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Durante la pandemia de covid-19 en Argentina, el trabajo del sector salud se vio transformado, adecuándose de manera espontánea a las necesidades y exigencias de una emergencia epidemiológica. Se produce un aumento de la demanda de personal, se intensifica el trabajo y se despliegan nuevas estrategias, protocolos y normativas de cuidado. En este artículo presentamos algunos resultados del análisis de entrevistas realizadas a enfermeras y enfermeros sobre sus experiencias de trabajo en hospitales generales del sur del conurbano bonaerense. El objetivo es dar cuenta de los dilemas éticos que enfrenta el personal de enfermería durante la pandemia con el fin de visibilizar dificultades y posibles líneas de trabajo futuro en torno a la formación y las condiciones de trabajo del sector.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Compare official data on notifications of sexual violence against girls aged 10 to 13 years with data on pregnancy for the same age group between 2012 and 2018. METHODS This is an epidemiological, descriptive, cross-sectional study with data from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) on violence against and pregnancy of girls aged 10 to 13 years from 2012 to 2018. Data on sexual violence were accessed in the Health Information System (SINAN); on pregnancy, in the Live Births Information System (SINASC), on fetal deaths, in the Mortality Information System (SIM), and on abortions, in the Hospital Admission System (SIH). RESULTS Between 2012 and 2018, out of 136,387 pregnancies, there were 120,185 live births and 15,402 interrupted pregnancies by abortions or fetal deaths of mothers who became pregnant aged 13 years or younger. In the same period, SINAN received 46,548 notifications of sexual abuse against girls aged 10 to 13 years. The number of girls who became pregnant before the age of 14, victims of statutory rape, was 2.9 times higher than the number of cases notified to SINAN. CONCLUSION The lack of adequate notification of statutory rapes in Brazilian official statistics leads to the underestimation of its magnitude.

This paper aims to reconstruct the events that gave life to Tormarancia, one of the most poor working class suburb of Rome in the ’30s. The housing crisis becomes a matter of complex management and a real scourge for the capital after the demolitions due to the new fascist plan, the attempt to relaunch the image of Rome through vast operations of decoration aimed at bringing down abusive settlements and barracks. Thanks to the Capitoline Historical Archives it is possible to reconstruct the stories and the living conditions of the poorest that populated Rome, the profile of each new tenant of the working class suburbs. This represents a real “archive treasure”, rich in precious information for a socio-anthropological survey of the first inhabitants of the Roman working class suburbs.

Objetivo: estudiar el estado de aplicación de la ley argentina 26.657, respecto a personas con uso problemático de drogas. Metodología: estudio cualitativo, exploratorio-descriptivo llevado a cabo entre octubre 2018 y octubre 2019. Entrevistas semidirigidas a profesionales de la salud de hospitales generales y de efectores de primer nivel de atención, del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Resultados: habitualmente no se considera a las personas con consumos problemáticos como pacientes de salud mental, presentando dificultades para la accesibilidad a los tratamientos. Conclusión: existen prácticas aisladas en concordancia con la ley, pero falta una mayor incorporación y sistematización de estas. Hay una ausencia de políticas públicas que acompañen la implementación de esta ley, entre ellas falta de recursos materiales y humanos. Es necesario un cambio de paradigma en quienes gestionan las instituciones, asisten a las personas con uso problemático de drogas y en los propios usuarios del sistema de salud.

“Where can we place the space for the memory in such a communication system? What memory?” In her comment to Giuseppe Carlo Marino’s essay about the globalization and crisis of “historical thought”, Paola Bernasconi tries to answer these questions, wondering about the changes that technology revolution and the politic economic dynamics have impressed on the value of the historical culture for the globalized society.

A percepção do professor acerca do desempenho e do comportamento do aluno em sala de aula influencia em todo o processo de ensino e aprendizagem. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi conhecer as principais queixas para o encaminhamento de escolares à avaliação psicológica e sua relação com aspectos do funcionamento adaptativo e de comportamento em sala de aula, conforme a percepção dos professores. Foram analisados cinquenta prontuários de estudantes encaminhados para um serviço municipal de psicologia. Posteriormente os professores desses alunos responderam ao Teacher Report Form (TRF). Foram identificados três grupos de queixas (G1 — dificuldades de aprendizagem, G2 — problemas de comportamento e G3 — ambas as queixas) que, quando relacionadas aos dados do TRF, mostraram que escolares do G3 são percebidos com mais problemas de comportamento do que os alunos dos outros grupos, principalmente em relação à ansiedade, problemas sociais e isolamento. Esses dados auxiliam o professor na compreensão de aspectos relacionados a cada uma dessas queixas escolares e pode contribuir para a escolha de métodos mais ajustados no processo de ensino e aprendizagem, além de garantir o encaminhamento para um serviço adequado.

