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Inclusive Education is a key aspect of the modern educational system aimed at ensuring equal access to Education for all people, regardless of their individual needs. Tolerance in society plays an important role in the success of inclusive Education because it promotes respect for diversity and understanding of others. The Ukrainian Higher Education system is not fully prepared for students with special needs. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study world practices of adaptation of students with disabilities to studying at universities in order to implement and improve inclusive Education at universities. In the course of the study, the conceptual principles of the organization of inclusive Education in Higher Education institutions of the European Union (UE) were outlined. Moreover, with the help of the sociological method of research, the level of tolerance to students with special needs and the impact of the creation of a tolerant learning environment on receiving Higher Education by students with disabilities were investigated. As a result, the directions of implementation of the inclusive paradigm in modern universities of Ukraine were developed. This article will be useful to teachers, practitioners, as well as to everyone who is interested in the study of inclusion and its fulfilment in society.

ABSTRACT The stunt complex, transmitted by Dalbulus maidis, has become one of the main maize diseases in recent years in Brazil and Latin America. Genetic resistance is one of the best ways to control and prevent plant diseases due to its efficiency, low environmental impact, and reduced need for phytosanitary products. We sought to identify maize genotypes tolerant to the stunt complex and quantify the levels of damage caused by the disease in commercial hybrids and native varieties. A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the maize stunting. We used an augmented block design with 60 genotypes and 3 test hybrids, arranged in 4 blocks. We assessed the incidence and severity of stunting between stages R2 and R3. We evaluated the agronomic characteristics of the different genotypes to compare them with the effects caused by the stunt complex and each genotype’s tolerance. We found more than 1,000 kg ha-1 of losses for commercial and native hybrids due to the stunt complex. Regression and multivariate analyses showed results that prove the effect of the maize stunt complex in reducing productivity, which allowed the classification of the evaluated genotypes into tolerance and resistance levels. The genotypes GNZ 7788 VIP3, Sempre 10A40 VIP3, DKB 360 PRO3, FS 575 PWU, NK Defender VIP3, and MG 540 PWU proved to be the best genotypes to serve as resistance sources to the stunt complex. The results emphasized the importance of genetic improvement in adding resistance/tolerance traits to breeding programs and increasing maize productivity and global sustainability.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of saline and water stresses on the germination of seeds and of saline stress on the development of seedlings of 'SCS437 Catarina' Passiflora edulis. The seeds were germinated on paper moistened with NaCl and PEG 6,000 solutions, at the osmotic potentials of 0.00, −0.25, −0.50, −0.75, −1.00, and −2.00 MPa. The produced seedlings were exposed only to NaCl. The seeds show tolerance to saline stress up to an osmotic potential of −0.75 MPa, while the seedlings present tolerance up to an osmotic potential of −0.50 MPa (10.96 mS cm−1).

Although uncertainty is common in the field of physiotherapy, little research has been conducted on the topic of uncertainty tolerance (UT). This study builds on previous research that explored UT in novice physiotherapists and identified their educational needs in relation to UT using the self-developed "Tolerance to Uncertainty in Physiotherapy" (TUP) questionnaire. The present work aims to explore UT in experienced physiotherapists, identify their educational needs regarding uncertainty management, and compare them with novice physiotherapists. A cross-sectional quantitative observational study was conducted involving 40 physiotherapists with an average work experience of 11.9 (7.52) years participated. The results show that the evaluated physiotherapists had a medium-high UT with 51 points (5.99) on the TUP scale. Years of experience could not be confirmed as a good predictor of UT, although a trend towards improved UT was observed (r= -0.075, p-value = 0.645). Experienced physiotherapists were less nervous or anxious about unknown diagnoses and had less difficulty switching off mentally. However, they were in agreement with novice physiotherapists in terms of requesting more diagnostic tests or more frequent appointments. Implementing educational programmes to improve UT during the training period and in experienced professionals is essential.

Teachers’ tolerance toward children’s social behaviors is, in part, guided by teachers’ cognitions and emotions. Few studies have examined the associations between teachers’ cognitions, emotions, and tolerance toward children’s social behaviors. This study aimed to (1) describe the cognitions, emotions, and tolerance of Portuguese preschool teachers toward children’s shy, physically and relationally aggressive, rough-and-tumble play, exuberant, and unsociable behaviors at preschool, depending on children’s sex; and (2) examine the direct and indirect associations (via teachers’ emotions) between teachers’ cognitions and tolerance toward children’s social behaviors, depending on children’s sex. One hundred and seven preschool teachers completed the Child Behaviors Vignettes. Preschool teachers displayed more negative views toward children’s physical and relational aggression, reported positive perspectives toward children’s rough play and mixed attitudes toward children’s exuberance, and differentiated shy from unsociable behaviors. Direct associations between teachers’ cognitions and tolerance were found only for physical aggression. Teachers’ anticipation of negative peer costs and academic performance appear to exert an indirect influence on teachers’ tolerance toward physical aggression and unsociability, via increased levels of worry. These findings highlight the role of teachers’ emotions for tolerance toward children’s social behaviors and the need to enhance their self-awareness.

