realizados em subamostras, inclusive investigações etnográficas e de saúde bucal. Sugestões metodológicas para novos estudos de coorte, baseados na experiência adquirida, são propostos.

Given the growing recognition of the importance of the life course approach for the determination of chronic diseases, birth cohort studies are becoming increasingly important. This paper describes the methods used in the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study, one of the largest and longest studies of this type in developing countries. All 5,914 hospital births occurring in Pelotas in 1982 (over 99% of all deliveries) were studied prospectively. The main stages of the study took place in 1983, 1984, 1986, 1995, 1997, 2000, and 2001. More than two thousand variables are available for each subject who participated in all stages of the study. Recent phases of the study included the examination of 2,250 males when presenting for the army recruitment exam in 2000, the study of a 27% sample of men and women in 2001 through household visits, and the study of over 400 children born to the cohort women. Follow-up rates in the recent stages of the cohort were 78.9% for the army examination and 69.0% for the household visits. Ethnographic and oral health studies were conducted in sub-samples. Some recent results on blood pressure, adolescent pregnancy, and asthma are presented as examples of utilization of the data. Suggestions on lessons learned for other cohort studies are proposed.

Population sizes of six mammal species were estimated using the King method during the late dry season (March) of 1996 in the Punta Leona Private Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica. The white-faced monkey (Cebus capucinus), coati (Nasua narica) and nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) with 148, 46, and 8 sighted individuals, respectively, demonstrated the largest populations in the refuge. The Central American spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi), tamandua anteater (Tamandua mexicana), and variegated squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides) were also included in the census. Population densities are calculated, habitat types are describes, and habitat use and activity periods are discussed.Se estimó el tamaño poblacional de seis especies de mamíferos, usando el método de King, durante la estación seca tardía (marzo) de 1996 en el Refugio de Vida Silvestre de Punta Leona, Costa Rica. El mono carablanca (Cebus capucinus), el pizote (Nasua narica) y el armadillo de 9 bandas (Dasypus novecinctus) presentaron las poblaciones más grandes en el refugio, con 148, 46, y 8 observaciones respectivamente. El mono araña centroamericano (Ateles geoffroyi), el tamandúa hormiguero (Tamandua mexicana) y la ardilla (Sciurus variegatoides) también se tomaron en cuenta durante el censo. Además se calculan las densidades poblacionales, se describen los tipos de hábitat y se discute el uso de estos, así como los periodos de actividad de las especies encontradas.

Habitat use by a C. capucinus troop was studied in an agricultural landscape during late dry season (March-April 1994) in northwest Costa Rica. Riparian forests, palm canals and living fence rows accounted for 82 % of observations, significantly more than the other six habitats present. The study troop consumed 24 species of plants and five animals. Feeding concentrated on the introduced African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) (33.6 %) and mango (Mangifera indica) (27.2 %), found mostly in palm canals and mango orchards respectively. The troop rested between 0930-1330 hr and fed and moved between 0530-0930 hr and 1330-1730 hr. Living fence rows were used as travel routes or corridors and less intensively for other activitiesSe estudió el uso de hábitat por una tropa de C. capucinus en una zona de agricultura durante la estación seca tardía (Marzo-Abril 1994) en el noroeste de Costa Rica. Los bosques riparios, canales de palmas y cercas de árboles vivos contaron con el 82 % de las observaciones, significantemente más que los otros seis hábitats presentes. La tropa de estudio consumió 24 especies de plntas y cinco animales. La alimentación se concentró en la palma de aceite Africana introducida (Elaeis guineensis) (33.6 %) y en mango (Mangifera indica) (27.2 %), encontrados principalmente en los canales de palmas y huertos de mango respectivamente. La tropa descansó entre las 0930-1330 hr y se alimentó y movió entre las 0530-0930 hr y 1330-730 hr. Las cercas de árboles vivos fueron usadas como rutas de paso o corredores y menos intensamente para otras actividades

Selected wildlife species diurnal use of a natural water hole (QD) and an artificial water hole (AW) were studied during 1990 dry season at Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica. In total, 919 individuals (six mammal and one game bird species) consumed water from QD, while 713 individuals (four mammal species) consumed water from AW. Estimated daily water consumption by selected wildlife species was 29.7 l at QD and 27.3 l at AW. Estimated 24-h water consumed by all wildlife species or evaporated was 44.6 l at QD and 41.1 l at AW. This resulted from summing: a) water consumed by studied species, b) estimated 24-hour water consumed by other wildlife (QD = 14.85 l, AW = 13.65 l) and c) daily water evaporation (QD = 0.04 l, AW = 0.10 l). During a 120-day dry season, AW required about 4 932 l of water from the park administration. Management implications for neotropical dry forest water holes are discussed.Se estudió el uso diurno de un ojo de agua natural (QD) y otro artificial (AW) a finales de la época seca de 1990 en el Area de Conservacion de Guanacaste, Costa Rica. En total 919 individuos (seis especies de mamíferos y una de ave cinegética) consumieron agua de QD y 713 individuos (cuatro especies de mamíferos) de AQ. Se estimó que en un dia, las especies de vida silvestre estudiados tomaron 29.7 l y 27.3 l de agua de QD y AW, respectivamente. El total de agua consumido o evaporado de cada ojo de agua durante 24-horas fue estimado en 44.6 l en QD y 41.1 l en AW, con base en: a) agua bebida durante 12 h por las especies seleccionadas, b) agua bebida por todos los otros individuos durante 24 h (QD = 14.85 l, AW = 13.65 l) y c) evaporación diaria (QD = 0.04 l, AW = 0.01 l). Para abastecer AW durante una epoca seca de 120 días, la administración del parque debe proveer 4 932 l de agua. Se discute las implicaciones de manejo en las regiones de bosque seco neotropical.