Since the 1980s, the Turkish Islamic Political Movement has been strengthening the religious community’s structures and values in a society secularized by the kemalist reforms. The revitalization process of Islam in the public sphere has been a crucial action. This has involved, for example, the launch of religious communication networks and an flourishing production and circulation of Islamic merchandises. The movement has awarded more importance to Islamic women in a political perspective and involved them in the transmission of Islamic values. They therefore acquire a function in the public sphere, as a preacher, etc, as well as keeping their traditional role of religious values custodian in the family context. I will examine here the historical process of Islam strengthening in the second half of the 20th century Turkey. Upon that basis, I will analyze the female role supported by government in private and public spheres.

Nowadays the relationship between Humanities and post-industrial, high-tech societies, is complicated. Downgraded to the level of simple intellectual entertainment many of these subjects, History among them, struggle to place themselves in the society and in the market. In an attempt to react to this crisis some historians have devised innovative forms of research, able to give ambitious answers to the question of the role of History in the modern world. Two projects developed by the Anglo-American historiography are particularly interesting in these respect: public history and applied history. The paper aims to analyze the content of public history and applied history – giving special attention to the activities of the “History & Policy” network and to the Belfer Center’s “Applied History Project”.

The article analyzes the figure of triskeles - present on countless numismatic documents - according to the LIN's scientific method, Lexicon Iconographicum Numismaticae, and with the support of the DIANA cloud portal, Digital Iconographic Atlas of Numismatics in Antiquity (http://ww2.unime.it/diana/). The two projects put a great deal of attention on the examination of monetary iconographies. This type of scientific investigation is based on the diatopic and the diachronic analysis of iconic subjects. It also gives special attention to the history and localization of tick bills, through digital maps processing, interfacing the GIS tool.

In the “second part of his life”, that is to say after his choice of abandoning the Republican front to support the 1936 pronunciamento, Ramón had become an enemy of his former allies and a friend of his former enemies. However as General Alfredo Kindelan said: «nobody shook hands with him nor wanted to have relations with him» among his old enemies. In the group of the newly formed allies there were also the Italian soldiers faithful to Mussolini, that the Spanish pilot wanted to kill only a few years earlier. This article first describes friends and enemies of the Caudillo de España’s brother, the takes into account some documents to give a clear indication of the bad relationships between Ramón Franco and the Italian armed forces, both in Spain and in occasion of his visits to Italy. Moreover, some reflections on the circumstances of the Spanish pilot’s death will be proposed.

The recent discovery of an unpublished document of the Spanish Civil War has been the occasion to reflect once more on this troubled period of the recent European history. The document at issue is a collection of lyrics which belonged to the Divisione Mista Frecce, a special Italo-Spanish detachment that took part in the conflict that shook the Iberian peninsula between 1936-1939. Thanks to a careful analysis and a historical contextualization of the document we have been allowed to make a short though exhaustive investigation into this little known page of the history. One of the major objectives is to provide the reader with an interpretation of this “find”, not only from the textual point of view, but from the musical and iconographic ones as well.

- Preferences for university courses and second-best choices: effects on academic performance - The article deals with the academic choices and the factors determining risks for possible negative outcomes such as unsuccessful career, delays and early drop-out.After a review of the variables pertaining to the access to academic courses, with particular reference to the Italian system, an empirical analysis will be presented, regarding the consequences of makeshift of the choices on the academic performance, differentiating courses specific for contents and methods.The database of the students matriculated in the same academic year in the degree courses of the University of Catania was collected and analysed. A total number of 6341 students enrolled in the first year was considered, with reference to the order of choice of courses, the credits acquired in the three sessions of the first year, the number of exams passed and the marks obtained.Results show that the overall level of “congruence” (students enrolled in a course which was the first choice for him/her) is high, near 80%. The students “inactive” (i.e., no credits acquired in the first year of frequency) sum up to 24%, that is near 1/4 of the total.When the course has been chosen as a second best academic performance is worse, but some students presumably compensate their initial lower interest with a re-motivation fostered by appropriate teaching strategies and/or effective tutoring.