The knowledge of lexical, grammatical, stylistic, and syntactic can help with political speeches allowing deconstructing the principal messages originally laid down in the address. The right uses of tolerance help to create an idea of a political leader, including based on their verbal manifestations. The use of frame analysis is relevant in modern linguistics since the world is undergoing considerable transformations. The formation of an idea of the discourse of tolerance in the modern world is necessary for every member of society, since through political texts and the introduction of implicit meanings in them, one can achieve a considerable influence on the audience. Framing analysis is the young method in the world of mass information that helps to form framing with public opinions. With this method there is the opportunity to manipulate people, when there is a potential threat or important information. The decoding of linguistic mechanisms allowed forming the main semantic, grammatical, and stylistic guidelines for the identification and interpretation of symbols, images, and meanings in a political context. The purpose of this study was to investigate the meaning of tolerance evoked by frames in particular contexts, to form the principal semantic prototypes within the political text and their structural implementation. The subject of the study was the final address of B. Obama (2016a) at the United Nations (UN) General Assembly, on September 20, 2016, considered from the standpoint of the discourse of tolerance. To understand the genealogy of the discourse of tolerance there were used other political speeches of B. Obama. For the research were used such methods as discursive (for evaluation of final address of the B. Obama speeches), linguistic (analyse of verbal constructions), contextual and frame analysis, which include such stages as content analysis to quantify tolerance, framing each form of tolerance and context analysis. Semantic elements of tolerance with practices and knowledge became the main problem of this research. In the basis of the article lie Fillmore’s views that frames activate background knowledge containing scenes and situations; scenes are related to texts; word semantics is connected with text semantics. The research is designed systematically to locate tolerance and its forms quantitatively, contextually to textual interpretation which incorporates analysis of linguistic, discursive, pragmatic, and rhetorical elements. Also, it was defined that in the speeches B. Obama used four concepts of tolerance: in positive (A) (is a product of other human value) and negative (B) (emphasizes to tolerate) meanings, verbs in passive voice (C) (direct object) and adjective (D) (describe object founded around the world). Another feature of reference is the specification of a particular type of tolerance resulting from another human virtue, i.e., respect. In this utterance conjunctions of extension: two types of variation: alternative and replacive conjunctions are used. The following groups of synonyms are distinguished: “patience”, “forbearance”, “admittance” categories, etc.; hyponyms are arranged as “superior” and “inferior” components. In componential analysis, respect is in inferior relation to tolerance. However, in current utterance, respect is in superior relation to tolerance. The complex nature of tolerance discourse, showcasing its multifaceted linguistic expression, was investigated. Through various linguistic forms and contextual cues, the tolerance frame activates scenarios of conflict and crisis, offering itself as a solution against negative trends like intolerance. The research outlined how tolerance is strategically implemented into political addresses, invoking principles of respect, diversity, equity, and human rights to address challenges, including religious conflicts and societal disparities. The results of the research further can be used to create programs for semantic prototyping, placing frame markers in automatic mode, and developing language patterns.

In this article, Étienne Gilson analyzes the notions of dogmatism and tolerance in the light of the analysis of various contemporary historical facts. He defines dogmatism as the philosophical position that affirms that there are certain propositions that can be considered absolutely necessary. Similarly, he defines tolerance in direct relation to dogmatism: for Gilson, there can only be tolerated where there is dogmatism since one can only tolerate the falsity of a position as long as one is sure that another true position exists. Likewise, Gilson succeeds in showing that there is no necessary link between what is called philosophical dogmatism and political tyranny, just as there is no necessary link between philosophical scepticism and political freedom.

This study aimed to determine the negative impact of volunteer soybean plants on bean crop yield and the tolerance of bean genotypes to the herbicides ethoxysulfuron and halosulfuron. To determine the impact of volunteer soybean plants on bean crops, a field experiment was developed, with sub-sub-plots, and four replications. The main plots contained two bean cultivars, while the sub-plots received two soybean sowing times (0 and 7 days after the beans had been sown), while the sub-sub plots contained five soybean plant densities (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 plants m-2). The tolerance of the bean genotypes was evaluated with two experiments in a completely randomized design with three replications. They were arranged in a 28 x 3 factorial design (bean genotypes x herbicide doses). Each soybean plant per m2 reduced bean crop yield by 4%. The recommended doses of ethoxysulfuorn and halosulfuorn resulted in tolerance levels above 70% for all the studied bean genotypes. Highlights: • The herbicides ethoxysulfuron and halosulfuron, are registered in Brazil for the control of volunteer soybean plants in bean crops. • To date, the impact generated by volunteer soybean plants competing with bean plants is unknown. • The tolerance of 28 bean cultivars to herbicides ethoxysulfuron and halosulfuron was determined using dose label and double the dose. • The impact of volunteer soybean plants on bean crops was determined using two bean cultivars and two soybean sowing times. • The bean genotypes displayed a highly variable response to the herbicides ethoxysulfuron and halosulfuron; however, when the label recommended dose of the herbicides was used, the tolerance levels observed were over 70%. • Each soybean plant is capable of causing a 4% reduction in bean plant grain yield, regardless of the establishment time of the soybean plants or the bean genotype.

The impact of the psychological well-being level of high school seniors on their tolerance for cognitive load was analyzed. The study involved 93 students: 45 males and 48 females – 11th-grade students from Dnipro (Ukraine), who were categorized into three groups based on their level of psychological well-being: I – individuals with a high level of psychological well-being, II – individuals with an average level of psychological well-being, and III – individuals with a low level of psychological well-being. To determine the level of psychological well-being, the "Scales of Psychological Well-Being" (SPWB) questionnaire was used, adapted by T.D. Shevelenkova and P.P. Fesenko. Cognitive load was assessed using the correction test by V.Ya. Anfimov and arithmetic tasks, allowing the evaluation of the ability to perceive significant information. Task performance efficiency was determined by the number of correctly solved tasks in 5 minutes (accuracy) and the total number of tasks completed (speed of execution). The level of tolerance to cognitive load was assessed using E.P. Il'in's tapping test modified by G.V. Okhromiy. Tolerance to cognitive load was evaluated based on the difference in the lability of the nervous system before and after the test. Statistical processing was conducted using the Statistica 6.0 application program for Windows. It was found that students with average and high levels of psychological well-being demonstrated better tolerance to cognitive load than students with a low level of psychological well-being. At a low level of psychological well-being, males exhibited a moderate-low type of nervous system and average lability of nervous system processes, while females showed a weak type of nervous system and low lability of nervous system processes.

