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ABSTRACT This study evaluated the substitution of corn grain with white oat grain in finishing yearling bulls (initial weight of 259.4±31.7 kg and 18.0±0.2 months of age). The experimental design was completely randomized. The substitution levels of corn grain for white oat grain were 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. Diets comprised 85% of grains + 15% of a protein-vitamin-mineral pelleted supplement. The adaptation program consisted of ad libitum feeding of five diets over the adaptation period of 14 days, with the concentration level increasing from 60 to 100% of the diet on a dry matter basis. Daily weight gain and carcass gain presented a quadratic behavior with the inclusion of white oat grain. As a result of the differences in average daily gain, the feedlot period varied among groups until the target slaughter weight was reached. Dry matter intake, nutrient intake, feed efficiency, and Kleiber ratio presented a quadratic behavior. Ingestive behavior and rumination patterns were modified by the levels of white oat grain, with longer rumination time observed with the combination of grains. A similar response was observed for the number of regurgitated and chewed bolus. Conversely, the number of chews per bolus and the chewing time per bolus increased linearly with the replacement of corn with white oat grain. Residual intake and body weight gain and the participation of heart, lung, and kidney, heart, and pelvic fat g kg−1 of empty body weight decreases linearly with the inclusion of white oat grain. The partial substitution of corn grain with white oat grain improves the productive performance and rumination patterns yearling bulls in feedlots receiving non-forage diets.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an essential oil blend (EO), based on cinnamaldehyde and diallyl disulfide, associated or not with antibiotics on intake and nutrient digestibility, ingestive behavior, rumen fermentation, ruminal microbial synthesis, and blood metabolites of feedlot cattle fed a no-forage diet. The study was carried out as a Latin Square with five treatments consisting of a blend of essential oil (EO), monensin (MON) and virginiamycin (VM), both separately and combined as follows: CON (monensin at 30 mg kg–1 DM), VM (virginiamycin at 25 mg kg–1 DM and monensin at 30 mg kg–1 DM), MEO25 (monensin at 30 mg kg–1 DM and EO at 25 mg kg–1 DM), MEO35 (monensin at 30 mg kg–1 DM and EO at 35 mg kg–1 DM) and EO35 (blend of EO at 35 mg kg–1 DM). There were no effects from additives and their combinations on the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients or ingestive behavior. Furthermore, treatments did not modify the ruminal pH, nor the concentration of short-chain fatty acids and ammonia, nor the microbial protein synthesis. Blood glucose concentration was higher 4 h after morning feeding for all treatments. There was a significant contrast between the VM and EO for the blood concentration of D-Lactate and L-Lactate. There was no difference between the additives in the concentration of cortisol metabolites in the feces. The blend of essential oil studied, containing cinnamaldehyde and diallyl disulfide, associated or not with antibiotics, does not change the nutritional parameters nor the metabolism of feedlot cattle fed a no-forage diet.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of including different proportions of Wet Brewery Residue (WBR) using inoculants on rehydrated ground corn silage quality. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme with four replications. Four combinations of WBR and ground corn were evaluated to achieve 45 (DM45), 50 (DM50), 55 (DM55), and 65% (DM65) of dry matter (DM) in the homogenized material before siling, and three types of inoculation: without inoculant, with L. plantarum + P. acidylactici (Homo) and with L. buchneri (L. B). Ensiling was done in experimental PVC silos (±4.0kg) and stored for 180 days. The variables obtained were analyzed by the analysis of variance and regression procedures (P

Background. A possible effect of live weight on digestion capacity and starch and nitrogen utilization in cattle has been suggested, however, to our knowledge, this effect has not been evaluated by direct testing. This becomes especially relevant when finishing diets are used, which are characterized by their high percentages of starch and nitrogen Objective: To study the possible effect of live weight (BW) on digestion and utilization of two treatments corn, dry rolled (DR) and steam-flaked (SF). Results. Microbial N and microbial efficiency were not affected by the live weight by corn processing interaction. PV decreased linearly (P

Abstract Polysaccharide coating is a biodegradable alternative to conventional packings used for delaying senescence in vegetables. This work investigated the properties of cassava and chitosan biopolymeric film and its use as edible coatings to preserve the shelf-life (7 °C and 70% relative humidity (RH)) of green asparagus, with previous cold storage (1 °C and 90% RH) for 7 days. Based on a previous assessment of the films obtained from a) cassava (2.5%), b) chitosan (0.5%), and c) a blend of cassava-chitosan (Cassava+) (2.5 + 0.5%), it could be verified that cassava-chitosan blend films showed improved barrier property (water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 38.06 g/(m2.h)) and mechanical properties, with tensile strength of 0.021 MPa, elongation at break of 1.93% and Young’s module of 0.011 MPa. Cassava+ based coating resulted in a lower weight loss and colour L* parameter and minimized textural changes in basal-section of commercial green asparagus spears during a shelf-life of seven days (7 °C and 70% RH), with previous cold storage. All coated spears maintained overall higher carbohydrate levels than the control, except to sucrose which gradually decreased in basal sections and increased in the apical sections of asparagus spears, irrespective of treatment. Edible coating did not affect asparagine concentrations which steadily increased throughout the shelf-life of the spears. The blend (Cassava+) kept for a longer the green asparagus quality. However, spears under a shelf-life of seven days (7 °C and 70% RH), with previous cold storage under 1 °C and 90% RH conditions, developed tip-rot physiological disorder.

