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Background: Selective logging is a frequent practice in the Tropical Montane Cloud Forest which can impact forest regeneration and the genetic makeup of successive generations of trees. The spatial clustering of genetically related individuals, fine-scale genetic structure (FSGS), can develop from the reduction of gene dispersal and the decrease in the number of reproductive individuals at the local scale due to selective logging. Questions: In regeneration sites with a history of selective logging, does FSGS differ from a site without such a history? Is FSGS stronger in seedlings and saplings relative to juveniles and adults? Is genetic diversity similar among life stages and sites? Studied species: Magnolia iltisiana an endemic tree. Study site and dates: Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, Mexico. 2020. Methods: We evaluated genetic diversity, genetic structure, and FSGS across four life stages (seedlings, saplings, juveniles, and adults) by genotyping 211 individuals with seven nuclear microsatellite loci in two regeneration and one conserved site. Results: We found statistically significant FSGS in the two regeneration sites only for seedlings and saplings, while no evidence of FSGS was detected in the conserved site. No differences in genetic diversity estimates and structure were found among life stages. Conclusions: Our study does not suggest an effect of selective logging on genetic diversity on the contrasted conditions and an FSGS pattern only in the earlier stages of the regeneration sites in M. iltisiana.

Nutrient recycling in the forest is linked to the production and decomposition of litter, which are essential processes for forest maintenance, especially in regions of nutritionally poor soils. Human interventions in forest such as selecttive logging may have strong impacts on these processes. The objectives of this study were to estimate litterfall production and evaluate the influence of environmental factors (basal area of vegetation, plant density, canopy cover, and soil physicochemical properties) and anthropogenic factors (post-management age and exploited basal area) on this production, in areas of intact and exploited forest in southern Amazonia, located in the northern parts of Mato Grosso state. This study was conducted at five locations and the average annual production of litterfall was 10.6 Mg ha-1 year-1, higher than the values for the Amazon rainforest. There were differences in litterfall productions between study locations. Effects of historical logging intensity on litterfall production were not significant. Effects of basal area of vegetation and tree density on litterfall production were observed, highlighting the importance of local vegetation characteristics in litterfall production. This study demonstrated areas of transition between the Amazonia-Cerrado tend to have a higher litterfall production than Cerrado and Amazonia regions, and this information is important for a better understanding of the dynamics of nutrient and carbon cycling in these transition regions.

Basic aspects of the reproductive biology are largely unknown for most tropical tree species, although they are important elements to understand the impacts of anthropogenic activities as logging and forest fragmentation on these populations. In this study, data are presented on leaf and reproductive phenology, fruit production and seedling demography of a population of an endemic tree species of Southern Central America, Caryocar costaricense. This species has been affected by selective logging and forest fragmentation of its habitat. Phenology was studied by observation of 15-22 tree crowns during two reproductive periods (2003 and 2005). Circular plots were established around 11 adult trees to count the number of fallen fruits and seedlings during three years (2003, 2004, 2005). Although reproductive phenology is restricted to the short dry season in this species, seed germination occurred year-round. Fruit and seedling production shows a strong inter-individual variation within the study populations, with two large trees producing nearly 50%-70% of the fruits and seedlings during two years. Most of the seeds that fall beneath the tree crown are covered by litterfall or removed by fauna. We found evidence that many of these seeds become part of a seed bank in the forest floor. Because of the observed reproductive dominance of few large trees in these populations, we propose that selective logging on reproductive trees can severely impact the recruitment of this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 771-780. Epub 2009 September 30.Los aspectos básicos de la biología reproductiva de árboles tropicales son en su mayoría desconocidos, aunque son conocimientos esenciales para entender el impacto de actividades antropogénicas como la tala selectiva y la fragmentación de bosques. En este estudio se presentan datos sobre la fenología foliar y reproductiva, la producción de frutos, y la demografía de plántulas de una población de Caryocar costaricense, una especie endémica del sur de América Central, afectada por tala selectiva y fragmentación de su hábitat original. La fenología fue estudiada por medio de la observación de las copas de 15 a 22 árboles adultos durante dos períodos reproductivos (años 2003 y 2005). Para estudiar la caída de frutos y la dinámica de germinación y supervivencia de plántulas, se establecieron parcelas circulares alrededor de 11 individuos adultos, donde se realizaron observaciones durante tres años (2003, 2004, 2005). Aunque la fenología reproductiva está limitada a la corta estación seca local, la germinación de semillas se da todo el año. La producción de frutos y plántulas mostró una alta variación inter-individual, con dos árboles produciendo 50-70% de todos los frutos y plántulas durante dos años. La mayoría de las semillas que caen bajo la copa son cubiertas por mantillo o removidas por la fauna. Muchas de estas semillas se vuelven parte de un banco de semillas latente en el piso del bosque. Debido a la dominancia reproductiva de unos pocos grandes árboles en estas poblaciones, se propone que la tala selectiva sobre individuos reproductivos puede provocar un impacto severo sobre el reclutamiento de nuevos individuos en estas poblaciones