Promoting Intercultural Sensitivity with a Virtual Exhibition in FLE ABSTRACT: This article aims to present a didactic proposal carried out between the Faculty of Education and the Humanities at UCLM to develop the different stages of a virtual exhibition and to promote intercultural competence with a critical mind. Help to ultimately become a responsible, active, critical, and supportive citizen, showing a commitment to tolerance. This is the project of Enterculturas 2.0 that we have joined together to transmit these global and intercultural values through two characters Alice Guy Blaché and Gustave Eiffel, each precursor in their field. This proposal will allow us to reflect on new teaching practices and to see how new technologies an asset for the French can be as a foreign language class. RÉSUMÉ : Cet article vise à présenter une proposition didactique menée à bien entre les facultés d’Éducation et d’Humanités de l’UCLM afin de développer les différentes étapes d’une exposition virtuelle et de promouvoir la compétence interculturelle faisant preuve d´un esprit critique. Aider à devenir en définitive un citoyen responsable, actif, critique et solidaire, montrant un engagement en faveur de la tolérance. Tel est le projet d´Enterculturas 2.0 auquel nous nous sommes unis afin de transmettre ces valeurs globales et interculturelles à travers deux personnages Alice Guy Blaché et Gustave Eiffel, précurseurs chacun dans leur domaine. Cette proposition nous permettra de réfléchir sur de nouvelles pratiques pédagogiques et de voir en quoi les nouvelles technologies peuvent être un atout pour la classe de Français langue étrangère.

Despite the war in Ukraine, medicine remained one of the most popular specialties for this year's applicants. Ukrainian universities should work more actively on the development of innovative solutions in the field of digitization of education, the combination of mixed and modern virtual education with academic mobility. The educational space is characterized by an increase in socio-cultural complexity, the consequence of which is the complication of relations between both Ukrainian and foreign students. With this in mind, the strategic tasks of higher education in Ukraine are the formation of multicultural relationships in the student body, since almost all student groups are multicultural. The main goal of this work is to determine the features of training foreign medical students in the multicultural environment at medical higher educational institutions. The main issue today is the problem of dialogue between cultures in a multicultural environment. The importance of this question is undeniable, since the dialogue is oriented towards the future and involves deep knowledge of the spiritual structure and intellectual system of the society with which the dialogue is carried out. Multicultural education is a process of preparing individuals for social, political and economic realities in which they gain their life experience, and as a result, the individual develops his ability to perceive a multicultural environment. One of the key principles of multicultural education and upbringing is the principle of tolerance. The foreign students education process efficacy in the created multicultural environment will be facilitated by the development of skills and interpersonal communication skills. The authors concluded that foreign students’ preparation for interpersonal communication will be hindered by organizing of their creative activity by means of interactive technologies. The development of creative abilities can be ensured through the use of interactive learning tools: solving practical medical problems, solving conflict situations with patients or colleagues, role-playing, business games, applying the project method, developing associative thinking, creative independent work. The teacher should offer students of higher education a variety of individual tasks and situations, because the more actively future doctors perform them, the better their creative abilities develop. Thus, the process of multicultural education is aimed at forming socially and professionally important qualities of an individual, at creating and expanding the circle of his relations to society, to people in the surrounding world, to himself. In view of the foregoing, we conclude that the creation of a multicultural environment in a medical institution of higher education is a necessary condition for the training of foreign students in interpersonal communication. We see the prospect of further research in defining the essence of the concept of “multicultural environment of a medical institution of higher education” and clarifying the peculiarities of training foreign students - future doctors - for interpersonal communication in this environment.

La estabilidad de los regímenes democráticos se garantiza cuando el Estado de Derecho produce vías de comunicación horizontal para que los derechos humanos se ejerzan en plenitud, libertad gubernamental y en ecosistemas donde florezcan comunidades integradas, resilientes, participativas y gobernables. En este contexto, los espacios públicos son el entramado natural para modelos de inclusión derivados de la participación activa de los ciudadanos. No obstante, existe la posibilidad de convertir a los regímenes del consenso en plataformas para descalificaciones y polarizaciones ideológicas, todo ello como subproducto de un franco debate de libertades en donde diferentes posturas ideológicas incentiven la anomia. Anomia no es autoritarismo; tampoco subordinación a la voz de las mayorías; mucho menos alineaciones a regímenes social-demócratas o de extrema derecha. La anomia es una condición que subraya las ausencias de mecanismos regulatorios para impulsar reestructuraciones normativas a partir de colectivos que trazan sus prioridades desde una convivencia activa con diferencias. La anomia sobrepone al individuo a la ley y se normaliza una visión hobbesiana del hombre por el hombre sin Leviatán que los regule.

The treatment of cow's milk protein allergy is based on the complete elimination of cow's milk protein from the diet. To achieve remission of symptoms and future tolerance, exclusion must be total. In formula fed infants the extensively hydrolysed formula is the most appropriate option in mild or moderate forms, while those based on amino acids are reserved for the most severe cases. The treatment time, the acquisition of tolerance and the moment for the oral provocation test will vary according to the clinical picture, the immunological mechanism involved and the age of the patient. The aim of this consensus has been to reflect the updated knowledge together with the experience of neonatologists, pediatricians, experts in allergy, nutrition and gastroenterology., (Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría.)

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the suitability of Setaria viridis as a model plant in studies to validate candidate genes for cold tolerance by evaluating the response of two of its accessions to different durations of abrupt or gradual cold stress in the vegetative and reproductive stages. Plants of accessions A10.1 and Ast-1, cultivated at 25°C, were subjected to the following cold stress treatments: gradual reduction in temperature from 25 to 0°C, 5°C at a time, every 24 hours in a same chamber; or abrupt reduction in temperature, by transferring plants from a chamber at 25°C to another at 0°C. Plants were kept at 0°C for 3, 5, or 10 days, after which temperature was increased back again to 25°C; a control group remained at 25ºC. Low temperatures – reduced abruptly or gradually – caused a decrease in the gas exchange rates and shoot and root biomass of the plants, besides damage to their photochemical apparatus; the longer the cold lasted, the more pronounced the effect was. Regardless of stress duration, plants recovered and completed their life cycle. The studied accessions are tolerant to cold and, therefore, are not suitable as a model plant in studies to validate candidate genes for cold tolerance.