In Italy, the satirical press has always had a wide readership. The historians, on the contrary, rarely have used the satirical press as a source in their studies, although it is a key source to history of mentality. More than any other means of expression, satire requires the complicity of his audience. The satirist, whether he want coax or whether disturb his readers, must confront with their mentality and he must start from it to develop the ways of expression and the content of the message. During the giolittian age the difficulty of building a successful relationship between the government and the citizens created the conditions for the diffusion of a general dissatisfaction with the ruling class and politics in general. In this context, the satire has played a significant role to represent the public opinion and it has offered a framework to the anti-politics feeling to express themselves. Looking to the pages of the «Travaso delle idee», a famous satirical magazine, we can be study and understand the mentality of middle class, and we can derive a paradigm of anti-politic rhetoric declined from satire.

This paper aims at discussing the evolution of the Communist Italian Party’s theoretical and political approach with the reference to the internal migrations occurred in Italy during the ’60s. The point of view is Turin, the capital of the automotive industry, where politicians had to manage the social, economic and urban transformations brought by a significant flood of people moving from the South. Our thesis is the following: firstly interested in internal immigration for electoral reasons, afterwards the PCI increased its interest, and it started considering immigrants as a specific part of society with its own needs. The consequence was a double approach: in the factory identifying immigrants with the working class through the same struggle against owners; in the city, enhancing immigrants’ unrest and protecting their claims.

The present global crisis is possibly helping European Social Democracy to find a different political path. The kernel of Social Democracy is not universalistic welfare state, but the ambition to represent working classes and part of the middle classes in order to reform the way capitalism uses the factors of production. Especially, the aim is the one of competing with neoliberal forces (something Social Democracies in the 90s had mostly stopped doing) in order to advocate for the idea that a low degree of workers’ exploitation and a high degree of innovative regulation will far better bring about steady and reliable growth. Essential to this type of growth is the dynamic role of wages, investments, and, as a consequence, high employment and welfare state. By virtue of all this, an analysis of the real fundamental elements of Scandinavian Social Democratic historical success, can be useful at this very time.

This essay speaks about the birth of democratic movement in Italy. That movement avaw in Cisalpina Republic between 1796 and 1799, and it form the start of the process concerning the Risorgimento, because the democratic movement claim Italy as a united, democratic, independent republic. For the first time, the assert of the unity is not only a linguistic and cultural fact, but a political project. This important point was analyzed across the study of the pages of «Giornale de’ patrioti d’Italia», periodic issue of democratic area, published between January 1797 and February 1798.

The acts of violence committed during the Partition of India in 1947 are known and proved. Less well known is violence that struck tens of thousands of abducted and raped women. Both India and Pakistan admitted these crimes and agreed to recover and restore the abducted women. The Indian Government especially committed to accomplish the recovery plan even at the cost of sending the women forcedly back. The recovery of abducted women became a issue of national honour that apparently contrasted with the family and community concept of honour. Many of the recovered women were indeed rejected by their families, regarding them as impure. On its part the Indian Government made a great deal of effort to restore them. After that, silence enshrouded them and the memory of their pain faded. By contrast memories of women who had committed suicide “to save their honour”, were emphatically handed on.

Cosmopolitans, striving to make all human beings part of one worldwide community, are inspired by two developments of today’s world: globalization and the so-called ‘democratic peace’. But is this hope justified – do these phenomenons exert a civilizing force? By discussing the case of Israel, i.e. a partially developed democracy, it is found that it is difficult for globalization to become a cosmopolitan force under the circumstances of conflict. Furthermore, democracies are able to project their internal values onto foreign policy only when dealing with other democracies; they display autocratic foreign policy behaviour when dealing with non-liberal states. In this respect a full-fledged and internationally recognized Palestinian democratic state could increase the chances for a future of mutual respect in the Holy Land.

