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In this paper, three methods (Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), terrestrial Structure from Motion photogrammetry (SfM) and aerial SfM photogrammetry with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)) were evaluated and compared to produce high resolution point clouds and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) in a semiarid, complex badland area (Los Aguarales) with tourism activities. Geomorphological processes and dynamics were studied at different spatial scales. The preliminary results showed the possibilities of a multiscale approach, using various non-invasive techniques, to assess geomorphological processes. The high resolution of the point clouds, obtained with TLS and terrestrial SfM photogrammetry, allowed preliminary identification of numerous spatial details, although no relevant topographical changes were detected during a short, wet spring period (with rainfall of 200 mm). UAV images allowed work at larger scales (catchment), mapping piping features, and could be seen as a worthwhile tool for time-effective data acquisition from larger areas. The application of different technologies and a multiscale approach to generate high resolution DEMs is a useful technique when carrying out geomorphological studies in semiarid badland areas. However, long term studies will be necessary to verify the suitability of these techniques in such complex landscapes, and quantify topographical changes and erosion rates. Finally, the information obtained with these tools could be used to promote the study area as an interesting geomorphosite with opportunities for tourism.

Objetivos: Evaluar la eficacia de un programa de intercambio de jeringuillas (PIJ) en una prisión para reducir la prevalencia de infecciones asociadas al uso de drogas intravenosas, y conocer la aceptación del programa por internos y funcionarios del centro penitenciario. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional con cortes transversales al inicio, 6 y 12 meses y 10 años de desarrollo del programa. Se realizaron entrevistas a los usuarios del programa y encuestas a muestras accidentales de funcionarios en los distintos cortes, y a una muestra aleatoria de internos a los 10 años. Se registraron diariamente los indicadores de actividad del programa, y se valoró la prevalencia de infección por VIH, hepatitis B y C al inicio y a los 10 años. Para el análisis estadístico utilizamos la prueba ji-cuadrado con la corrección de Yates en caso necesario. Resultados: Durante estos diez años se suministraron 15.962 jeringuillas a 429 usuarios (media de 20,2 usuarios/mes), recuperándose 11.327 (70,9%). La prevalencia de infección por VIH pasó del 21% en 1999 al 8,5% en 2009, la de VHC del 40% al 26,1% (pObjectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of NEPs in prison to reduce the prevalence of infections associated with intravenous drug use and to know more about acceptance of the program by inmates and staff. Material and methods: cross-sectional observational study at baseline, 6 and 12 months and 10 years of program development. Interviews were conducted with program users, as well as random sample surveys of officials at the various cuts, and a random sample of inmates from the centre after10 years. Activity indicators of the program were recorded continuously, and the prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV at baseline and after 10 years was evaluated. For the statistical analysis, the chi-square test was used with the Yates correction when necessary. Results: In ten years we have supplied a total of 15,962 syringes to 429 users, (average 20.2 users/month), and 11,327 (70.9%) were returned. The prevalence of HIV infection decreased from 21% in 1999 to 8.5% in 2009, HCV prevalence from 40% to 26.1% (p

Resumen: Introducción: La proteína priónica celular patógena (PrPsc) necesita de la presencia de la fisiológica (PrPc) para su propagación y replicación. Se estudia comparativamente la expresión y localización de PrPc en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) de rata, ratón, gato, vaca y humano, mediante técnicas inmunohistoquímicas y de Western blot, con el objetivo de un mejor conocimiento de las prionopatías y de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). Material y métodos: Se emplearon encéfalos humanos y de gato, rata y vaca, para estudios por técnicas inmunohistoquímicas; se analizaron las cortezas frontal, temporal y occipital, así como hipocampo y tálamo. Se utilizaron técnicas de Western blot para encéfalos de ratón, gato, vaca y humano. Resultados: Existe una disminución rostrocaudal de la cuantía de PrPc en el SNC de dichas especies. PrPc se sitúa en la membrana y en el citoplasma de las neuronas. Se observan neuronas inhibitorias en el córtex del gato. El patrón general del Western blot es análogo en las especies estudiadas, con predominio de la banda diglucosilada sobre las bandas monoglucosilada y no glucosilada. Discusión: Los datos indican que en las prionopatías, PrPsc puede transmitirse y replicarse de forma retrógrada en y a partir de las zonas más PrP positivas. La mayor cuantía de PrPc en algunas zonas del encéfalo humano podría estar en relación con los hallazgos anatomopatológicos de la EA. Conclusiones: Los datos apoyan un transporte retrógrado de la PrPsc en el SNC. La PrPc debe de tener relación con la fisiopatología de la EA. Abstract: Introduction: The scrapie prion protein (PrPsc) requieres the cellular prion protein (PrPc) for its propagation and replication. In this work we studied the expression and localization of the PrPc in the central nervous system (SNC) of the rat, mouse, cat, cow and human, using immunohistochemestry and Western blot techniques to understand more about prionopathies and Alzheimer's disease (EA). Matherial and methods: For the immunohistochemetry study we used human, cat, rat and cow samples to analyse frontal, temporal and occipital cortex, as well as the hippocampus and the thalamus. For the Western blot analysis we used mouse, cat, cow and human brain samples. Results: We observed a decrease in the amount of PrPc in the SNC in a rostrocaudal shift in the species mentioned above. We observed inhibitory cells in the cat cortex. The Western blot analysis showed a similar pattern of expression in the different species studied with a preponderance of the diglycosylated band, in relation to the other bands observed in the analysis. Discussion: These data suggest that in prionopathies PrPsc could be transmitted and could be replicated in and from the areas with most expression of PrPc. Similarly, a higher amount of this protein (PrPc) in some brain areas could explain some histopathological aspects of EA. Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis of a retrograde transport of PrPsc in the SNC. PrPc could be related to the pathophysiology of EA. Palabras clave: Proteína priónica celular, Prionopatías, Enfermedad de Alzheimer, Mamíferos, Keywords: Cellular prion protein, Prionopathies, Alzheimer's disease, Mammals