Introduction. Supply chain issues have driven up raw material costs and reduced the availability of materials for producing biological control agents. These delays in application could result in increased disease pressure and reduced farm yields. Objective. To determine the effect of different amounts of starch and the use of local ingredients for small and commercial-scale fermentation processes for Trichoderma harzianum. Materials and methods. All trials took place in San José, Costa Rica, between 2016 and 2018. Flask trials were executed to investigate the potential reduction or elimination of starch in commercial fermentation media. Additionally, fermentation vessel trials were conducted to assess the effectiveness of an alternative local medium, encompassing three treatments: 1) Commercial medium as a control, 2) 10% molasses medium, and 3) 10% molasses mediaum with 0.5% yeast extract. Viable spore counts were performed to determine colony forming units (CFU/mL). Results. Reducing starch to 10% of the original medium had no impact on CFU/mL. However, the absence of starch led to uneven growth during fermentation, resulting in solid mycelium accumulations. Molasses medium yielded roughly half the CFU/mL compared to the commercial medium, but it still exceeded the 107 CFU/mL threshold commonly used in studies for biological plant pathogen control. Results from a commercial-scale fermenter mirrored those from pilot-scale fermentation. Conclusion. While reducing starch content in the commercial medium didn't affect growth, the absence of starch caused solid mycelium accumulations, potentially posing issues in commercial production. Employing locally sourced molasses medium on a commercial scale appears feasible while maintaining a viable spore count meeting the minimum field-use specifications. Overall, these findings support the use of these media for Trichoderma production in biological control applications.

This study aimed to partially replace starch with simple sugars as a carbohydrate source in the diet of Italian Mediterranean buffaloes, substituting corn with molasses. Sixty lactating buffaloes located on a commercial farm in Caserta province were divided into two groups according to days in milk (DIM), parity, and milk yield (MY), recorded both in the previous two weeks and the previous lactation: Group C (Control; n=30; 48.7±4.1 DIM; average MY: 13.69±0.5 kg) and group T (Treated; n=30; 49.4±4.3 DIM; average MY: 13.65±0.5 kg). The two groups were maintained in separate paddocks throughout the study, which lasted 120 days. Two diets with the same dry matter (DM) content (16.5 kg) and nutritional characteristics on a DM basis (crude protein: 14.9%; NDF: 38.5%; Ash: 6.3%; NSC: 34.5%; energy density: 0.93 Milk Forage Units) were prepared. In the T diet, 1.7 kg of molasses was inserted, replacing corn meal and maize silage; thus, starch content was 19.8% and 17.2% in Diet C and T, respectively. The diets were administered twice/day in each group, and refusals were weighed and sampled daily to calculate average feed intake. Individual milk yield was recorded daily, and 15 days apart, an individual milk sample was collected for milk quality analysis (fat, protein, casein, lactose, urea, β- hydroxybutyrate [BHB] and fatty acids profile) through mid-infrared spectroscopy (Milkoscan FT6000®, Foss Electric). Data were analyzed through a mixed ANOVA. The average milk yield throughout the experimental period was 11.7±0.1 vs 12.2±0.1 kg, Group C and T, respectively. Buffaloes in Group C showed lower (p

The production of bioethanol is influenced by economic, social, political, and technological aspects. Technology has contributed to improving and simplifying the production process. On the other hand, the global pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, better known as Covid-19, has affected the market as its price has substantially increased. Raw material and transportation costs have also impacted the international market. Therefore, more efforts are being dedicated to finding alternative raw materials for bioethanol production. Agricultural waste or starches that are not used entirely for human consumption have the potential to produce bioethanol, but paradoxically, they cannot be commercialized. This report focuses on potential raw materials for bioethanol production and how their possible commercial exploitation declines when they acquire a cost for their transformation into higher value-added products. Price increases discourage investment in the diversification of these raw materials. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tch.v17i3.1225

This study aimed to evaluate cutting height (CH) effects on ensiled corn without additives (C), with a lactic acid bacteria inoculant (L), a fibrolytic enzyme (F), or a mixture of both (FL), considering chemical composition and both in vitro digestibility dry matter (IVDMD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber (IVNDFD). Corn was harvested at three different cutting heights (12, 25 or 42 cm above the soil) and ensiled with or without additives (AD). Data was analyzed according to a factorial design, with a 3 x 4 arrangement of treatments and three repeats. Dry matter content was highest in C12 and lowest in F12 (P

Abstract The constant need for innovation in the food industries to meet the demands of consumers and the growing market for gluten-free and high-protein products have driven studies of mixed flour. In this study, 'BRS Platina' banana fruits were processed to obtain Whole Green Banana Flour (WGBF) and Green Banana Pulp Flour (GBPF) as well as leaves of Ora-pro-nóbis Flour (OPNF). Mixed flours were prepared by blending banana flours (WGBF or GBPF) with increasing levels of OPNF (from 5 to 25%). Flours were analyzed for physicochemical characteristics, mineral contents, Water Absorption Index (WAI), Water Solubility Index (WSI), and color. The main component of banana flours was starch, in which GBPF has the highest content. The WGBF had a higher mineral content, and in both flours, the potassium was at a greater level. OPNF showed the highest protein and mineral contents. Independent of the type of banana flour, mixed flours were darker, and had higher WAI and considerable increases in Mg, Fe, and Zn than no mixed ones. The blend of banana flours and Ora-pro-nóbis leaf flour can be a viable combination for preparing a variety of food products, due to its nutritional and technological properties.

