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Researchers working with translation history have been benefiting from information stemming from editorial paratexts, and these elements have also become an acceptable tool for science historians. For both groups of researchers, crucial information concerning intellectual and cultural affiliations can be unveiled by paratexts, taken as evidence of a written work’s materiality in a given point in time and space, as well as of the intervention of authors, translators and editors in the way such work is to be interpreted. The revealing role of paratextual elements is even more prominent if one is interested in intertextual connections, which is the case with this paper. Here focus is given to epigraphs and mottoes, in a discussion based on the content of title pages of translations produced within the Luso-Brazilian Enlightenment. Published at the turn of the 18th century in Lisbon and under the supervision of Brazilian-born Friar José Mariano da Conceição Velloso[1], these translation aimed at the progress of the Portuguese Kingdom through the dissemination of “useful science.” Their epigraphs and mottoes are relevant material for translation and science historians alike, as they allow for a deeper understanding of cultural networks decisive to the dissemination of enlightened ideas in Portuguese language. [1] Various spellings have been given in historiography to the Friar’s surname: ‘Veloso’, ‘Velozo’, ‘Velloso’ and ‘Vellozo’. The form Velloso seems to have been favoured in bibliographical data, reason why it is adopted here.

UM DOS principais objetivos da ciência é mostrar que "o mundo é inteligível pela razão humana". Esta busca de compreensão racional tem uma história estreitamente ligada à história das ciências, mas também à das técnicas e à da filosofia, assim como à criação científica. Analisamos as relações entre construção social e historicidade, enfatizando a relevância dos conteúdos do conhecimento, os quais não se deixam dissolver nas condições externas de sua constituição. Toda a riqueza da historicidade pode ser vista na maneira orgânica pela qual estes conteúdos são tecidos a partir de materiais do mundo empírico assimilados em construções racionais. A própria historicidade torna-se-nos inteligível e permite entender as ampliações da racionalidade que possibilitam as aberturas, as invenções e os progressos do conhecimento.ONE OF the main purposes of science is to show that "the world is intelligible" by human reason. This attempt at a rational comprehension has an history, which is closely linked to that of sciences, but also to that of techniques and of philosophy, and also with scientific creation. We examine the relationship between social construction and historicity, by putting emphasis on the importance of knowledge contents, that do not let themselves be dissolved in the external conditions of their constitution. All the richness of historicity shows itself in the organic way in which these contents are woven from materials of the empirical world assimilated in rational constructions. Historicity itself becomes intelligible to us, and allows us to conceive widenings of rationality that allow opening, invention and progress of knowledge.

Este artigo apresenta documento escrito por Maurice Halbwachs, em seus cadernos de memória. Seu principal tema é a eleição de Halbwachs para o Collège de France.This article presents the document writen by Maurice Halbwachs, in his memory-books. Its main subject is the Halbwachs election for the Collège de France.

We remember Lazaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) mainly for his controversy with Needham over spontaneous generation, but he was a man of multiple scientific activities in the fields of biology, mineralogy, physics, mathematics and… volcanology! Called "the biologist of biologists", he developed a series of investigations about reproduction of amphibian, in one of them -Experiences in service to the history of the generation of animals and plants- we have found horrific experiments with frogs, including severe and useless mutilation of males, in order to interrupt its copulation with females, acts he describes as "barbaric", and we estimate inadmissible in the ecclesiastic man he was, even in an epoch in which animals were considered "anima vili" (something without value). A brief review of the use of animals in laboratories shows significant advances in the ethical regulations for this practice, but we believe that these achievements are not enough.

This article provides a historiographical analysis of yellow fever in Latin America. It shows that the dominant narratives approach the fever using the nature-culture dichotomy, either treating the fever as an historical actor or linking its history to power relations. This study explores some histories that associate the disease with the racialization of public health discourse, the relationship between centers and peripheries in the production of science, and US public health. It argues that this historiography fixes the nature of the fever according to contemporary medical knowledge (presentism), and suggests that new themes and perspectives might emerge from a dialogue with the history and sociology of science.