ABSTRACT Using saline water for irrigation relies on strategies that include selecting salt-tolerant cultivars and leaching salts away from zones close to the roots. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to assess early growth and biomass production of two Eucalyptus clones (E. grandis × E. urophylla), CO 865 and CO 1407, irrigated with saline water and under different leaching fractions. Treatments were laid out in a randomized block design and arranged in a 4 × 2 + 2 factorial scheme: four leaching fractions (3, 10, 20, and 30 % of crop water demand for plants irrigated with saline water), two Eucalyptus clones (VCC 865 and CO 1407), and two additional treatments, one for each clone, conventionally irrigated with fresh water. The treatments were replicated four times. Measurements were made at 114 days after transplanting. Soil salinity decreased with increasing leaching fraction where VCC 865 was grown; however, leaf dry weight production was lower in treatments irrigated with saline water. Compared to fresh water-irrigated plants, irrigation with saline water resulted in lower: canopy diameter, leaf number, dry leaf mass, dry root mass, aerial parts dry mass, aerial part/root ratio, and total plant dry weight. Overall, the VCC 865 Eucalyptus clone performed better under saline irrigation than CO 1407.

This paper outlines the importance of translation activity for the Albanian culture beginning from the earliest period, as a driving force and forerunner of the Albanian National Awakening and identity, to the latest developments related to the quantity of translations, as well as their quality, peacebuilding in Kosovo and the use of translation for subversive propaganda. Translation, along with religion and masterpieces of world literature, brought different alphabetic scripts, many foreign words and, despite the adversarial approach by the Church and ruling authorities, contributed to the codification efforts, language purification and the coining of new words. Common expressions and folklore were collected and found their way into translated texts, now serving as grounds to call for retranslation.

This research was carried out in Puerto La Boca, Manabí province, Ecuador, in 2019. The objective was to obtain hybrid F1 melon seed under greenhouse conditions. For the development of this research, a plot was implemented in a 500 m2 greenhouse in a randomized complete block experimental design with three repetitions and two treatments (A1: Plants with pruning and A2: Plants without pruning). The response variables were: plant height (m), stem diameter (mm), number of nodes before fruit, number of nodes after the fruit, fruit volume (cm3), fruit weight (g), number of live seeds, number of dead seeds, the weight of seeds with the embryo (g), and a cost/benefit estimate using partial budgets. The results showed that the best average fruit weight, number of live seeds, and viable seed weight was for the pruning treatment. The partial budget analysis showed that seed production was highly profitable for the treatments evaluated with a cost-benefit ratio B/C> 1, with the pruning treatment being the best. Pruning improved melon F1 hybrid seed production, as well as fruit quality.

Various stresses are commonly encountered by probiotics in their ecological niches. Effects of adaptation treatments on the heat tolerance of Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0628 were evaluated. Cells pre-adapted to heat, cold, oxidative, acid, bile salt, and osmotic stresses were evaluated for tolerance and cross-protection against subsequent challenge. Except for cold, pre-adaptation to sublethal levels of stress significantly improved the cell viability after heat challenge compared to the control. Heat-adapted cells showed the highest heat stress tolerance, with their tolerance factor against heat challenge reaching 31.38-fold after pre-adaptation at 45°C for 1 h. Moreover, adaptation treatments improved tolerance to the same stress and evoked cross-protection against heterologous challenges, inducing a significantly lower ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acid content in the cell membrane of L. plantarum KLDS 1.0628. The results indicated that adaptation treatments are potential strategies for enhancing the survival rate of probiotics and exerting their functional properties.

The essay emphasizes three fundamental aspects of Voltaire’s thought: the aversion to modern jusnaturalism; the idea of “tolerance” as existential remedy to human weakness: “We are all full of weakness and errors; let us mutually pardon each other our follies - it is the first law of nature” (Voltaire, article “Tolérance”); and a non-triumphalist conception of “reason”: the summa of Voltaire’s thought is not the triumphant celebration of “reason”; rather, it lies in pointing out its limits, and therefore increasing its value. One of the most significant “articles” of the Dictionnaire philosophique is also the shortest together and concerns “the limits of reason” (“Bornes de l’esprit humain”). In its conclusion it embraces Montaigne’s motto: “What do I know?”.

Cerotoma tingomariana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is one of the major pests that affect soybean crops, which can signi cantly reduce crop yield. e use of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), an alternative method of control, has come into the prominence. To contribute in the management of the pest, the objective of this study was to select and characterize an entomopathogenic fungus by high efficacy and tolerance to temperature, pH and UV-B radiation. Ten fungal isolates of the fungus Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium spp. were tested against C. tingomariana under laboratory conditions. Bv003 and Bv060 isolates were selected with mean values of LC 50 were 5.6 x 10 4 and 5.8 x 10 5 conidia/mL, respectively. Bv003 was 10,4 times more virulent than Bv060. At greenhouse condition, efficacies 54.5 % and 79.5 % were obtained with the application of LC 90 to adults of C. tingomariana, respectively. Both isolates had an optimal growth at pH range of 5-7, in contrast, the fungal growth was inhibited at temperatures above 30 °C and by exposure to UV-B radiation above 18,8 minutes. Finally, the isolate Bv003 was selected as a microorganism with the potential to be used as biopesticide for the control of C. tingomariana in soybean crops.

In this study, the behavior of Q. mexicanus was recorded through observations from July to October 2020. The observations period was from 7:00 to 10:00 a.m. and from 2:00 a.m. at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time (ET). During this study we were able to describe 29 specific behaviors that are grouped into nine main functional categories. These categories will be used to construct an ethogram that we hope will be useful to improve our knowledge about the behavior of Q. mexicanus, a bird that practically coexists with humans in the Republic of Panama.