In the 30’s in Italy the adhesion to the fascist cause reached its peak, but already at the end of the decade it was possible to recognize the first signs of disaffection, right during the Spanish Civil War. It looks like the unexpected confrontation of the legionnaires with Italian anti-fascism during the Spanish War had a remarkable importance for the evolution of the relations between Italian people and the Fascist regime. The reconstruction of the battle of Guadalajara especially as a personal shock experience may help us to identify the starting point of a change of the consciences.

On 17 and 18 March 1938 Barcelona was heavily bombed by the planes of the Legionary Air Force which took off from Palma de Mallorca. Ciano told the English ambassador that the order to bomb had come directly from Franco, but actually it was given by Mussolini to General Valle accidentally met at the Chamber where the Italian duce had gone to deliver a long-awaited speech on the Anschluss. Why was this order given? It has often been asserted that the reasons are to be searched in the will to wear down the civilians, according to the best teachings of Douhet’s air instructions, or in the reaction to the reopening of the French border to allow the aid for the republican faction. These reasons, though well-grounded, have been focused exclusively on the Spanish Civil War. In my article, according to a broader viewpoint considering the approach of the Second World War, I will try to analyze a further reason starting exactly from the annexation of Austria carried out by the Germans and from Mussolini’s explicit desire to increase his reputation in Hitler’s opinion in the hope of a future military alliance. The bombing of Barcelona on 17 and 18 March 1938, from this viewpoint, acquires a communicative dimension of constancy, unscrupulousness and military power that the duce, at least outwardly, catching the euphoric current wave set off by the Anschluss, wanted to transmit to the possible ally.

In the Spanish Civil War 5699 soldiers and more than 700 planes of the Italian Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) intervened. This military unit, in order not to put out Italian flags or badges, having regard to the secrecy of the military intervention in a foreign country, was named Legionary Air Force. In my article I will try to highlight the Italian anomalies of the political-strategic highest authorities who led to the decision of intervening in the Spanish conflict, since leaders that had no competent authority took part in the decision of the military intervention, while those who had full powers did not take part in it. Moreover, I will try to underline the heavy oddities related to the employment and the command of the aircraft which was often used according to the old legacy of the land force in order to substitute the artillery or the tanks. Finally, considering the Spanish conflict as a prelude to the Second World War, I will point up how the commitment in Spain led to false instructions in the military domain, maintained in the most challenging world conflict, as well as how the want of war material complained by the Italian duce in 1943 is to ascribe to the Italian limited far-sightedness in its commitment alongside Generalissimo Francisco Franco.

Negli ultimi centocinquanta anni, quasi un milione e mezzo di italiani sono emigrati in Brasile, originando immagini e rappresentazioni di loro stessi all’interno della società brasiliana. Cattolico, anarchico, civilizzatore, sovversivo: furonoqueste le immagini che caratterizzararono l’Italiano in questi anni. L’obiettivo principale di questo saggio è quello di discutere gli innumerevoli mutamenti – sopravvenuti nel corso di questo lungo lasso di tempo – di queste rappresentazioni e il loro rapporto con l’inserimento degli italiani nella società brasiliana.

Il Novecento non è stato solo un secolo di cambiamenti radicali sotto il profilo politico, economico e sociale. Le periodizzazioni più importanti sul piano storiografico si misurano con esso attraverso l’analisi di crisi di sistemi politici e di relazioni internazionali, crisi di modelli economici, rotture intervenute sul piano degli equilibri sociali, movimenti di globalizzazione che investono tutto il globo. Ma, ad un esame più profondo, il Novecento è soprattutto il secolo di rottura e declino delle categorie fondative dell’architettura statuale e sociale moderna, ed è però l’epoca di affermazione definitiva della Tecnica nella sua forma sistemica. Questo lavoro analizza i caratteri e gli orizzonti di questo inedito soggetto e i suoi riflessi sulle categorie tradizionali regolative dell’agire umano.

Nel Novecento l’esclusione si applica in maniera metodica e regolamentata all’interno dei confini statuali come procedura legata alla guerra. Essa diventa strumento di esercizio del momento bellico. L’”Altro” sarà, allora, il cittadino straniero di un paese nemico; il dissidente interno; l’ebreo perseguitato per motivi razziali; oppure tutte queste figure insieme, rappresentate nella categoria di nemico oggettivo. Questo studio analizza i momenti e le forme dell’internamento civile organizzato dal ministero dell’Interno in Abruzzo all’indomani del 10 giugno 1940, nei suoi caratteri di affinità e di specificità rispetto alla più generale esperienza nazionale.