Resumo Partindo de uma reflexão sobre a fronteira colonial, este artigo pretende lançar a discussão em torno da noção do mar como fronteira. Na sua atracção pela fronteira continental, os historiadores secundarizam a fronteira marítima. Partindo de um estudo de caso - a primeira viagem de circum-navegação de James Cook e os relatos a ela associados - pretende-se contribuir para um melhor entendimento da fronteira colonial brasileira, bem como da forma como Impérios Europeus do século XVIII se pensavam a si e nas suas relações com os outros Impérios; e ainda, de como a Europa das Luzes se considerava quando se relacionava com as colónias de matriz europeia estabelecidas nos trópicos, ou, neste caso concreto, com o Brasil colonial.

The early years of the international Red Cross movement coincided with great technological changes in war medicine. The organizational peculiarities of the International Association for Relief of Wounded Soldiers in Campaign, set up by the Geneva Committee, and by the Red-Cross' national committees; the convergence in various professional conferences and publications of doctors from different national societies of this association; and the construction of a body of shared practical expertise tested during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) provide keys for understanding the technological innovations introduced by the Spanish Red Cross during the third and last Carlist War (1872-1876).

The Nominalists of the XIV century, precursors of modern science, thought that science's object was not the general, vague and indeterminate but the particular, which is real and can be known directly. About the middle of the XVII Century the bases of the modern science became established thanks to a revolution fomented essentially by Galileo, Bacon and Descartes. During the XVIII Century, parallel to the development of the great current of English Empiricism, a movement of scientific renewal also arose in continental Europe following the discipline of the Dutch Physicians and of Boerhaave. In the XIX Century, Claude Bernard dominated the scientific medicine but his rigorous determinism impeded him from taking into account the immense and unforeseeable field of the random. Nowadays, we approach natural science and medicine, from particular groups of facts; that is, from the responses of Nature to specific questions, but not from the general laws. Furthermore, in recent epistemology, the concept that experimental data are not pure facts, but rather, facts interpreted within a hermeneutical context has been established. Finally a general tendency to retrieve philosophical questions concerning the understanding of essence and existence can frequently be seen in scientific inquiry. In the light of the evolution of medical thought, it is possible to establish the position of scientific medicine within the movement of ideas dominating in our time., (Copyright © 2014 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Published by Masson Doyma México S.A. All rights reserved.)

This article analyzes the relationship between science and politics in Spain in the early 20th century from the perspective of the Social Contract for Science. The article shows that a genuine social contract for science was instituted in Spain during this period, although some boundary and integrity problems emerged. These problems are analyzed, showing that the boundary problems were a product of the conservative viewpoint on the relationship between science and politics, while the integrity problems involved the activation of networks of influence in the awarding of scholarships to study abroad. Finally, the analysis reveals that these problems did not invalidate the Spanish social contract for science.

Using documentary sources, this work analyzes the creation and initial functioning of the Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas (Institute of Hematological Research) of the National Academy of Medicine (Buenos Aires, Argentina) in the context of the scientific modernization initiated within the country during the mid-1950s. Particular attention is paid to the generation of material bases and institutional and cultural mechanisms for the development of scientific research and of clinical practices guided by procedures and techniques rooted in the basic sciences. The formation and development of a research school in the Experimental Leukemia Section of the institute is explored as a case illustrative of the effective consolidation of initiatives oriented towards the organization of a scientific center.

The institution "Junta do Exame do Estado Actual e Melhoramento Temporal das Ordens Regulares" (Examination Council for the Actual State and Temporal Improvement of the Religious Orders) was created in November of 1789. Among other things, each Religious House should inform that institution about its heritage either the movables and the landed estates. The inventorying included all the goods belonging to wards and drugstores. In this paper, we aim to study those places using records obtained from a variety of Religious Houses with no regional or Religious Order preferences. We will try to give answers to questions related to that spaces such as 'Which objects could be found inside the Houses?'; 'Were they properly equipped?'; and 'Were there big differences between them in what concerns Religious Orders and Houses locations?'.

The evolution of Amado Nervo's novellas shows a constant communication with the paradigmatic shifts in the field of psychopathology. His metafictional constructs foreground a playful treatment of some of medicine's key ideas. In some cases, the narrow limits of positivistic psychopathology are overcome in order to anticipate notions that obtain scientific status with modern psychology.