Fully understanding the structures and properties of starches with different amylose contents is important to agriculture and food industries. Structural and functional characteristics of three Japonica rice starches differing in amylose content (

Bioplastics have been created as an eco-efficient alternative to traditional plastic. ey are obtained from natural polymers extracted from cellulose or starch, and are 100 % biodegradable. e aim of this research is to analyse the biodegradability of bioplastics made from Mangifera indica and Musa paradisiaca peels for which the research was divided into two parts: preparation of the bioplastic and biodegradability test. In the rst stage, a methodology based on the addition of plasticizers such as water and glycerol were used. It is here where bioplastics were elaborated with different volumes of glycerol, to obtain unequal physical characteristics. In the last stage, worm humus was used as a degradation medium, the time range used to estimate the biodegradability of the sheets was 1 to 4 weeks. Finally, it was determined that the bioplastic made from mango peel had a reduction of 93.06 % in its initial weight and the bioplastic made from banana peel had a 73.16 % reduction in its initial weight at the end of the study. Based on the different volumes in the addition of glycerol for the preparation of the bioplastic, it was determined that it has a direct relationship with the biodegradability of the lm, since the greater the amount of glycerol, this will increase the biodegradability of the lms

Brown sugar and sticky rice were frequently used as organic additives in Chinese mortars. This study applied enzymatic spectrophotometric methods to identify sucrose and starch contents in traditional Chinese lime- and earth-based mortars. The focus was to understand and evaluate the qualitative detection capacity of enzymatic method in mortars, by first applying the method on a series of lab-prepared mortar specimens with specific amounts of brown sugar and sticky rice addition, then on historic mortar samples suspected to contain brown sugar and sticky rice. The potential contribution and limitations of enzymatic method in analysis of sucrose and starch in mortars was compared with other common available analytical methods. The results suggested that for lab-prepared brown sugar mortar specimens, enzymatic method was more sensitive and exclusive than chemical method, and particularly had higher detection capacity in lime mortars. For simulated mortars with sticky rice addition, enzymatic method showed no distinct detection capacity differences among the studied inorganic binders and comparing with chemical methods was more sensitive in earth-based mortars. Enzymatic analysis on historic mortar samples was able to distinguish some false-positive results from the chemical and FTIR analysis, which was then corroborated by SEM.

O arroz é uma das espécies que apresenta dormência após a colheita, podendo esta ser prolongada durante o armazenamento das sementes. Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar se o ácido giberélico (GA3) é um promotor eficiente da superação de dormência em sementes de arroz e avaliar mudanças nas estruturas biológicas via histoquímica. A cultivar utilizada foi a SCS122 Miura submetida a 0 mg L-1, 500 mg L-1 e 1000 mg L-1 de GA3. Foram realizadas análises de germinação, viabilidade, comprimento de raiz, parte aérea e plântula, microscopia óptica do amido e quantificação dos açúcares solúveis totais. A utilização de 500 mg L-1 e 1000 mg L-1 de GA3 foi eficiente para a superação da dormência de sementes de arroz, reduzindo o percentual de sementes dormentes para 4% e 1% respectivamente. Apesar de reduzir o percentual dormência, a presença de GA3 provoca aumento do percentual de plântulas anormais, e por isso, nas concentrações utilizadas, não pode ser recomendado como método de superação em sementes de arroz. A microscopia óptica é eficiente para verificar que com a superação de dormência, ocorre a degradação dos grânulos de amido, aumentando a disponibilidade de açúcares solúveis totais para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de plântulas.

This study evaluates the effect of a low-cost biodegradable coating formulated with potato starch, rice starch, cassava starch, and gelatin on the postharvest quality of ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango. The experimental design was completely randomized, arranged in a 7x6 factorial scheme with four replications per treatment. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using the Tukey test at 5% probability. After coating, the fruits were stored under ambient conditions (25 ± 3 ºC and 65 ± 5% RH) for 10 days, with analysis every two days. The variables analyzed were: fruit firmness, weight loss, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio, delta absorbance (DA) index, colorimetric analysis of the peel and pulp, and ascorbic acid content. The application of biodegradable coatings did not extend the shelf life of ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango during storage.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) content, in vitro digestibility of starch, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn), and apparent and apparent nitrogen-corrected coefficient of metabolizable energy (ACME and ACMEn) of three corn hybrids dried at different temperatures in the diets of broiler chickens. The energetic values were determined by the total collection of excreta method, using broilers from 11 to 21 d, placed in a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme (three corn hybrids and two drying temperatures: 80 and 110 °C), totalizing six treatments, seven replicates, and four birds/replicate. The data were subjected to two-way ANOVA. There was an interaction between the two factors tested wherein the AME and AMEn were increased when using corn Hybrid 1 dried at 80 °C. As main effects, the use of corn Hybrid 3 increased ACME and ACMEn. The drying temperature of 110 °C increased amylose, resistant starch, and nitrogen bound to the fiber contents, and reduced soluble:total NSP ratio. These changes may be responsible for the differences in digestibility of nutrients. The mean values of AME and AMEn of corn dried at 80 and 110 °C were 14.03 and 13.84 MJ/kg, respectively, and 81.62 and 80.53% for ACME and ACMEn, respectively.

ABSTRACT Rice is one of the main foods consumed by half of the world’s population. The rice crop requires plenty of water, but upland rice is cultivated in a non-flooded environment, although its productivity is lower than that of lowland rice. Rice grains mostly consist of starch, which is synthesized from the non-structural carbohydrates imported from the vegetative organs. The long-term storage of carbohydrates plays a remarkable role in maintaining the supply of photoassimilates during grain filling if photosynthesis does not meet energy demand. Therefore, the dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates is central to the productivity of rice crops. The present study aimed to determine the non-structural carbohydrate content and soluble carbohydrate profiles in different vegetative organs of upland rice of the genotype BRS Esmeralda. The content was determined at the end of vegetative development. The identification and quantification of carbohydrates were performed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Fully expanded leaf blades, expanding leaf blades, and expanding stems exhibited the soluble carbohydrate content of 59.7, 53.3, and 52.3 mg g-1 DM, respectively. The stem was found to be the main organ for the long-term storage of non-structural carbohydrates, wherein the starch content was 36.1 mg g-1 DM. It also contained soluble carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The non-structural carbohydrates were found in low amounts in the roots, showing that this organ does not store long-term carbohydrates.