The production of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in Argentina is centered in the northwestern region (NWA), where the incidence of root rots and stem diseases caused by Fusarium spp. has increased considerably in recent years. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity levels of isolates of the F. oxysporum and F. solani complexes in different varieties of Virginia Type tobacco. The commercial varieties MB47, PVH229, NC71, K346, K326, and K394 were inoculated with six isolates of both complexes. The variables evaluated were the incidence and severity of the symptoms. The area under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) was calculated and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Also, disease epidemiological models were fitted to the experimental data. The MB47 variety was significantly less infected and the varieties K346, K326, and K394 had the highest AUDPC means, showing susceptibility to the isolates. The disease intensity curves were adequately described by the monomolecular and logistic models. The results provide, for the first time, information about the levels of tolerance to vascular wilt and root rot under controlled conditions for the main varieties of Virginia-type tobacco grown in NWA. Highlights: • FOSC isolates produced mainly wilting, chlorosis, and growth reduction in tobacco plants; in contrast, FSSC isolates caused root rot, with characteristic necrotic lesions and root rot symptoms. • The highest DSI scores were registered for Fo27 and Fo15, while the lowest DSI score was found for Fs98. • The results obtained from the DSI scores were related to the mean AUDPC values of the isolates. • MB47 and NC71 were significantly less infected than the other varieties, which registered low AUDPC values.

In the Huguenot refugee community in The Netherlands, known as a hotbed of the early Enlightenment, literary interest in Judaism was ubiquitous, yet actual Dutch Jews were relegated to a marginal position in the exchange of ideas. It is this paradoxical experience of cultural participation and social exclusion that a major unpublished source allows to depict. The ex-converso Abraham Gómez Silveyra (1651–1741), a merchant endowed with rabbinic education and proficiency in French, composed eight manuscript volumes of theological reflections in Spanish literary prose and poetry. This huge clandestine series, which survives in three copies, shows the author’s insatiable curiosity for Christian thought. While rebutting Isaac Jacquelot’s missionary activity, he fraternizes with Pierre Jurieu’s millenarianism, Jacques Basnage’s historiography, and Pierre Bayle’s plea for religious freedom. Gómez Silveyra, however, being painfully aware of his voicelessness in the public sphere, enacts Bayle’s utopian project as a closed performance for a Jewish audience.

The research was carried out with the objectives of evaluating the final population of G. pallida; To evaluate the performance, resistance, tolerance and susceptibility of ten clones of S. tuberosum and select the clones according to Cook's criteria, 10 varieties of cultivated potato resistant and tolerant to G pallida were used, obtained from the National Germplasm Bank of INIA- Ayacucho, G pallida cysts were obtained from the Nematology laboratory of the Faculty of Biological Sciences of the UNSCH, each experimental unit had 0.4 kg / pot of a substrate with 1 tuber from each clone, inoculation and seeding was done with 08 tubers / 15 g seed, sowing one tuber per pot, 4 without inoculum (n0) and 4 with inoculum (n1). The final population of G. pallida was low in clones 5 and 6; high in clones 8 and 10. Inoculated clones (n1) showed 5.56% less yield than non-inoculated (n0), clone 6 shows a greater difference in yield (18.25%), demonstrating that it is not tolerant to G pallida, the other clones are tolerant. All clones are susceptible with three "I" ranges. According to Cook's criteria, clone 6 is non-tolerant and susceptible.

The present essay explores the essential meaning of freedom of speech in the context of contemporary constitutional democracy. In addressing the question of how free speech constitutional clause should be understood in an universe full of controversial cases, the study articulates three main propositions: 1. Freedom of speech is the right not to be prevented from speaking or not to be punished for speaking based on the alleged unacceptability of an idea (taken as incorrect, inappropriate, stupid, irrelevant, shocking, dangerous, etc.); 2. Freedom of speech grants protection no matter the content of the message because the exchange of ideas is valuable for reasons other than the substantive qualities of what is said; to be worthy of protection, speech does not need to be infallible, clever or polite, but only play an expressive role in the process of discussion; 3. Freedom of speech doesn’t collide with rights of others, especially in the case of assertive speech acts, that is, assertions of facts and values that the speaker sincerely believes to be true or correct; even when the content sounds outrageous, asserting something doesn’t imply violation of anyone’s right, but rather it means the exercise of one’s own right.

The project was based on strengthening the citizenship skills of the students of an Educational Institution in Cúcuta, Norte de Santander, in which, through a diagnosis, serious shortcomings were detected in such aspects, and more specifically in aspects of coexistence, tolerance and respect for the opinion, beliefs and views of the people around them.Various activities were designed and applied to improve these aspects, of which it should be mentioned that they were highly effective, given the strategies applied, in which self-esteem, reflection and the visualisation of each student's own defects and virtues were taken into account. Direct observation was proposed, with a qualitative focus that allowed us to establish that the students, among other things, do not appropriate the problems of their environment and find it difficult to recognise their shortcomings in terms of coexistence and respect for the ideas and beliefs of others. The instruments used to collect the information were the pedagogical diary and the diagnostic grid. Through the game called "La Vuelta a Colombia", it was observed that citizenship skills were strengthened in fifth grade students where they proposed prompt and affective solutions. The results were socialized to the educational community and the project was left immersed in an institutional improvement plan which will be implemented in all areas, courses and locations of the educational institution.

The Ukrainian school today is undergoing fundamental changes, and inclusive education is one of the innovative directions of their implementation. The issues of theoretical and practical training of specialists, their mastery of the methodological and didactic tools for providing inclusive education are being actively investigated in the work of specialists, and the process of intensive and productive formation of the regulatory framework of the organization of inclusive education is underway. Inclusion is a process that requires the involvement of significant resources and major changes in the organization of training and education of special children. It is the system of effective functioning of the educational team in an inclusive education that the presented article is dedicated to. The aim of the work is to analyze and summarize the experience of working in an inclusive class with a special student, identifying ways of socializing a student with special educational needs. The article explored the course of social and pedagogical support of a particular child, the work of teachers, the relationship of the student with a class, the position of parents of a schoolgirl who was diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder, Asperger syndrome. It was determined that one of the determining factors in creating a favorable microclimate for a child with special educational needs is not only the presence of defectologists, but also the readiness for cooperation of the family, teachers, the position of the school administration, cooperation with the inclusive resource center. On the basis of practical experience and theoretical generalizations, the ways of ensuring the socialization of that particular child in terms of inclusive education are formulated: 1) the need for the earliest diagnosis of psychophysical problems of the child; 2) parents’ active position as members of the teaching team; 3) providing theoretical and methodological training of teachers to work with special children; 4) the creation and implementation of a system of cooperation and mutual understanding of the family with the teachers of a special child; 5) establishment of close personal and professional contact of the assistant of the special child with the teachers of the school; 6) one of the main areas of work with the school community should be the formation of tolerance, the recognition of the characteristics of each individual, the education of mercy and humanism in the school environment. The readiness of teachers, families and society to implement the education of children with special educational needs is the strategic objective of the socialization of each particular child and the country’s democratic development.