Se ha realizado un estudio termodinámico sobre la formación de la prehnita en doleritas triásicas. A partir del diagrama establecido se propone que su formación es debida a una alteración hidrotermal, que ha afectado a las fracturas post-triásicas de la dolerita ya consolidada.

Los polimorfismos sexuales son comunes en la naturaleza, tanto en plantas como en animales, y se han interpretado como un mecanismo que promueve el entrecruzamiento. La heterostilia es un polimorfismo floral en plantas que se ha estudiado ampliamente desde que Darwin lo describiera en detalle y propusiera su significado funcional. Como ocurre con el resto de los polimorfismos, el estudio de la heterostilia permite entender cómo se mantienen las distintas formas en las poblaciones y por qué los fenotipos son objeto de selección. Sin embargo, a medida que aumenta el número de trabajos se detectan nuevas variaciones y excepciones que recomiendan prudencia a la hora de generalizar sobre las características típicas del síndrome heterostilo y su significado adaptativo. En esta revisión se describen los principales aspectos morfológicos y fisiológicos de la heterostilia y su contexto evolutivo. Además, se repasan algunos estudios recientes que muestra la complejidad morfológica, fisiológica y adaptativa de este polimorfismo y se proponen futuras líneas de estudio.

Abstract Aims Disturbances in personality and addictions are associated with an increased risk of committing crimes and therefore of being imprisoned. In this study, the relationship between these factors is analyzed through a sample of inmates in the Prison of Pereiro de Aguiar, Ourense. Material and method 204 inmates participated in this transversal simple blind design study. The following variables were analyzed: presence of personality disorders and psychopathy, history of addictive psychoactive substance use, criminal history and socio-demographic variables. Results 101 (49.5%) inmates received a diagnosis of personality disorder, the most frequent being: narcissistic, 43 (21.08%); antisocial, 38 (18.63%); and paranoid, 29 (14.22%). The presence of any personality disorder was associated with an increase in the risk of committing crimes, especially violence and crimes against property. The most frequent personality disorders were associated with higher scores in the psychopathy assessment tools. Higher scores in the Psychopathy Checklist Reviewed (PCL-R) correlated with an increased risk of committing the following crimes: violent, against public health, against property and disorderly conduct. The consumption of addictive psychoactive substances was associated with the commission of crimes against property. Methadone stood out for its protective role against the commission of violent crimes. Discussion This sample shows that inmates have a higher prevalence of personality disorders, psychopathy and consumption of addictive psychoactive substances. These three variables significantly increased the risk of committing crimes.

Traditionally, psychopathy research has focused on assessing men with the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R). Research on women with other assessment tools is scarce. The objective of this study is to evaluate psychopathy, using various tools, in a sample with both women and men. The study involved 204 inmates (mean age (DS) = 40.93 (11.8)), 28 women (13.7%), in the Pereiro de Aguiar penitentiary (Ourense). Sociodemographic, substance use, and criminal variables were collected, and all were evaluated with the following tools: PCL-R,  Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP), and the International Personality Disorder Examination. In this sample, when assessed with the PCL-R, males obtained significantly higher scores on facet 4, which measures antisocial behaviour. Women obtained significantly higher scores on the Self domain in the CAPP, measuring narcissism. No symptom or item was able to clearly discriminate psychopathic women from psychopathic men in a Support Vector Machine model. The construct of psychopathy is similar for women and men in this representative penitentiary sample. Women showed higher scores for narcissism and men for antisociality. It is better to combine the PCL-R with another tool such as the CAPP to assess these psychopathological differences. No symptom or item has a score that can be recommended as a method for discriminating psychopathic women from psychopathic men.