The pasting properties of starch are influenced by the starch-hydrocolloid interaction in the mixed system. In this study, the effect of pectin extract from three okra genotypes (Agbagoma, Asontem, and Sengavi) at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% on the pasting properties of starch were investigated. The pasting properties of the mixed systems were determined using the Rapid Visco-Analyzer. The results showed that okra pectin decreased the peak viscosity and setback value of starch with the highest exhibited by Agbagoma and Asontem. The final viscosity of starch was increased in most samples except for 10–15% Agbagoma and 15% Asontem pectin systems. The peak time (3.84 − 6.84 min) increased with increasing okra pectin concentration. Pasting temperature for the mixed systems ranged from 51.24 oC (for 10% Sengavi) to 80.65°C (for 15% Agbagoma). Overall, okra pectin affected the pasting properties of starch and decreased starch retrogradation.

The speed of starch-digestion defines peak blood-glucose concentrations. Slow digestion is beneficial for diabetic individuals. To investigate the effects on blood-glucose it is important to be able to predict the amount of digestible starch. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the digestibility of different starches in a validated in-vitro model of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Digestion was performed in the TNO dynamic, computer-controlled in-vitro model of the upper GI-tract (TIM-1). Release of glucose was measured over time. Products tested were taro-flour, native-, and modified taro-starch. The latter two were also tested with beet-juice adsorbed. These were compared to wheat-flour and a glucose-solution. Modified taro-starch showed a similar glucose-bioaccessibility as wheat-flour (81–83%), while the other products tested had a lower bioaccessibility (60–75%). Adsorption of beet-juice affected digestibility of the modified taro-starch, but not the native-starch. Taro-based products can be used to lower plasma glucose concentrations in diabetic individuals.

This research aimed to establish a mathematical model, using Raman spectral information and the partial least squares regression algorithm (PLS), to predict the percentage of adulteration of powdered milk by starch. The regression model obtained can be used to identify samples that show starch in powdered milk in concentrations ranging from 5% to 40% (w/w). The cross-validation method was used with the strategy of leaving a sample out. The interval that was optimal is the wave number range of 2170-2272 cm-1 . The linear regression model obtained has a multiple correlation coefficient of 99.99%, minimum sum of squares of the predicted residual error (PRESS) of 237.4 and the value of the F statistic, 19210.29 allows us to establish that if there is a relationship Linear significance between Raman intensities and the values of starch concentrations in the mixture. The value of the critical level p = 0.006 indicates that there is a significant linear relationship, and therefore, that the hyperplane defined by the regression equation offers a good fit.

The use of starches in the formulation of drilling fluids has been taking place since the 1930s, mainly as filter controllers and viscosity extenders. Corn and potato starches are the most used; moreover, the search for natural additives that could replace the commercial ones continues. Potato starch is a natural polymer whose amylose/amylopectin ratio and phosphorus content in the form of phosphate ester makes it superior to products such as corn, cassava, and plantain. The possibility of using potato starch, produced in Peru, as a drilling mud additive is contemplated as the country is considered one of the top 10 producers of this tuber worldwide. However, there is an absent industrialization of it, which represents an opportunity for potato and potato starch development in the country. This research evaluated the effect of potato starch and NaOH in the API filtrate of a water-based drilling fluid with mixed factorial design. According to the results obtained in this research, it was found that potato starch shows a better filter control property since with only 0.5 lb / bbl a decrease in filter loss was obtained with respect to a water-based Bentonitic sludge with PAC-L. Likewise, it was proved that the PAC L can be replaced by the potato starch so that it can be used as a filter controller in a water-based mud, and to improve the rheological and viscosity properties of the same; contributing with this to the environmental sustainability, and generating a positive impact in the industry in the reduction of operational costs, and the industrial development of potato and its derivatives in Peru.

Yam is a starchy tuber mainly used in food preparation but with high potential applications in other fields such as pharmaceutical and bioplastic production. Colombia is among the top twelve yam producing countries worldwide and ranked first in terms of yield of tons per hectare planted. Yam production has specifically been concentrated in the Caribbean region, which is why this tuber is very little known in the inland regions. In this study, we evaluated Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) for bioethanol production from yam (Dioscorea rotundata) using Saccharomyces bayanus. Ethanol production technologies involve the fermentation and hydrolysis of consumable raw materials (i.e., sugar cane and corn) which are quite mature around the world. For this reason, the process under analysis combined three phases: 60 min of gelatinization, enzymatic hydrolysis (divided into 40 min of liquefaction with α-amylase and 20 min of saccharification with glucoamylase), and 27 h of fermentation with no enzyme recovery. We used different yam concentrations (10, 12.5, 15, and 18 % w/w) in a wet basis. SSF was monitored along time, and total reducing sugars and ethanol concentration were quantified. The hydrolysis yield, was calculated based on the theoretical starch available in the tuber, was 90 % of starch mass for samples with a yam concentration of 10 and 15 % w/w. Regarding ethanol, the best result (a productivity of 0.19 g/Lh-1) was obtained with the sample with a yam concentration of 10 % w/w. Therefore, yam is a starchy material suitable to produce bioethanol via SSF.