Description: The paper focuses on the controversial aspects of the concept of tolerance, a “good” required today in the pluralistic and multicultural democratic societies. Through a brief survey on the authors who first introduced the concept in our western culture, the main reasons that justify the opportunity to educate to tolerance today are explored.

Challenges to free speech theory are very much present in public conversation around the world, inviting vigorous scholarly debate and making big headlines in the newspapers of some countries, such as the United States. This conversation with John D. Peters, from Yale University, tackles the main questions around the philosophy of freedom of expression. Even though the legal perspective underlies the entire discussion, the angle offered is that of a Media Studies scholar, with an exceptional background in history and philosophy of communication. The interview is organized in three sections. The first one touches upon some principles of the liberal tradition regarding freedom of speech. In the second section, Professor Peters gives some insights into recent cases that have challenged free speech principles: Charlie Hebdo’s cartoons, the riots at Berkeley where the free speech movement started, the ‘Safe Spaces’ controversy on U.S. Campuses, and Silicon Valley’s content moderation. In the final section, he elaborates on the future of the free speech principle.

This paper poses the question of the present state of criticism while also analyzing, in a more circumscribed manner, the specific phenomenon of “populism”. It shows the way in which populism as appeared in the public space mainly in a pejorative sense, and it suggests, along with Laclau (2005), that this phenomenon must not be rejected as such, insofar as it contains a specific rationality that is important for the democratic process but that must also be submitted to critical scrutiny. Thus, putting forward what the article calls a “critique of populist reason”, not only does it aim at reassessing what reason means today, but it also tries to distinguish the productive from the pernicious uses of populism by analyzing the narratives and values that each “populist” discourse mobilizes.

The Catholic Church is very diverse. This is its beauty and value. However, this can also be a cause of trouble. Where there are differences, conflicts may also arise. Some are open and want dialogue and conversation with everyone, about everything and in every possible way. They are always on the border. They try to understand the world and reach out to it and read the teaching of the Church in a modern way. They advocate reform and radical change. Others are conservative – they care more about preserving the most valuable things in the Church along the way. They care about tradition. They trust the wisdom of time. They do not want to make sudden changes. They look at the past with respect and draw wisdom and inspiration from it, in order to act today. There are different sensitivities, different spiritualities, and even different needs. Can conflicts be avoided? It is certainly not easy and also requires mutual tolerance.

Plants are expected to face novel challenges as consequence of human-driven global change. Outbreaks of pests and higher incidence of contaminants are increasing. Plants can improve tolerance to stress factors through associations with symbiotic microorganisms. Certain grasses establish persistent and asymptomatic symbioses with Epichloë fungal endophytes, which are known to confer protection against Herbivores and improve plant tolerance to abiotic stress factors. Nonetheless, accumulating evidence suggests the symbiosis outcome is context-dependent. We evaluated the capacity of the endophyte fungus E. occultans in protecting the annual grass Lolium multiflorum against a spontaneous larva attack of the generalist herbivore Agrotis ipsilon under episodic exposure of plants to ozone. Symbiotic and non-symbiotic plants were individually grown outdoors and exposed to ozone at different stages resulting in four treatments: control (plant never exposed to ozone), plant exposed to ozone at the vegetative stage, plant exposed to ozone at reproductive stage, and plant exposed to ozone at both stages. After the last exposure, there was an outbreak of A. ipsilon larvae. We evaluated herbivore damage, seed production per plant, and endophyte transmission to the seeds. Frequency of attacked plants was irrespective of both the endophyte and ozone exposure. However, the damage level per plant was only reduced by the endophyte. Seed production was slightly lower in endophyte-symbiotic plants and not affected by ozone. Interestingly, herbivore damaged and undamaged endophyte-symbiotic plants contributed equally to seed production. However, in plants exposed to ozone once at the vegetative or reproductive stage, endophyte-free undamaged plants had higher seed production than endophyte-free damaged plants. Ozone treatments did not affect the transmission efficiency of endophytes to the seeds. Mean endophyte transmission efficiency per plant was 95%. Medium doses of ozone seem to have undetectable effects on grass-endophyte symbiosis, not affecting the defensive mutualism nor the persistence of the symbiont across generations.

This study investigates the intersections of policy, affect, and the lives of migrant youth. We approach the Trump Administration’s contingent reversal of a “zero tolerance” family separation policy as an illustrative case for understanding how affect mediates policy-making processes. Combining Critical Policy Analysis (CPA) and affect studies, we analyze 184 print media texts between the declaration of zero tolerance (May 2018) and President Trump’s repeal of his executive order (June 2018). We argue that mainstream media invited publics to sympathize with migrant youth and shame zero tolerance policy and its defenders. While shame catalyzed nationwide #KeepFamiliesTogether protests, it also animated political actions that recuperated “America” as a tolerant nation (e.g., “Love, not hate, makes America great”). In doing so, shame suppressed structural critiques of U.S. state violence toward migrant as well as Black, Indigenous, and minoritized families and youth. We conclude by discussing how a “pedagogy of discomfort” offers one way to build toward more historically responsive and intersectional coalitions for migrant and education justice.