The paper has two parts. The first part offers a general presentation of Epistemology and its main currents. The second part explores an analysis of some problems in contemporary psychiatry from an epistemological viewpoint.

Vicente Cervantes Mendo (Ledrada, Salamanca, 1758 - México, 1829) was a famous Spanish Mexican scientists; he is today heritage of Spain and Mexico. As a continuation of two recent articles on his life at Spain, the present study deals with his scientific formation at madrid, as pharmacist and as botanist, as well as on his professional activity. Two documents of Casimiro Gómez Ortega, principal professor of the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, dated in 1786 and related with the "Real Expedición Botánica a Nueva España (1787-1803)," have served to establish conclusions which clarify the subjects studied and correct mistakes.

All along the nineteenth century different anthropological exhibitions were held in many countries, in which people from a number of indigenous communities, especially transported from their homeland for the occasion, were exhibited publicly, both for citizenship's instruction and for specialists's "in vivo" studies on human biology. This paper presents a brief description of some of these scientific shows, and tries to relate them to contemporary human biology theories.

This article presents the development of the journals "Revista Médica de Hamburgo" and "Revista Médica Germano-Ibero-Americana," which were created to promote and disseminate the German science among the medical community in Latin America and Spain between the two World Wars. Shaken by the loss of Germany's colonies in Africa, the difficulties faced due to post-war economy, and the restrictions imposed by the armistice, the Germans sought to restore their cultural and scientific prestige through such initiative.

This article aims to analyze a European view of the 17th century Spanish culture. Naudé's "Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque" (1627) - translated twice into English: "Instructions concerning erecting of a library" (1661) and "Advice on establishing a library" (1950) - represents a wide set of bibliographic recommendations that constitute, among many other things, an excellent observatory of the Spanish culture in such a delicate time.

Centenary celebrations of Darwin's birth were held in Valencia and Lorca in 1909. Fifty years later, the meetings and the publications of the Spanish scientific community on the occasion of the centenary of the publication of "On the Origin of Species" showed a proximity and an acceptance towards the theses of the evolutionary modern synthesis. During the first half of the 20th century, there were controversies in Spain between the Darwinian and anti-Darwinian positions. In addition, non-Darwinian evolutionary theories were spread and supported. Though the assumptions of the synthetic theory of evolution were soon known, commented and discussed, the majority trend in the 40s and 50s was to incline towards finalist and vitalist interpretations of evolution.

This paper attempts to provide a general overview about the way in which Brazilian medicine and physical anthropology gave a naturalistic approach to the idea of race and to the "problem" posed by the mixture of races in the country during the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, coinciding with the introduction of evolutionism in Brazil.

The participation of women in higher education in Mexico took place in the late 19th and early 20th century. The rise of women's enrollment in universities known as the "feminization of enrollment" occurred in the last thirty years. In this review we analyze how the new conditions that facilitated better access to higher education are reflected in the inclusion of women in science. We include an overview of the issues associated with a change in the demographics of enrollment, segregation of academic areas between men and women and participation in post graduate degrees. We also review the proportion of women in science. While in higher education the ratio between male and women is almost 50-50 and in some areas the presence of women is even higher, in the field of scientific research women account for barely 30% of professionals. This is largely due to structural conditions that limit the access of women to higher positions of power that have been predominantly taken by men.

After 150 years conceiving and dealing with Nature in terms of competence, costs-benefits, exploitation of resources, strategies..., we have managed to make it enter into a "recession." This estrangement from reality and from natural phenomena, has seriously jeopardized the future of mankind on our planet and makes it necessary, even urgent, the search for a conception of biology based on scientific concepts and vocabulary that re-connects us with Nature before it is too late.

In Argentina, the State financed, built, and ran government-own railroads based on recourse to subsidies until the first Yrigoyen administration (1916-1922), which introduced changes and shifted the direction of rail policy somewhat. The Ferrocarriles del Estado contributed to the development of science, created a demand for professionals which helped form the professional engineering field, and, by linking the capitals of central and northern provinces, facilitated both communications and scientific tasks themselves, especially research into diseases endemic to the country.