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a forma como as contribuições do modelo psicofisiológico bioexistencialista desenvolvido por Vezio Ruggieri e seus colaboradores podem trazer uma nova compreensão sobre os processos subjacentes do jogo do ator, como a presença cênica, o processo de identificação com um personagem e o mecanismo complexo da prosódia. Esse contexto teórico, que considera a conexão corpo-mente como uma relação circular, esclarece ao leitor as bases fisiológicas da percepção e da imaginação, bem como o papel fundamental que a estrutura muscular desempenha na construção desses fenômenos.

Cet article a pour but de présenter comment les apports du modèle psychophysiologique bio-existentialiste élaboré par Vezio Ruggieri et ses collaborateurs peuvent jeter une lumière nouvelle sur les processus sous-jacents le jeu de l’acteur tels que la présence scénique, le processus d’identification avec un personnage et le complexe mécanisme de la prosodie. Cet encadrement théorique, qui voit le rapport corps-esprit dans une relation circulaire, éclairera le lecteur sur les bases physiologiques de la perception et de l’imagination ainsi que sur le rôle fondamental que la structure musculaire joue dans la construction de ces phénomènes.

In this paper an analytical solution of a waveguide with a circular core and unbounded cladding in the proximity to a dielectric halfspace is presented. This model is applied to D-shaped fiber in closed proximity to a plane. The results account for the birefringence properties of these structures. Graphics of some parameters of the fiber are calculated as a function of the normalized spatial frequency.En este artículo una solución analítica de un guía de onda con un núcleo circular y del revestimiento ilimitado en la proximidad a un medio espacio dieléctrico se presenta. Este modelo se aplica a la fibra tipo D en proximidad cerrada a un plano. Los resultados explican las características de la birrefringencia de estas estructuras. Los gráficos de algunos parámetros de la fibra se calculan en función de la frecuencia espacial normalizada.

Este breve ensaio, escrito do ponto de vista de um jovem realizador teatral, pedagogo e estudioso é apresentado com o espírito de uma carta, endereçada fundamentalmente a artistas e estudiosos do teatro para questionar seu papel como cientistas no crescente intercâmbio entre teatro e neurociência. Particularmente, este ensaio destaca a importância da ciência em uma tradição teatral embasada na pedagogia do ator e propõe essa tradição como um exemplo de pesquisa a partir da qual os realizadores teatrais poderiam se engajar em um intercâmbio profundo entre cientistas da cognição.

This short essay, written from the point of view of a young theatre maker, pedagogue, and scholar, is presented in the spirit of a letter, addressed primarily at theatre artists and scholars to question their role of scientists in the growing exchange between theatre and neurosciences. In particular the essay highlights the importance of science in a theatre tradition based on the actor’s pedagogy, and posits such a tradition as an example of research from which theatre makers could engage in a deep exchange between scientists of cognition.

Introdução: A preensão palmar pode ser considerada como um dos parâmetros do estado de força geral dos indivíduos. A terapia a diodos emissores de luz (LED) induz um aumento da enzima mitocondrial citocromo c oxidase nas fibras musculares que altera o conteúdo de adenosina trifosfato (ATP). A acupuntura libera grandes quantidades de ATP. A luz incoerente produz resultados clínicos eficazes e pode ser conduzida pelos meridianos de acupuntura. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito do LED em pontos de acupuntura, sobre a força de preensão palmar em indivíduos saudáveis. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado com 45 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, 13 homens e 32 mulheres que possuíam idade média de 36 ± 15 anos, divididos randomicamente em três grupos de 15 pessoas cada. O grupo estudo G1 teve a força de preensão palmar medida e após foi submetido à aplicação do LED, sendo posteriormente avaliada a força de preensão. O G2 foi o grupo placebo que inicialmente teve a força de preensão palmar medida e posteriormente, foi supostamente aplicado o LED, porém, sem o aparelho estar ligado, e novamente foi avaliada a força. O G3 foi o grupo de controleque foi somente submetido à mensuração da força de preensão palmar por duas vezes, com um intervalo de seis minutos entre ambas, sem qualquer outra intervenção. Os indivíduos dos grupos G1 e G2 foram avaliados com os olhos vendados de forma a não saberem a qual grupo pertenciam. Foi utilizado um dinamômetro Jamar® na mensuração da força de preensão palmar e um aparelho emissor de LED vermelho com quatro saídas, com comprimento de onda de 625nm, diâmetro de 3mm, densidade de força de 0,242W/cm2 e energia de 1,026J/ponto. Os LED´s foram aplicados simultaneamente por um minuto sobre os pontos de canais de acupuntura do Pulmão (pontos P11 - Shaoshang e P9 - Taiyuan), do Pericárdio (ponto PC9 – Zhongchong) e do Coração (ponto C9 - Shaochong). A força de preensão palmar foi medida após 5 minutos da irradiação com os LED´s considerando a média de três medições, seguindo as recomendações da Sociedade Americana de Terapeutas de Mão (SATM). Resultados: A variação percentual entre a medição inicial e final foi de 2,8% ± 10,7% para o grupo G1, 2,2% ± 8,9% para o grupo G2 e -1,7% ± 8,1% para o grupo G3, com significância p=0,395. Conclusão: Conclui-se que não existe efeito do LED, aplicado em pontos de acupuntura, sobre a força de preensão palmar em indivíduos saudáveis.