Even though tolerance towards minority groups seems a truism, students at early ages need to be educated on this issue. Minorities include categories such as race, religion, sexuality, cognitive disability, autism, physical impairment, among others. The aim of this paper is to present different English lesson plans prepared by students in which the inclusion of people with Down Syndrome is stated. Broad efforts have been made on an institutional level, but this study presents a more pointed focus. This proposal integrates the topic into the syllabus of an English class because this subject provides an invaluable opportunity to put social matters into practice. To this end, an example of an English lesson plan prepared by future English teachers is offered in which respect, tolerance, and acceptance towards people with Down Syndrome is implemented. Results show that values flow naturally while teaching a subject and that creativity is an asset in this work.

Between 1760 and 1770, Voltaire developed a series of activities in order to defend the concept of “tolerance”. The aim of this article is to assess the extension of this concept in his writings over that decade, in light of the philosopher’s criticism of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in Sentiment des citoyens(1764). His position on the issue is shown to be fraught with tensions and his writings put forth, if anything, an idea of limited tolerance which is hard to equate with his standing as the “champion of tolerance”, an image cultivated during the 18th century, which has become commonplace over time.

The writings of Manuel Alonso de Viado during the Peninsular War offer evidence of the significant but largely ignored role played by the supporters of Joseph Bonaparte in the ideological development of modern Spanish liberalism. With an openness previously unthinkable in Spain, those writings repeated an idea many times expressed in other European countries since the Early Enlightenment: that the decline of Spain was caused by religious fanaticism. But however much they copied some arguments from the so-called Black Legend, these were not anti-patriotic writings. They firmly rejected the widespread attribution of Spanish decline to the national character of its people, and insisted that clerics and rulers were the only ones to blame. In this way they defended the honour of the nation while at the same time justifying the Napoleonic intervention in Spain: only a drastic change in the country’s government and legislation could free Spanish minds from the chains that until then had prevented them from contributing to national progress.

The aim of this article is to establish a condition of possibility to interreligious dialogue or atheistic-religious dialogue. This condition consists in taking the concepts of «true» and «conditions of truth» as central elements of religious belief ’s nature. Further, in order to make possible the dialogue, any feature of ineffability must be kept out of a successful description of religious belief. So, firstly, I will examine the Wittgenstein’s work in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, to show that, in this approach, all religious discourses are meaningless and, therefore, no real dialogue is possible. Secondly, I will analyze the late work of Wiitgenstein, to show that concepts like «gamelanguage», «form of life» and «aspect sightedness» are not sufficient devices to make possible the dialogue. In general, I argue that both of Wittgenstein’s perspectives fail because assume the ineffability as a central attribute of religious belief. Finally, I argue that the concepts of «true» and «conditions of true» are essential to religious belief, if we want to grant the interreligious dialogue. I will defend that Davidson’s radical interpretation is useful for this purpose and, likewise, permits tolerance between religious and divergent points of view.

ABSTRACT Eustachys retusa has low sensitivity to glyphosate at the reproductive stage. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of glyphosate on adult E. retusa plants in order to identify the traits that make possible their regeneration in no-tillage systems. For this purpose, reproductive-stage specimens from wild populations were treated with glyphosate at two different rates (480 and 1,200 g a.i. ha-1) including a non-treated control. Results demonstrated that glyphosate could control E. retusa plants at reproductive stage at 1,200 g a.i. ha-1 dose. However, a certain proportion of plants can survive despite having full chlorosis as a consequence of basal bud activation (bud bank) and the presence of reserves in the rhizome. These combinations of morphological traits facilitate the recovery of foliar mass in some plants after the application of the herbicide. This behavior represents a serious problem because E. retusa plants retain the ability to regrow. This shows that, E. retusa management at reproductive stage must be complemented with other cultural and/or chemical tactics.

ABSTRACT: The combination of herbicides and other pesticides can influence weed and crop management. This study aimed to evaluate the response of the combination of different herbicides with insecticides or fungicides of different chemical groups on the development and yield of wheat grains of the cultivar ORS Vintecinco. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications. The experiment consisted of 33 treatments, as follows: control without application and application of the herbicides 2,4-D (1,005 g a.e. ha-1), bentazon (756 g a.i. ha-1), metsulfuron-methyl (3 g a.i. ha-1), and pyroxsulam (16 g a.i. ha-1), isolated or combined with the insecticides chlorfluazuron (15 g a.i. ha-1), chlorpyrifos (720 g a.i. ha-1), deltamethrin (5 g a.i. ha-1), and methomyl (5 g a.i. ha-1) or with the fungicides azoxystrobin (100 g a.i. ha-1), carbendazim (250 g a.i. ha-1), and propiconazole (190 g a.i. ha-1). Relative tolerance (RT), shoot dry matter (SDM), yield components, and grain yield were evaluated. In general, pyroxsulam had the highest number of synergistic interactions with insecticides and fungicides, reducing RT and SDM, especially the combination pyroxsulam + chlorpyrifos due to a lower RT level (45%) and higher SDM reduction (52%). All combinations of herbicides with the insecticide chlorpyrifos and most of the combinations with the fungicide propiconazole led to a reduction of grain yield when compared to their isolated application or to control without application.

ABSTRACT : Glyphosate is one of the main herbicides used to control ryegrass. The objective of this research was to evaluated whether the glyphosate dose-response curve is affected by density of ryegrass plants in two phenological growth stages. To attend this objective, two experiments were carried out in greenhouse (one with Lolium multiflorum and another with Lolium rigidum) and two under field conditions. In the greenhouse experiments, the experimental design was a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme, with factor A as plant density and factor B as glyphosate doses. In the field, two experiments were carried out in a randomized block design in a split-plot scheme. Plots consisted of glyphosate doses (0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 250, and 350 g ha-1), and the subplots consisted of three ryegrass densities (8 plants m-2, 140 plants m-2 with thinning before herbicide application, and 140 plants m-2 with thinning after herbicide application). In one experiment, glyphosate was sprayed at 28 days after emergence (DAE), whereas in another the application was carried out at 51 DAE. High-density ryegrass plants required a higher herbicide dose to obtain the same level of control of low-density plants. In addition to the density effect, an increased glyphosate dose was necessary for the late application to obtain the same level of control when compared to the initial application. Herbicide effectiveness was affected by population density and plant development stage.