An expanded matrix was obtained from the simple screw extrusion process using a mixture of starch and cassava flour. Two experimental designs were made: the first design included two factors, cassava flour content and moisture percentage and the second design used two factors, temperature profile and screw speed. The respective combinations of the experimental designs that presented outstanding mechanical properties were the mixture with 15 % flour and 22 % humidity, at process conditions of 100 rpm and 125 °C. Under these conditions, an expanded material was obtained, which, presented a high density, low expansion index and high resistance to compression.

Biogenerated polymers are of great interest in industry in general, due to the trend of reduced use of petroleum-derived materials. However, their development costs are high and the benefit is still low. Currently, biodegradable alternatives are available from biogenerated polymers approximately 10% of the plastics market. Its consumption is estimated at 50,000 tons/year in Europe, with a share of less than 1%. In this order of ideas, the objective of this revision is to show the importance of the production of biogenerated polymers in the manufacture of biodegradable materials, from their formulation that contains macromolecules of natural origin such as oligomers or monomers. To this purpose, we will discuss topics related to several types of biogenerated polymers, such as chitosan, starch, polybutylene succyanate and polylactic acid, which have been used for the development of biogenerated polymeric materials by different research groups.

ABSTRACT Our objective was to determine the effects of maturity and storage length on the fermentation pattern, ruminal disappearance of nutrients, and recovery of digestible nutrients in flint corn (Zea mays L.) silage harvested with a pull-type machine without a kernel processor. Corn plants were harvested at 300 g kg−1 DM (low dry matter, LDM) or 400 g kg−1 DM (high dry matter, HDM) and stored for 0, 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 d in laboratory silos. Corn harvested at HDM had a higher proportion of long particles (>19 mm), more intact kernels, and lower kernel processing score. There was an interaction between maturity and storage length for several fermentation end-products, DM recovery, ruminal disappearance of nutrients, and recovery of digestible DM. Overall, the concentrations of fermentation end-products were higher in LDM than in HDM silage. The DM recovery decreased over time, mainly for LDM silage. Ruminal disappearance of nutrients (starch, CP, and DM) increased with storage length, with greater values for LDM silage at shorter storage, but closer values among LDM and HDM at longer storage periods. The recovery of digestible DM (DM recovery × ruminal disappearance) slightly increased in LDM silage up to 26 d of fermentation, but it markedly increased in HDM silage, mainly up to 60 d of storage. Storing for longer periods is a strategy to partially offset the negative impact of maturity on the digestibility of flint corn silage harvested with pull-type machines without kernel processor.

The morphological difference between two types of tapioca flour motivated this research, which aims to evaluate the hygroscopic behavior of these products via moisture sorption isotherms (MSI). The MSI of the products were obtained at 25°C, 35°C, 45°C, and 55°C and the experimental data were fitted at seven mathematic models that concern the effect of temperature. MSI had type-II behavior and hysteresis were observed between the moisture adsorption and desorption isotherms, whose magnitudes decreased with higher temperatures. According to adsorption, the two flour are microbiologically stable if they have moisture below 11% and they are less susceptible to becoming moist if they are stored at relative humidity below 70%. The MSI indicated that the tapioca flour more expanded is more hygroscopic and with higher moisture decreases as temperature increases, suggesting distinct storage conditions for the two flour. The modified Oswin model had a good fit to the sorption data.

Native and modified starches of chayotextle and potato were mixed with rainbow trout meat, and the resistant starch content, pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), malonaldehyde content, sensorial properties and texture profile of the rainbow trout fish burger (RTB) were investigated during 21 days of storage at 0°C. The addition of acid-modified starches (AMS) to RTB resulted in a high content of resistant starch (RS). The RTB with added native and modified starches showed a better stability of pH, WHC and texture profile values during the 21 days of storage. The lipid oxidation values of the RTB control showed higher values than the RTB with added native and modified starches. In the sensory evaluation test, the RTB supplemented with AMS have the highest score regarding acceptability. The result confirmed the potential of modified starches as a prebiotic food ingredient, since they improve the physicochemical and sensorial properties of RTB.

This study aimed to explore the mechanism whereby the interactions between the endogenous proteins, lipids and starches present in foxtail millet affected the in vitro hydrolysis of starch. Prior proteolysis of the protein matrix significantly increased the enzymatic hydrolysis of foxtail millet starch, suggesting that it is possible that non-surface proteins (i.e. the protein matrix) can retard the rate of starch degradation by acting as a physical barrier between starch and amylase. Furthermore, confocal microscopy demonstrated that the proteins in foxtail millet bind competitively with starch to α-amylase, partially decreasing the activity of α-amylase. In addition, as a result of complexing with the fatty acids, foxtail millet starch had a significantly reduced hydrolysis rate. Therefore, we conclude that the interactions between endogenous proteins and lipids with starch plays a significant role in the hypoglycemic properties of foxtail millet.

Abstract The objectives of this work were to determine the biodegradability of starch/glycerol foam and of poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/starch film using respirometric methods and also to compare these results with conventional polymers – expanded polystyrene and low-density polyethylene. A matured organic compost was utilized as inoculum and sucrose was used as positive reference material. Biodegradation efficiencies (BE) after 47 days were: 35% for sucrose; 34% for starch/glycerol; and 38% for PBAT/starch. Starch/glycerol and PBAT/starch presented BE statistically equal to sucrose, whilst both the conventional packaging used were not degraded (p> 0.05). Infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyses showed that the microbiota rather degraded the starch over the PBAT in the PBAT/starch blend, and also that some starch remained intact in the internal polymeric matrix. This study verified that starch/glycerol foam and PBAT/starch film are highly biodegradable materials and may then be used to enhance the biodegradability of some products such as disposable trays and supermarket bags.