Introduction: Congenital pouch colon (CPC) is a rare malformation. It causes variable dilatation of the colon associated with anorectal malformation (ARM), usually presenting a fistula towards the genitourinary tract., Case Report: 2-day-old female patient, with no relevant medical history. She had abdominal distension and imperforate anus. She underwent colostomy. She had an irregular evolution with high colostomy debits. Contrast imaging studies were performed, which demonstrated an erroneous exteriorization of the jejunal loop. She underwent an exploratory open surgery, which confirmed the previous diagnosis and incidentally found colonic agenesis, with ileum entering in a pouch of 6 cm of diameter that connects with the bladder., Discussion: CPC is a common pathology in certain eastern countries and extremely rare in western countries. In Ecuador, no records of reported cases were found. A correct pre-surgical analysis of ARM patients should be carried out to achieve an adequate planning and surgical approach, thus reducing morbidity and mortality.

Objective: To assess the initial treatment persistence with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-2 adrenergic bronchodilators (ICS/LABA) depending on the inhaler device used (pMDI or DPI), for the treatment of asthma and COPD., Material and Methods: An multicenter observational study. Subjects in initial treatment with ICS/LABA during 2007-2011 were included, and a follow-up period of 3 years. 2 groups of study (asthma, COPD) and 2 subgroups were prepared according to the device type inhaler (pMDI or DPI). The main measurements were: sociodemographic, comorbidity, adherence (rate possession medication -RPM-), persistence, drugs, exacerbation rates, resources use, and their costs (direct and indirect costs). Multivariate methods were used for the variables correction, with significance level of P<.05., Results: The study included 2,082 asthma patients (pMDI: N = 566, 27.2%; DPI = 1,516, 72.8%). Patients with MDI devices showed a higher degree of persistence (32.5 vs. 27.8%; P=.037), treatment adherence (RPM: 83.1 vs. 80.5%; P<.001), fewer exacerbations (17.7 vs. 24.9%; P=.001) and lower health care costs (2,583 vs. 2,938 EUR; P = 0.042). 1,418 patients with COPD also were analyzed (pMDI: N = 524, 41.9%; DPI: N = 824, 58.1%) were analyzed. Patients with MDI devices also showed a higher degree of persistence (31.5 vs. 24.8%; P=.005), treatment adherence (RPM: 83.3 vs. 80.1%; P= .001), less exacerbations (40.1 vs. 48.2%; P=.002) and lower health care costs (3,922 vs. 4,588 EUR; P=.021)., Conclusions: pMDI devices (as ICS/LABA initial treatment) are associated with higher treatment persistence either in asthma or COPD, with lower exacerbation rates, and use of health resources and cost., (Copyright © 2016 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of NEPs in prison to reduce the prevalence of infections associated with intravenous drug use and to know more about acceptance of the program by inmates and staff., Material and Methods: cross-sectional observational study at baseline, 6 and 12 months and 10 years of program development. Interviews were conducted with program users, as well as random sample surveys of officials at the various cuts, and a random sample of inmates from the centre after10 years. Activity indicators of the program were recorded continuously, and the prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV at baseline and after 10 years was evaluated. For the statistical analysis, the chi-square test was used with the Yates correction when necessary., Results: In ten years we have supplied a total of 15,962 syringes to 429 users, (average 20.2 users/month), and 11,327 (70.9%) were returned. The prevalence of HIV infection decreased from 21% in 1999 to 8.5% in 2009, HCV prevalence from 40% to 26.1% (p <0.01), finding no significant differences in the prevalence of HBsAg +. Most of the inmates and civil servants believe that the program did not increase intravenous drug use and improves hygienic living conditions in prison., Conclusions: After ten years of development of the NEP, there was a significant decrease in the prevalence of HIV and HCV in the prison population at the centre, and the program is accepted as beneficial by most of the inmates and staff participating in the survey.