Three Didelphis marsupialis were radio tracked during late dry season (23 February-26 April, 1983) in agricultural area at 1500 m elevation in Central Valley, Costa Rica. All animals were nocturnally active, significantly more so between 2100-0300 h. Fifty diurnal den site locations were found, 96% inside tree cavities in living fence rows or abandoned squirrel nests in windbreaks. Two females occupied 3.4 and 3.1 ha 95% home ranges, moving an average 890 and 686 m nightly respectively. The male occupied a 5.6 ha 95% home range for 42 days overlapping 90% of females' home ranges. Over the next 15 days, he moved 1020 m south, establishing three temporary home ranges. During nocturnal movements, windbreaks and living fence rows were used in higher proportion than available, while pasture, roads and cultivated lands were used less then available within 100% home ranges. Abandoned coffee and spruce plantations, fruit orchards and overgrown pastures were used in equal proportions to availability in 100% home ranges. Opossum conservation techniques in coffee growing areas include promoting spruce windbreaks, living fence rows, and garbage dumps.

Se liberaron ocho venados cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) en finca La Emilia, Guanacaste, Costa Rica entre noviembre de 1987 y 1988; cuatro hembras juveniles de una población insular (Isla San Lucas, ISL) fueron criadas en cautiverio y liberadas a los nueve meses de edad. Los restantes fueron adultos: tres hembras y un macho procedentes del Parque Nacional Palo Verde (PV). Todos los venados fueron marcados con collares radiotransmisores y monitoreados por 13 meses. La observación visual se uso por ocho meses para los venados de la ISL. Se determinó el ámbito de hogar (AH) y utilización del hábitat de los venados liberados. El AH promedio diario fue de 18.2 ha para el grupo de ISL y 18.5 para los venados de PV; no se encontraron diferencias entre los AH entre grupos (Análisis de Varianza ANDEVA, P .05). Los AH estacionales no presentaron diferencias significativas; sin embargo, el grupo ISL sí mostró diferencias entre las dos estaciones (ANDEVA, P< .05). El grupo de ISL utilizó ocho tipos de hábitats, de los 14 disponibles y, el grupo de PV 11. Los dos grupos de venados utilizaron los hábitats de manera diferencial (X², P< .001). La utilización de hábitat fue diferente entre los grupos durante la época seca y durante la estación húmeda (X², P< .001). Los hábitat seleccionados (Intervalos de Confianza de Bonferroni) por los venados de ISL fueron plantaciones forestales (Pithecelobium saman), cultivos agrícolas (sorgo y frutales), área urbana, vegetación riparia y pastizales; para el grupo de PV fueron guacimales (Guazuma ulmifolia), charrales, áreas con cobertura boscosa y jaraguales.Eight white-tailed deer were released in La Emilia farm, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, during November 1987 and March 1988. Four females were from an insular population (San Lucas Island, ISL) and had been raised in captivity up to 9 months of age when they were liberated. The remaining four were adults, three females and one male from Palo Verde National Park (PV). All deer were marked with radio telemetry collars and followed for a 13-month period. The four deer from ISL were also observed directly for 8 months. The home range and habitat use of each group was determined and compared. The average daily home range was 18.3 ha for the ISL group and 18.4 ha for the PV group; the differences between these values were not significant (Analysis of Variance, ANOVA, P .05). The home ranges of the two groups were not significantly different between seasons; however the ISL group did show a significant difference between the two seasons (ANOVA, P< .05). The ISL group used eight habitat types of the 14 available, while the PV group utilized 11 habitat types; differences were found in the habitat preferences between the two groups (X² P< .001). Habitat utilization was significantly different between the two groups in both the dry season and the wet season (X², P< .001). The most utilized habitats (confidence intervals of Bonferroni) of the ISL group were grazing land, forest plantations (Pithecelobium saman), cultivated land (sorghum and fruits), and riparian vegetation. The PV group used habitats with certain forest cover, chaparral, jaraguales and guacimales (Guazuma ulmifolia).