The article explores the relation between the advance of transportation technology and the development of scientific expeditions between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Argentina. Expansion of the railway network on a national scale impacted the development of the earth sciences by facilitating access to distant places by scientific institutions located in Córdoba, Buenos Aires, and La Plata and also by simplifying the movement of equipment, scientific collections, and personnel. Hermann Burmeister's expedition (1857-60), expeditions by scientists from the Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Córdoba, and archeological digs in the northwestern provinces, organized by scientific institutions headquartered in Buenos Aires and La Plata, serve as examples.

The author narrates his trips, between 1951 and 2006, to the main historical sites of antique medicine, where physicians of pre-Columbian cultures of Mexico and Peru, Egypt, Greco Latin culture and Islamic civilizations, lived. The trip ends with a visit to medieval European medicine before Renaissance. A description of the main historical sites and the features of these medical and sanitary cultures is made. In antique civilizations, diseases were considered a punishment of pagan deities. Supernatural and magical influences were decisive in medical practice. The Greco Latin culture of Galen and Hippocrates freed manhood from these causes of diseases and gave a rational basis to the practice of medicine. The Islamic civilization allowed the transmission of Greco Latin culture to medieval Europe. This permitted the renaissance of European creativity and the foundation of modern scientific medicine in the sixteenth century. The author highlights the main virtues of classical Greco Latin medicine, that are the foundations of humanistic thoughts that will restrin the technological revolution of modern medicine.

The policy of promoting fellowships abroad by the JAE for young scientist had an important complement in the foundation of a series of small scientific laboratories and research centres joined basically under the National Institute of Science and the Residencia de Estudiantes. The present article offers a general perspective of the activities developed by some of those laboratories, their main protagonists and research groups, particularly those related to biomedical research. The scientific task developed by the Instituto Cajal and the Natural Sciences Museum is not directly considered, since other contributions in this monographic issue regard those institutions. The process of creation of small teaching and research laboratories since 1912 is shown, and their participation in the university experimental teaching during the 1920s, especially regarding the Residencia de Estudiantes laboratories. Among them, the Laboratory of General Physiology lead by Juan Negrín. The significance of his physiological school is shown as well as the starting point of the scientific career of Severo Ochoa.

In the first third of the twentieth century, relations among American and Spanish university women began; particularly the relationship between the JAE and the International Institute for Girls in Spain had a positive influence in the education of women scientists in Spain. An interchange of students and teachers came out from this relationship, and Spanish women received scholarships to stay in American universities. The history of the Foster Laboratory and some biographical notes of her founder are included in the paper.

This article has two aims. On one hand, it tries to point out the role of the Santiago Ramón y Cajal in the establishment and development of the "Junta para Ampiación de Estudios e Investigaciones Cientificas" (JAE). On the other hand, it links the leadership of Cajal in this Institution to his teaching authority of young scientifics. This pedagogical will was showed with various facts along his intellectual path. It is appropriate to underline among them his effort in spreading science, his enthusiasm and engagement in order to change the educational structures of Spanish Society and his 25 year long Presidency of JAE, from 1907 until 1932.

During the last decades of the XIXth century, there was an awakening of consciousness for the need of a Spanish cultural renovation, of which one of the aims was to create and develop a Spanish science, resembling the scientific models already established in more advanced countries. There was a desire of Europeanization. Since it was a global social objective, it was necessary to start from the educator's training. In this climate the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas, appeared. The role that the Junta played in Spanish research and in the innovation in the Psychopedagogical field through the first third of the XXth century was extremely important. The Junta's policy of scholarship was one of its most substantial achievements, for it made possible that the country reached in a few decades (1907-1936) the European scientific and psychological level. The relations among Spanish teachers and the Institute J.J. Rousseau is to highlighted, as "Geneva School" was to influence deeply the further development of psychology in Spain.

This essay revisits the influence of the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios (JAE), the effect in the trajectory of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas of JAE grants and scholarships policy for Spanish young graduates to study abroad. It proposes grantee's travel as a source of knowledge and its practices. It develops the argument that institutional memory, as that of ideas, is not blurred by either a civil war or a dictatorship, repressive as it was. It also suggests genealogy of scientific practices and training during the 20th century in Spain.

The aim of this paper is to show the essential paper developed by the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios in the origin of the Spanish genetics, using for that the most relevant researchers of the time, and between them two women, Jimena Fernández de la Vega and Käte Pariser.