Abstract Black rice and red rice are often claimed to have more health benefits than white rice. They have been reported to have greater antioxidant activity and lower digestibility than white rice, functional properties which are important to prevent the metabolic disorders related to diseases such as diabetes. However, rice grown in different areas or subjected to different processing has shown different physical, chemical and functional properties. Thus the objectives of this study were to determine the physical properties (hardness, colour and gelatinization profile), chemical properties (proximate composition, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity), and the in vitro digestibility of Solok black rice (SBR), Solok red rice (SRR), Tangerang black rice (TBR), Cianjur red rice (CRR) and Cianjur white rice (CWR) cultivated in different areas in Indonesia. The results revealed that rice cultivated in different areas showed different physical characteristics and chemical compositions. The In vitro analysis of the digestibility of the starch with α-amylase showed that pigmented rice was less digestible (56.10% to 83.43%) than white rice (87.35%). A normal cooking method commonly used in society was found to significantly reduce the total phenolic content, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of the rice.

This study is aimed at evaluating the techno-functional properties of starches from several yam species (Purple yam, Hawthorn yam and Diamante 22-type yam). Analytical procedures were performed according to the methods described by different authors in order to calculate waterabsorption index (WAI), water-solubility index (WSI), swelling power (SP) and syneresis. Likewise, descriptive statistics and experimental designs for interpretation of the results were also performed. The results showed that Hawthorn yam has the highest WAI (15.15 g gel/g sample, at 90°C). While WSI was similar for all species, SP is dependent on the temperature with values of 16.10 g gel/g sample (Purple yam and Hawthorn yam), and 11.25 g gel/g sample at 90°C (Diamante 22-type yam). All yam species underwent progressive reduction in syneresis, which suggests that these types of starches could be used to manufacture foods that require maintaining moisture levels.

In this work, the effect of the proportion of a hyperbranched polyester polyol (HBP) of fourth generation on the structural, thermal, rheological, morphological and mechanical properties of tapioca starch/HBP blends (TPS) was evaluated. For this purpose, the ratios of starch:HBP employed to prepare the TPS were: 30:70 (TPS30), 40:60 (TPS40) and 50:50 (TPS50). Using infrared (IR) analysis, it was observed that the presence of HBP produced a displacement at the absorptions of the C-OH, C-O and C-O-C bonds of the TPS. The X-ray diffraction (DRX) analysis showed that the starch crystallinity is A and B type, which increased with the HBP amount. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the TPS, increased with the HBP content, but the thermal stability and viscosity (at an angular frequency of 1 Hz) presented an opposite behavior. The scanning electronic microscopy analysis (SEM) revealed that the granular structure of the starch was not completely destructured.

El etanol es uno de los combustibles más prometedores en Brasil, pero su producción está centralizada en el cultivo de la caña de azúcar, y actualmente se están buscando otras fuentes de biomasa productora de alcohol para reemplazar el monocultivo de la caña de azúcar. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las variables del proceso de fermentación como el tiempo de fermentación (72 y 96 horas), adición de nutrientes (con y sin adición) y levaduras (levadura orgánica seca y fresca) empleadas en la producción de etanol a partir de dos genotipos de batata (Ipomoea batatas L.): UGA 05 y UGA 77. El contenido del alcohol evaluado en °GL se realizó en un diseño completamente al azar según dos esquemas factoriales (22 y 23), y los resultados obtenidos se analizaron con el software Design Expert® versión 8. Los resultados del diseño factorial 22 indican que el tiempo de fermentación en la producción de alcohol tuvo un efecto significativo en el proceso, lo que sugiere que la producción de alcohol es más eficiente en 72 horas de fermentación y sin la inclusión de nutrientes. En el diseño factorial 23, las interacciones entre el tiempo de fermentación con genotipos, y entre el tiempo y la inclusión de la levadura mostraron efectos significativos y alteraron la producción de alcohol. El proceso de fermentación muestra una diferencia significativa en función del material genético y las levaduras utilizadas, señalando la fermentación del mosto de harina del genotipo UGA 77 bajo acción de levadura fresca y 72 horas de fermentación.

Quinoa, amaranth, and chia flours have considerable amounts of protein, starch, dietary fiber, lipids, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive components, which provide in them exceptional properties for human nutrition. The aim of this research was the physical-chemical characterization of quinoa, amaranth, and chia flours and seeds through proximal, optical, functional, thermal, and structural analyses. From the results obtained during the proximal analysis, considerable proportions were determined of protein and fiber for the three flours, with the highest values in chia flour at 28.56% and 39.8%, respectively. These results were corroborated by optical microscopy analysis performed on longitudinal cuts in the three types of seeds. Thermal parameters indicated that the three flours presented irreversible thermal degradation processes and glass transition change for amaranth and chia flours at temperatures above 100ºC. Structural characterization of the flours via FTIR have allowed detecting differences in protein and lipid characteristic absorption bands. Diffraction patterns of type A starch were identified for quinoa and amaranth flours, while the chia flour had two crystalline peaks corresponding to calcium and magnesium. Scanning electron microscopy images showed starch aggregates in the quinoa flour, a complex structure composed of spherical proteins that surround the starches in amaranth flour and fibrous structures and spherical proteins in chia flour.

The biofunctionality of native and nanostructured starch obtained from blue corn was evaluated on prediabetic Wistar rats. The surface of both types of starch was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Total polyphenols content, antioxidant activity and digestibility were also evaluated. Prediabetes was induced by feeding a diet high in fat, carbohydrates and the administration of streptozotocin. Experimental design included a control group, prediabetic group and two prediabetic groups, one supplemented with native starch and the other with nanostructured starch. AFM analysis showed nano-cavities

Jicama roots have been studied as an alternative starch source. However, reports about the extraction yield are scarce, as well as publications about the use of pretreatment techniques for this material. Hence, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of sonication on the starch yield as well as on the granule structure. Ultrasound was observed to have a positive effect on the starch yield, with the largest value obtained at a sonication time of 10 min (24.76 ± 2.4%). This represents a 46.9% increase over a non-treated sample (16.86 ± 0.9%), and the starch granule structure was unaffected, as confirmed by microscopy and an X-ray diffraction analysis The imperviousness of the starch granule to the sonication process is attributed to the protective effect of soluble fiber and a change in viscosity caused by the material released from parenchyma cells. More studies are required in this area.