Este trabalho tem como objetivos principais apresentar e analisar, por meio de Sistema de Informação Geográfica, a distribuição espacial dos parâmetros ambientais, na escala 1:50.000, e discutir a possível influência destes na dinâmica hidrológica de chuvavazão da bacia do Paquequer. Este rio (5ª ordem, 30 km de comprimento) nasce na Serra dos Órgãos e drena 269 km2 para o vale do Paraíba do Sul. A pluviosidade anual varia de 1500 mm a jusante da bacia até mais de 3000 mm na cabeceira e as chuvas predominam no verão. Em 1996, a vegetação da bacia era composta por um mosaico de diferentes estágios de sucessão ecológica até Floresta Ombrófila Densa - Mata Atlântica, em fragmentos de diferentes tamanhos, e 25 % da área com uso urbano/rural. Na bacia ocorrem 3 unidades geológicas (Granito Teresópolis, Batólito Serra dos Órgãos (gnaisse) e Unidade Rio Negro (migmatito). Os afloramentos rochosos (5 % da área) são importantes feições da paisagem (principalmente no Granito Teresópolis). As unidades estão sobrepostas por colúvios, colúvios ricos em blocos, elúvio e pouca quantidade de depósitos aluvionares. Os Cambissolos são dominantes, com poucos Latossolos (preferencialmente associados a Unidade Rio Negro) e Gleissolos nos vales. Uma coletânea, unificação e análise das relações espaciais dos dados de geologia, solos, declividade, formação superficial, hidrografia, vegetação e uso mapeados pelo projeto Teresópolis (UERJ/IBGE) foi elaborada por intermédio do ArcGis Desktop 9.2. Os resultados do SIG apontam que a geologia da bacia condiciona diferentes paisagens. No Granito Teresópolis as classes de maior declividade, os afloramentos rochosos e os colúvios com blocos têm maior significado. As classes Gleissolo e Latossolo adquirem importância significativa na unidade Rio Negro. A investigação por meio de GPR e granulometria de uma sub-bacia identificou padrões geofísicos e granulométricos associados à rocha fresca, solo e colúvio com blocos. Na Estação Parnaso (INMET) (cabeceira da bacia do Paquequer) choveu 2945 mm no ano monitorado, enquanto na Estação Providência (UERJ/CPRM) (fim da bacia) choveu 1447 mm. Os meses de novembro a março foram os mais chuvosos e junho a setembro os mais secos. A vazão média do rio Paquequer ao longo de um ano é de 5,6 m3/s. A vazão mensal acompanha as tendências da precipitação, sendo controlada pela precipitação na cabeceira. A hidrógrafa decorrente de um evento de chuva na cabeceira da bacia demora entre 10 a 34 horas para alcançar o fim da bacia. Em termos hidrológicos a presença dos paredões rochosos, o uso urbano e os Cambissolos e solos litólicos (menos desenvolvidos) são os responsáveis pelos fluxos mais rápidos. Entretanto a forma alongada, os colúvios e elúvios são fontes de fluxos mais lentos que estabelecem uma boa correlação entre a chuva na cabeceira e a vazão na saída da bacia.