Utilizando um modelo estocástico, foi projetada a distribuição diamétrica futura de uma floresta submetida à exploração seletiva de madeira na Amazônia Ocidental. Foram utilizados dados de cinco parcelas permanentes localizadas no PC Pedro Peixoto, no Acre. A primeira medição das parcelas ocorreu em 1996, a exploração florestal em 1997 e as re-medições em 1999 e 2001. A principal variável utilizada foi o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP). A matriz de transição probabilística (Cadeia de Markov) foi utilizada para fazer a projeção da distribuição diamétrica do número de árvores sobreviventes nas classes diamétricas. O modelo foi primeiramente testado para fazer a projeção para 2001, tendo como base as observações de 1999 e seu passado imediato (1997). Quando comparadas às projeções feitas para 2001 e as medições de campo (2001), o teste Qui-quadrado mostrou que não houve diferença significativa entre freqüências esperadas e observadas na distribuição diamétrica (p=0,05). A projeção para 2005 indica que a taxa de mortalidade será próxima a de 2001, e se repetida a taxa de recrutamento em 2005 o total de árvores será maior que o observado em 2001. Esse comportamento da floresta indica que não existe um padrão definido para a dinâmica nas classes diamétricas em termos de mortalidade ou crescimento, apresentando um comportamento aleatório ou probabilístico, justificando a eficiência da Cadeia de Markov para projetar a dinâmica da floresta estudada, podendo auxiliar na determinação do ciclo de corte ou mostrando as tendências que a floresta de hoje apresentará em um futuro próximo.The diameter distribution of an experimental forest stand in the Western Amazon was projected using a stochastic model after selective logging. The study was developed using data from five permanent plots located in the colonization project Pedro Peixoto, in the state of Acre. Initial measurements of diameter at breast height (DBH) were taken in 1996. The forest was selectively logged in 1997 and DBHs were re-measured in two different occasions, 1999 and 2001. A probabilistic transition matrix (Markov Chain) was used to project the diameter distribution of the number of surviving trees in each diameter class. The model was first tested to project the diameter distribution in 2001, based on DBH measurements from 1997 and 1999. When the projected diameter distribution for 2001 was compared with the field data from the same year, a Chi-squared test (α = 0.05) showed that there was not significant difference between the expected and observed diameter distribution. After that, a projection for 2005 (four years in the future) was run using DBH measurements from 1997 to 2001, indicating that mortality rate was similar to 2001. If repeated the rate of recruitment of 2005, the total number of trees will be higher than observed in 2001. The dynamics of the studied forest suggests that there is not a definitive pattern to changes in diameter distribution and mortality, which indicates a stochastic or probabilistic pattern. This pattern is better modeled by the Markov Chain to project the forest dynamics of studied area, and can help on determination of timber harvesting or the tendencies of forest dynamics in a near future.

Neste trabalho são discutidos aspectos da composição florística e da estrutura de um povoamento de floresta ombrófila densa submetido a práticas de exploração madeireira de impacto reduzido. O estudo foi conduzido numa unidade de manejo florestal com aproximadamente 3.200 ha, instalada na porção norte da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós (estado do Pará), onde foram extraídos, em média, 23,7 m³ de madeira por hectare. Para representar a variabilidade existente na área experimental, foram estabelecidas aleatoriamente seis parcelas amostrais de um hectare em diferentes quadras de exploração. As análises florístico-estruturais foram realizadas em duas escalas distintas com vistas a atender objetivos específicos: (a) em nível de unidade de manejo, para uma caracterização global do povoamento florestal no qual serão baseados estudos subseqüentes; e (b) em nível de parcela amostral, para subsidiar o estudo de dados de sensoriamento remoto frente às variações florístico-estruturais observadas. O conjunto de resultados obtidos indicou que a unidade de manejo florestal apresenta uma elevada diversidade florística no componente arbóreo (índice de Shannon-Weaver igual a 4,22). Observou-se que o povoamento é caracterizado pela concentração de uma grande quantidade de indivíduos e espécies em poucas famílias botânicas e por um número elevado de espécies localmente raras. A análise das variações florístico-estruturais entre parcelas amostrais evidenciou diferenças estatísticas significativas quanto à diversidade e a similaridade de espécies e quanto a valores médios de altura total. Adicionalmente, observou-se certa variabilidade nos padrões estruturais em termos de distribuição diamétrica e de valores estimados de volume comercial de madeira.In this work we discuss aspects of the floristic composition and structure of a stand of dense tropical rain forest subjected to low-impact logging practices. We conducted the study in a 3,200 ha forest management unit located in the north portion of the Tapajos National Forest (Para, Brazil), where a mean timber volume of 23.7 m³.ha-1 had been extracted. To represent the variability existing within the experimental area, we randomly selected six 1 ha sample plots in different exploitation blocks. The floristic-structural analyses were made at two distinct scales: (a) at a management unit level, for a global characterization of the forest stand in which later studies will be performed; and (b) at a sample plot level, to aid the study of remote sensing data, given the observed floristic-structural variations. The results showed that the forest management unit hosts a high floristic diversity (Shannon-Weaver index equals 4.22). The stand is characterized by a high individuals/species concentration in few botanical families, and by a high number of locally rare species. Analysis of the floristic-structural variations between sample plots showed statistically significant differences in species diversity and similarity, and in mean total height values. In addition, we noted significant variability in the structural metrics such as the distribution of diameters and the estimated timber volume.