This contribution looks at the possibility of replacing acid-thinned corn starch by chicory inulin as gelling coagents in gummy jellies made with gelatin. A creamy gel could be formed after stirring (70°C/10 min) an inulin water solution (240 g kg−1) without previous cooking. Starch replacement by inulin (90 g kg−1 raw mass) in jellies provided a slightly softer, springier and stickier texture, enhanced strawberry, sweet and sour flavors, and hardly affected the red color. Inulin/Oligosaccharides remained without be degraded to free sugars in jellies after processing (mixing at 80°C and pH 3.2 for 5 min and further drying at 30% relative humidity and 25°C for 24 h). Therefore, chicory inulin acted as stable and neutral flavoring ingredient and can be used as gelling coagent to develop gummy jellies enriched in dietary fiber with potential prebiotic activity.

Physicochemical and digestion properties of chitosan modified starch prepared by dry heat treatment were investigated. Starch granule aggregation occurred following the addition of chitosan and this trend was enhanced with increasing chitosan concentration. The size of chitosan modified starch particles was about six times of that of the native starch granules. Interactions between the hydroxyl groups of starch and the amino groups of chitosan was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The disappearance of the trough in the Rapid Visco Analyzer profile indicated that the cross-links increased the starch shear resistance. The cross-links between starch and chitosan also reduced starch digestion rate compared to the control (p

Nutrition, physical activity, and medication are the three main components of a diabetes management plan. According to the Americans Diabetes Association, there is no one diabetes meal plan; rather, it is a healthful eating pattern specifically designed to meet your individual needs. This new 2-page publication of the UF/IFAS Food Science and Human Nutrition Department provides some basic tips for creating a personalized meal plan for adults with diabetes. Written by Nancy J. Gal and Wendy J. Dahl.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs323

If you have diabetes, maintaining a consistent carbohydrate intake throughout the day is an effective meal-planning method to help maintain your target blood glucose levels. Foods that contain carbohydrates have the greatest effect on blood glucose levels compared to foods that contain primarily protein or fat. Carbohydrates in foods that contribute to blood glucose includes sugars and starches. The amount of carbohydrate you consume is based on your diabetes treatment goals and carbohydrate tolerance. This new 3-page publication of the UF/IFAS Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, written by Nancy J. Gal and Wendy J. Dahl, provides a strategy for planning your daily menu to manage your carbohydrate intake. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs324

Abstract: The objective of this work was to characterize banana and plantain genotypes and to identify the most promising for flour production. Sixteen plantain genotypes and four banana cultivars were evaluated for dry matter content and flour yield. The obtained flours were characterized by color (L*, C*, and h*) and by moisture, total and resistant starch, ash, protein, lipid, and fiber contents. A low genetic variability was observed among plantains for the evaluated physicochemical and nutritional characteristics. The Chifre de Vaca, Comprida, Terra Ponta Aparada, Trois Vert, Terrinha, and Terra Maranhão plantains showed the highest dry matter contents and flour yield. The Chifre de Vaca, Comprida, Curare Enano, Mongolo, Trois Vert, and Terra Maranhão plantains and the 'Pacovan', 'Prata Anã', 'BRS Platina', and 'BRS SCS Belluna' bananas had resistant starch levels above 60%. The flour from 'BRS SCS Belluna' presented the highest contents of ash, protein, and fiber, as well as the lowest caloric value. Considering dry matter content, flour yields, and resistant starch, the Chifre de Vaca, Comprida, Trois Vert, and Terra Maranhão plantains are the best options to produce flour. From a nutritional point of view, 'BRS SCS Belluna' is a good option for producing flour rich in resistant starch, mineral, protein, and fiber contents.

This investigation was made in order to determine the effects on production by incorporating Chinese potato flour (Colocasia esculenta L.) as a raw material in the production of pig diets post weaning parameters, taking into account production costs. In this sense balanced three formulations including 10, 20 and 30% flour Colocasia esculenta L. (B1-B2 and B3 respectively), to be compared against a standard formulation (B0) was developed. 16 pigs Large White x Pietrain 30 days old and live weight 7-10 kg were used. The experiment was conducted under a split plot design, distributed in 4 treatments and 4 replicates with two replicas. The results were analyzed with the statistical package Minitab 2000. As for the results, a final weight of 25.28 kg is reported, for the treatment B2 (20% flour Colocasia esculenta L), while for B1, B0 B3 and weights of 24.19 kg was found; 23.44 kg; and 22.87 kg respectively. A similar behavior was observed in weight gain, showing B2: 15.93 kg, statistically different (p

The aims of this study were to produce films from phosphorylated starch/chitosan/PVA blends and evaluate their physicochemical properties. The film properties were dependent on the starch percentage in the blend. The infrared spectra of the blends showed the appearance of bands at 1716 and 1733 cm-1 (stretching C = O of PVA acetate residues) and 1556 cm-1 (amide II deformation of the chitosan) indicating the incorporation of these components into the blends. The films with high phosphorylated starch content showed low thermal and mechanical strength and high water absorption capacity while blends with higher content of chitosan and PVA showed good mechanical properties and low water vapor permeability. Films containing 40% and 20% starch showed excellent properties such as high water absorption capacity and biodegradability for use as bandages and agricultural films and also as a source of organic matter in soil.