Multicultural education is a cross-cutting theme in the state educational programme ISCED 1 – primary education. In primary education, multicultural education can be taught as a separate subject or it can be included in other ongoing subjects. When applying multicultural education it is also important that the teacher doesn’t have prejudices against any ethnic group or nationality. He/she should also use appropriate methods that lead to pupils becoming more tolerant.

The social and cultural environment of kindergartens and schools has experienced considerable changes during the past few decades. This greatly affected teachers as well, since children with a wide range of economic, cultural and family backgrounds bring with them contrasting moral values to preschools or elementary schools. Children of migrant workers, refugees, immigrants lead to increased diversity which requires new competences from teachers. The notion of incorporating multiculturalism in today’s schools is beyond question. Therefore education policy should signivcantly prioritize the inclusion of cultural varieties: diterent religions, diverse traditions and customs.

The treatment of food allergy involves completely removing the allergenic food from the diet, careful label reading, and ingredient awareness. Family education is crucial, understanding alternative names for the allergen. An emergency action plan provided by the doctor, with clear instructions for epinephrine application and when to seek medical attention, is essential. For mild to moderate symptoms, oral antihistamines may be prescribed. Psychological support is necessary due to emotional repercussions. Collaboration with an allergy specialist is crucial for personalized treatment. Natural tolerance to the food may be achieved, especially in non-IgE-mediated allergies. However, some allergic manifestations persist, requiring treatment alternatives. Avoidance of the allergen and epinephrine application are key measures. Immunotherapy aims to desensitize immune cells, but its effectiveness varies. Bioterapeutic agents, such as monoclonal antibodies, are under investigation, although their clinical use still requires more studies.

The Rural School “Ricardo Flores Magon” is concerned about providing an education that contributes to the integral formation of its students, with the intention that they will graduate with the skills needed to enter the labor and social world, for it is required to acquire values that contribute of the significantly way to consolidate the graduate profile. The quantitative method was used in this research; It focuses on the type of non-experimental design; the sample was probabilistic, 90 students of the Bachelor's degree in Elementary Education. Among the results it highlighted that students who practice more often the values of responsibility, solidarity and tolerance obtain higher academic achievement than those of their classmates.

With the Dignititatis Humanae, the Catholic Church recognizes the religious freedom. At that time, Spain was a confessional State, but after that, it was passed a new Law on religious freedom, in 1967, with a higher tolerance towards religious minorities. It was the beginning of the end for the confessional State, that was theoretically consolidated with the Spanish Constitution of 1978, when it was recognized the freedom of religion, and the State was defined as neutral, because «no religion shall have a state character», and it will not be possible any discrimination by religious reasons. Nevertheless, reality is more complex, because the Spanish legislation distinguishes between religious groups with and without an agreement of cooperation with the State. The public authorities tried to mitigate this situation, recently, with a new tertium genus, the religious groups with an administrative declaration of «notorious settlement» in Spain. De lege ferenda, we defend a «common legal model» for all the religious groups.

Cupric sulfate is widely used as growth promoter for swine productions, in spite of its ecological risks. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the in vitro effect of copper as inducer of antibio-resistance in Enterotoxigenic. E. coli. A-1 (O149: K91: K88ac) and E68-I (O141: K85: K88ab) reference strains were grown in Mueller-Hinto agar, according to the concentration gradient technique with weekly increasing values, from 5 to 50 mg/mL of CuSO 4. Both bacteria were cultured for three weeks; the controls were cultured parallely, in the same medium, without the inducer. Then, antibiograms were made to evaluate sensitivity against gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, carbenicilin, and nalidixic acid. The results from the strains challenged with salt showed halos compatible to resistant phenotypes, in contrast to the controls (all sensitive). The results evidence the capacity of copper to induce in vitro bacterial antibio-resistance, which must be considered by producers when copper salts are used as growth promoters. In addition to ecological damages, antimicrobials lose effectiveness in human and animal therapeutics.

ABSTRACT The spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) is one of the most important pests of sugarcane in Brazil. Measures for population control are currently restricted to the use of chemical insecticides and fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, in part because very little information exists regarding resistance of sugarcane cultivars. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate resistance mechanisms of 12 different sugarcane cultivars to M. fimbriolata to provide information for growers for pest management. Isolated buds of each cultivar were planted in pots and kept in a greenhouse for approximately three months. The pots were then moved to climate test chambers (26 ± 1 ºC; 70 ± 10 % relative humidity; 12 h photoperiod) to carry out laboratory tests to evaluate adult feeding and female oviposition preferences (using both free-choice and no-choice tests) as well as the effects of cultivars on nymph development and cultivars tolerance to pest attack. The least attractive cultivars for adult feeding were IACSP96-2042 and IAC91-1099. Cultivars IACSP96-2042, IACSP96-3060 and IACSP94-2101 received the fewest eggs in the free-choice and no-choice oviposition tests and exhibited some level of antixenosis resistance. Cultivar IAC91-1099 showed the highest level of antibiosis resistance with a nymph survival rate in the roots of only 20 %. Finally, cultivar IACSP94-2094 appears to be tolerant to M. fimbriolata, as it did not show significant reductions in aboveground biomass weight, despite showing reduced leaf chlorophyll levels following pest attack.

Paweł Włodkowic – Latin Paulus Vladimiri (1370-1435): Catholic priest, scholar, jurist, religious and political writer, rector of the Jagiellonian University, defender of Polish interests in disputes with Knights of the Teutonic Order. Paweł Włodkowic was an early teacher of the idea of tolerance, who during the Council of Constance stated that pagan nations have the right to maintain their religious beliefs. Based on the major theological authority of that time, i.e. Saint Thomas Aquinas, Włodkowic could, in the very concept of faith in the Catholic Church, see the most important elements requiring tolerance. The point is, above all, that faith must be an act of human freedom, that it is God’s grace and that it is closely related to reason. These elements have been commented on by authorities such as Edith Stein and Joseph Ratzinger.