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Background. To determine the effect of diabetes on the state of periodontal bone tissue. Methods. In rats, diabetes mellitus of the first type (DM1) was reproduced with the help of alloxan and diabetes mellitus of the second type (DM2) with the help of protamine. The activity of alkaline (ALP) and acid (ACP) phosphatases, calcium content, protein and elastase activity were determined in periodontal bone tissue. The level of biochemical markers of inflammation and protective systems was determined in the blood serum and in the gums. The mineralizing activity of bone tissue was determined by the ALP/ACP ratio. Results. It was established that the mineralizing activity of periodontal bones is significantly higher in males and increases with age. The reproduction of DM1 and DM2 in rats caused a significant decrease in the mineralizing activity of periodontal bone tissue and insignificant changes in the level of calcium and protein. In rats with diabetes, an inflammatory process develops in the gums (increase in the level of elastase) against the background of a decrease in the level of markers of protective systems (catalase and lysozyme). Conclusion. A decrease in the level of mineralizing activity of periodontal bone tissue under conditions of diabetes can be the reason for the development of diabetic periodontitis.

It has been proved that arterial hypertension is not associated exclusively with an increase in vascular tone but also with a complex of pathological processes that results in cardiovascular pathology and lesions of the target organs. The central and peripheral contours of blood pressure regulation are well studied. Nevertheless, despite the presence of two regulatory contours the key structure that integrates and controls their function is the hypothalamus, in particular its arcuate nucleus. It is proved that the effectiveness of blood pressure regulation depends on those neuromodulators and neurohormones that are synthesized in the hypothalamus or transported to it. The most important neurohormones in the regulation of arterial blood presssure are brain natriuretic peptide, β-endorphin, neurotensin and angiotensin II. Equally important factor is the functional state of arcuate nucleus neurons, which depends on adequate blood supply, innervation and inter-neuronal relationships. The link between the above described processes is nitrogen monoxide system (NOS) and its universal messenger – nitric oxide NO. The purpose of the work was to determine the nature of the balance of pressor (angiotensin II and neurotensin) and depressor (brain natriuretic peptide and β-endorphin) neurohormones in the neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the ratio of NOS isoforms with hypertension of different etiology. Materials and methods. The studies were conducted on 32 mature male Wistar rats and 16 male spontaneously hypertensive rats. To study the content of neuropeptides and NOS enzyme isoforms, an immunohistochemical method was used, followed by digital image processing by Image J. The results that were obtained were calculated using the "Statistica 11.0" program. Conclusions 1. The same changes of neuropeptides’ content in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus are observed in the rats with arterial hypertension which are characterized by a decrease in the brain natriuretic peptide, β-endorphin and angiotensin II content with a significant increase in neurotensin content regardless of arterial hypertension etiology and pathogenesis. The peculiarities of the balance between depressor and pressor substances depend on the etiopathogenetic mechanisms – with the endocrine-salt model of arterial hypertension there is a significant predominance of depressor neuropeptides (in 4.3 times) whereas in essential hypertension this balance is similar to the control. 2. The changes of the NOS isoform ratio in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus are unidirectional, both with endocrine-salt model of arterial hypertension and essential hypertension – the content of eNOS decreases while nNOS and iNOS content increases.