Because it is an unconventional vegetable, arrowroot is appropriate for family farming; there is a need to find alternative ways to make its growing more sustainable, however. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of rhizomes and starch of arrowroot ‘Seta’ intercropped with crotalaria. The experiment consisted of four treatments, corresponding to three harvest for crotalaria intercropped with arrowroot (90, 120 and 150 days after sowing) plus single cultivation of arrowroot. The experiment used a complete randomized block design with four replications. Mass production of crotalaria, macro and micronutrients contents in the cut material and infestation by invasive plants were evaluated at each harvest. At the harvest of arrowroot, productivity and format of rhizomes classes, macro and micronutrient contents were evaluated, and the export of nutrients and production of starch by rhizomes were estimated. The hasvests carried out at 120 and 150 DAS, despite propagating the highest values of weight and nutrients, provided lower yields of total, large rhizomes, and starch. Crotalaria hasvested at 90 DAS provided values higher than the cuts performed on 120 and 150 DAS for most evaluated variables, not differing from control, including starch. The intercropping provided less infestation by invasive plants. The intercropping between crotalaria and arrowroot provided is suitable as long as the harvest of this legume occurs up to 90 DAS.

Lactic acid (LA) is an organic compound used in several industries, such as food, textile, chemical, and pharmaceutical. The global interest in this product is due to its use for the synthesis of numerous chemical compounds, including polylactic acid, a biode-gradable thermoplastic and substitute for petroleum-derived plastics. An in-depth overview of the use of industrial and household wastes as inexpensive substrates in order to reduce the cost of LA production is presented. A review is carried out of the biotech-nological aspects that must be taken into account when using some wastes with high transformation potential to produce LA in a submerged culture, as well recommendations for their use. The advantages and disadvantages of different types of treatments used for the transformation of waste into suitable substrates are considered. Several methods of fermentation, as well as genetic strategies for increasing the production, are summarized and compared. It is expected that in a few years there will be many ad-vances in these areas that will allow greater large-scale production of LA using agroindustrial or household wastes, with potential positive economic and environmental impact in some regions of the planet.

The amount of energy required to produce a commodity or to supply a service varies from one production system to another and consequently giving rise to differing levels of environmental efficiency. Moreover, since energy prices have been continuously increasing over time, this energy amount may be a factor that has economic worth. Biomass production has a variety of end-products such as food, energy, and fiber; thus, taking into account the similarity in end-product of different crops (e.g.: sunflower, peanuts, or soybean for oil) it is possible to evaluate which crops require less energy per functional unit, such as starch, oil, and protein. This information can be used in decision-making about policies for food safety or bioenergy. In this study, 23 crops were evaluated allowing for a comparison in terms of energy embodied per functional unit. Crops were grouped as follows: starch, oil, horticultural, perennial and fiber, to provide for a deeper analysis of alternatives for the groups, and subsidize further studies comparing conventional and alternative production systems such as organic or genetically modified organisms, in terms of energy. The best energy balance observed was whole sugarcane (juice, bagasse and straw) with a surplus of 268 GJ ha−1 yr−1; palm shows the highest energy return on investment with a ratio of approximately 30:1. For carbohydrates and protein production, cassava and soybean, respectively, emerged as the crops offering the greatest energy savings in the production of these functional foods.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la influencia de la adición de agua y de carboximetilcelulosa (CMC) en las propiedades fisicoquímicas y de calidad de pan libre de gluten (GF), elaborado con harina de arroz, almidón de maíz y almidón de yuca. La harina de arroz presentó los valores más altos de índice de absorción de agua (WAI) e índice de solubilidad de agua (WSI). Las concentraciones de CMC y agua fueron de 1-3% y 80-90%, con base en la harina de arroz, componente mayoritario de la mezcla, respectivamente. Se utilizó la Metodología de Superficie de Respuesta (MSR). Los valores máximos para el volumen específico (3,92mL/g) y la altura (77,82mm), se mostraron con 85% de agua y 2% de CMC. El mayor rendimiento, se evidenció con 3% de CMC y 80% de agua, pero este tratamiento tuvo el volumen específico y la altura más baja. En cuanto a las propiedades texturales, la combinación de 3% de CMC y 80% de agua generó una miga con la mayor firmeza (16,6N) y dureza (91,2N); los valores más bajos de estos parámetros, se presentaron con 85% de agua y 2% de CMC. El mayor valor de cohesividad (0,46), se registró con 90% de agua y 3% de CMC y la condición más baja de cohesividad, se reportó con 80% de agua y 1% de CMC. La inclusión de mayores concentraciones de CMC (3%) genera productos GF, con mayor firmeza, cohesividad, elasticidad y dureza.

The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical attributes alterations of a clay-loam textured soil and dry mass accumulation of maize submitted to application of cassava wastewater doses in three assessment periods. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse using a completely randomized experimental design in a factorial 5 × 3, with four replicates. The analyzed factors of research were doses of cassava wastewater (0; 12.6; 25.2; 50.4; 75.6 m3 ha-1) andassessment periods (20, 40 and 52 days after germination). The following parameters were determined: electric conductivity of soil saturation extract, pH in water, content of available P, content of exchangeable K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ of soil, dry mass of leaves and stem. The application of cassava wastewater on soil enables increase of pH, electric conductivity of saturation extract, contents of available P, contents of exchangeable K+ and Na+ and dry mass of leaves and stem. However, only pH and content of exchangeable K+ of soil, the electric conductivity of saturation extract and dry mass of leaves and stem are influenced by assessment period.