Unlabelled: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive disease with dyspnoea perception as a main symptom. In severe stages, dyspnoea can constitute a risk factor for depression, anxiety and somatization disorders., Objective: The objective was to evaluate the presence of these psychopathologies based on dyspnoea and severity stages in patients with COPD., Materials and Methods: Patients (n = 51) were evaluated by means of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the dyspnoea scale (MRC), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and spirometric criteria., Results: The increase in dyspnoea level and disease severity lead to a progressive worsening of anxiety, depressive and somatic symptoms with clinical relevance (P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between those parameters (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The early detection and treatment of these psychopathologies associated with dyspnoea and progression of the disease must be taken into account in this complex pathology., (Copyright © 2010 SEGG. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The scrapie prion protein (PrPsc) requires the cellular prion protein (PrPc) for its propagation and replication. In this work we studied the expression and localization of the PrPc in the central nervous system (SNC) of the rat, mouse, cat, cow and human, using immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques to understand more about prionopathies and Alzheimer's disease (EA)., Material and Methods: For the immunohistochemistry study we used human, cat, rat and cow samples to analyse frontal, temporal and occipital cortex, as well as the hippocampus and the thalamus. For the Western blot analysis we used mouse, cat, cow and human brain samples., Results: We observed a decrease in the amount of PrPc in the SNC in a rostrocaudal shift in the species mentioned above. We observed inhibitory cells in the cat cortex. The Western blot analysis showed a similar pattern of expression in the different species studied with a preponderance of the diglycosylated band, in relation to the other bands observed in the analysis., Discussion: These data suggest that in prionopathies PrPsc could be transmitted and could be replicated in and from the areas with most expression of PrPc. Similarly, a higher amount of this protein (PrPc) in some brain areas could explain some histopathological aspects of EA., Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis of a retrograde transport of PrPsc in the SNC. PrPc could be related to the pathophysiology of EA.

Background: Smoking is the main single avoidable cause of death in our country. Little research in the treatment of such disorder has been made., Aim: To report the results of a prospective follow up for one year of outpatients from our "Smoker's Clinic" at the Department of Psychiatry of the Catholic University., Patients and Methods: One hundred twenty-seven patients (84 male, aged 21 to 70 years old), with DSM-IV criteria for nicotine dependence, were included in a total of 18 groups. Each group received an intensive treatment program of 10 sessions with cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention techniques and nicotine replacement. Patients with active psychiatric diseases were not included in the program., Results: Eighty-seven percent of subjects were abstinent at the first month and 50% were still abstinent after twelve months of follow up. We did not find differences in gender, age, previous psychiatric disease, number of cigarettes and breath carbon monoxide level between abstinent and non abstinent patients after 12 months of follow up., Conclusion: This intensive nicotine dependence treatment in seriously dependent patients, proved to be successful, regardless of the previous psychiatric history.

The epidemiological data of prevalence of mental disorders according to gender differences are controversial. We analysed the prevalence among men and women via a two-stage epidemiological community study using the GHQ-28 and the SCAN on the island of Formentera (Spain). There are no sex differences in total prevalence; nevertheless some significant differences are detected when data is analysed on specific disorders. Affective disorders, sleep disorders and neurotic and somatoform disorders are more prevalent among women, whereas men have more psychoactive substance use disorders. Comorbidity with medical illness are higher in women but differences are not significant. These findings suggest the need to standardise procedures and instruments in these kinds of studies. This is because one of the bias could be the difference in the number of disorders included in the instrument design used (in our study, sleep disorders and psychoactive substance use disorders were included and personality disorders were excluded.

Background: Spanish prisons have a high number of inmates whose behaviour puts them at risk of being infected by hepatitis C virus (HCV). The object of this study was to establish the prevalence of this infection and its associated factors in the prison population of the north-east of Spain., Methods: Inmates in seven prisons in the north-east of Spain were studied. Socio-demographic and prison variables were gathered, as well as risk factors for infection by HCV. Antibodies against HCV were determined (EIA and INNO-LIA HCV III), Hepatitis B virus (VHB) (EIA), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (EIA and Western-Blott). The analysis of associated factors was based on logistic regression., Results: Of the total number of inmates studied, 47.9% presented HCV antibodies. There was greater prevalence in the case of the following: UDVP (89.6%); those who shared needles (94%); those infected by HIV (92.7%); carriers of Australia antigen (65.1%) and antibodies to the HBV core antigen (79.8%); those who had been in prison before (60.9%); unmarried men (54.8%); gypsies (52%); unqualified workers (50.4%); those who had no basic school qualifications (50.9%); those with tattoos (66.7%); and those with a background of self-inflicted injuries (79.3%). In the logistic regression analysis the variables associated to infection by HCV were: UDVP (OR = 33.3; I.C. 95% = 25-50), HBcAc (+) (OR = 4.1; I.C. 95% = 1.1-5.3), age (OR = 0.98; I.C. 95% = 0.96-1.00), months in prison (OR = 1.011; I.C. 95% = 1.004-1.019) and a background of previous prison sentences (OR = 2.3; I.C. 95% = 1.5-3.6)., Conclusions: The prevalence of infection by HCV in prison inmates is very high. It is therefore recommended that preventive measures be increased (harm reduction programmes) and that clinical and analysis protocols be drawn up for those infected and for treatment in cases of chronic active hepatitis in order to control this serious public health problem.