It has been proved that arterial hypertension is not associated exclusively with an increase in vascular tone but also with a complex of pathological processes that results in cardiovascular pathology and lesions of the target organs. The central and peripheral contours of blood pressure regulation are well studied. Nevertheless, despite the presence of two regulatory contours the key structure that integrates and controls their function is the hypothalamus, in particular its arcuate nucleus. It is proved that the effectiveness of blood pressure regulation depends on those neuromodulators and neurohormones that are synthesized in the hypothalamus or transported to it. The most important neurohormones in the regulation of arterial blood presssure are brain natriuretic peptide, β-endorphin, neurotensin and angiotensin II. Equally important factor is the functional state of arcuate nucleus neurons, which depends on adequate blood supply, innervation and inter-neuronal relationships. The link between the above described processes is nitrogen monoxide system (NOS) and its universal messenger – nitric oxide NO. The purpose of the work was to determine the nature of the balance of pressor (angiotensin II and neurotensin) and depressor (brain natriuretic peptide and β-endorphin) neurohormones in the neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the ratio of NOS isoforms with hypertension of different etiology. Materials and methods. The studies were conducted on 32 mature male Wistar rats and 16 male spontaneously hypertensive rats. To study the content of neuropeptides and NOS enzyme isoforms, an immunohistochemical method was used, followed by digital image processing by Image J. The results that were obtained were calculated using the "Statistica 11.0" program. Conclusions 1. The same changes of neuropeptides’ content in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus are observed in the rats with arterial hypertension which are characterized by a decrease in the brain natriuretic peptide, β-endorphin and angiotensin II content with a significant increase in neurotensin content regardless of arterial hypertension etiology and pathogenesis. The peculiarities of the balance between depressor and pressor substances depend on the etiopathogenetic mechanisms – with the endocrine-salt model of arterial hypertension there is a significant predominance of depressor neuropeptides (in 4.3 times) whereas in essential hypertension this balance is similar to the control. 2. The changes of the NOS isoform ratio in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus are unidirectional, both with endocrine-salt model of arterial hypertension and essential hypertension – the content of eNOS decreases while nNOS and iNOS content increases.

Com a finalidade de esclarecer a patogenicidade de microorganismos que compõem a microflora vaginal, particularmente nas chamadas vaginites inespecíficas e de determinar o valor da citologia como método para identificação da flora vaginal, foram estudadas 97 pacientes, realizando cultura, exame direto a fresco, Gram e citologia do material cérvico-vaginal. Entre os microorganismos de importância clínica reconhecida, Gardnerella vaginalis foi o mais freqüentemente isolado, 48,4%, seguido de Trichomonas vaginalis, 10,3%, Candida albicans, 7,2% e Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 1,1%. Alterações citológicas indicativas de cervicite e/ou vaginite estiveram presentes na maioria dos casos de G.vaginalis, C.albicans e em todos os casos de T.vaginalis. Foi ressaltada a importância da avaliação semi-quantitativa dos microorganismos nos meios de cultura. Na avaliação da citologia como método diagnóstico para a microflora vaginal, foi observada que este foi o melhor dos métodos utilizados na identificação de T.vaginalis, tendo sido detectado cerca de 50% dos casos de C.albicans. No diagnóstico de G.vaginalis a citologia foi positiva em 48,9% dos casos, destacando-se que dos 31 casos positivos ao exame citológico, oito tiveram culturas negativas para G.vaginalis, embora tenham sido isolados nestes últimos: Haemophilus sp. ou Corynebacterium sp.This work is an attempt to throw more light on the pathogenicity of microorganisms of the vaginal flora, specially those of the so-called nonspecific vaginitis. An attempt is made to determine the value of cytology as a method for the identification of vaginal flora, by the study of microbiologic cultures, fresh and Gram stain direct exam and citology of the cervico-vaginal specimens of 97 patients. Among microorganisms with clinical significance, Gardnerella vaginalis was the most frequently isolated organism, 48,4%, followed by Trichomonas vaginalis, 10.3%, Candida albicans, 7.2% and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 1.1%. Cytologic changes typical of cervicitis and/or vaginitis were seen in the majority of cases of G. vaginalis, C. albicans, and in all cases of T.vaginalis. The importance of a semi-quantitative evaluation of the vaginal flora on the culture plates was stressed. In the evaluation of cytology as a diagnostic method of the vaginal microflora, we observed that it was the best of the two methods used in the identification of T.vaginalis and that it was capable of detecting the presence of about 50% of C.albicans. In the diagnosis of G. vaginalis cytology was positive in 48.9% of cases. It is of note that of 31 cases of positive cytologic smear, eight had negative culture for G. vaginalis, even though organisms such as Haemophilus sp or Corynebacterium sp had been isolated in these cases.