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Individuals with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations face significantly heightened likelihood of developing breast and ovarian cancers. Besides some lifestyle recommendations, like maintaining physical activity, healthy BMI, possibly early parenthood and breastfeeding, the management of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers includes gene mutation early-detection, screening, risk-reducing surgeries, and chemoprevention. Various prevention strategies exist, all aimed at monitoring patients and mitigating the cancer risks. However, even with the existence of national and international guidelines to direct prevention efforts, there is no ideal protocol that would be universally applicable for all individuals with mutated BRCA gene. This article aims to delve into the currently available surveillance and preventive strategies and explore the potential future avenues for early detection and risk reduction in BRCA mutation carriers.

Introduction and purpose: The purpose of this scientific paper is to review the current knowledge of the effects of red wine on human health, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease. State of Knowledge: Since the 1990s, red wine has gained its status as a health-promoting alcohol through the French Paradox - when drunk in moderate amounts, it protects against cardiovascular disease. The authors have collected scientific papers on the health effects of alcohol, red wine and resveratrol-a polyphenol that is the main component with health-promoting effects of wine. On their basis, they analyzed the assumptions of the positive effects of wine reaching inconclusive conclusions. Summary: Despite the fact that both ethanol and resveratrol have a positive effect in in vitro studies, in population studies their effect is much less significant, either because the negative behavioral-health effects in the case of ethanol are omitted or the actual effective doses of resveratrol are omitted.

Introduction and purpose: Berberine is a plant alkaloid that naturally occurs in the fruits of common barberry (Berberis vulgaris). This alkaloid has long been used in natural medicine. It exhibits a range of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-edema, and antimicrobial actions. Through the promising therapeutic effects of berberine in metabolic syndrome, as well as its impact on carcinogenesis, this compound is beginning to play a significant role in preventive medicine. Recently, particular attention has been paid to the anticancer properties of berberine, which are based on many biochemical pathways, particularly its pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory action. The study aimed to review the anticancer mechanisms of berberine and summarize them about individual cancers. State of knowledge: The article reviews the current literature on the anticancer properties of berberine for individual cancers, focusing primarily on its molecular mechanisms of action. In addition, the potential of berberine as a promising candidate forming the basis for drug production and its use in preventive medicine was analyzed. Summary: In summary, many studies have shown that berberine exhibits anticancer activity in many types of cancers, including breast, lung, stomach, liver, colorectal, ovarian, cervical, and prostate cancers. Berberine inhibits the growth of cancer cells, limits metastases, induces apoptosis, stimulates autophagy, and enhances the effectiveness of anticancer drugs. Despite its potential as a promising candidate for drug production, there are currently no approved pure berberine preparations for the treatment of specific ailments. Research on its effectiveness and safety is still ongoing.

Introduction and purpose. Preserving fertility is crucial for cancer patients, aligning with advancements in oncology. As survival rates improve, addressing treatment-related late effects gains importance. Many young patients, aware of therapy toxicity, consider future conception chances, impacting treatment decisions. With a trend toward delayed childbirth and a growing population facing unplanned family planning disruptions, the demand for fertility preservation is expected to rise. This paper provides a brief review of available methods for preserving fertility in cancer patients. State of knowledge. Freezing semen in liquid nitrogen vapor is a standard method for preserving reproductive potential in male cancer patients. Shielding during total-body radiation limits testicular volume reduction, indicating less damage to the germinal epithelium. Hormone suppression treatments are not protective in male cancer patients. Oocyte and embryo cryopreservation are considered secure methods before anticancer treatments, with oocyte cryopreservation being preferred for post-pubertal women. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation remains an alternative method without preliminary treatment, suitable when time is insufficient for ovarian stimulation. Ovarian transposition beyond the intended radiation area, performed laparoscopically, can retain ovarian function. GnRH agonist administration before and during chemotherapy aims to minimize the likelihood of premature ovarian insufficiency. Summary. Advancements in fertility preservation for cancer patients, ranging from traditional cryopreservation to innovative methods like ovarian tissue preservation, highlight a commitment to empowering individuals facing cancer diagnoses. Ongoing research expands possibilities, ensuring a diverse range of strategies that offer tangible and hopeful prospects at the intersection of cancer and reproductive health.

Introduction and purpose: Obesity is one of the most serious health challenges in modern society. Over the last 40 years, the number of obese school-age children has increased tenfold. This not only has significant consequences for physical health, but also affects psychosocial aspects and the quality of life of the young generation. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on obesity among children and adolescents, focused on identifying the main risk factors and analyzing effective forms of prevention. Materials and methods: A review of the literature available in the "PubMed" database and books was conducted. The search was performed by using the following keywords: "childhood obesity", "childhood obesity risk factors", “childhood obesity prevention” State of knowledge: The risk factors for obesity in children and adolescents include genetic factors, endocrine diseases, improper diet, low physical activity, low socioeconomic status, stress, psychological factors, short sleep time, medications, hypothalamic obesity and H. pylori. As part of the prevention of obesity in children and adolescents, it is recommended to develop appropriate habits in children and adolescents. The influence of parents on health behaviors in children is important. Top-down activities such as health campaigns and legal regulations also have a significant impact. Summary: Due to research conducted over the years, awareness of obesity risk factors has increased. To effectively prevent this disease, an integrated approach is necessary, taking into account both education and changes in the social environment. Implementing these strategies requires cooperation at local, regional, national and international levels.

Introduction and purpose: Apples are a widely consumed fruit globally and are known to be a great source of nutrition. Studies have shown that apples contain high levels of antioxidants, dietary fiber, and vitamins that contribute to numerous health benefits. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the impact of apples on human health. State of knowledge: The paper reviews the current literature on the health benefits of apples, focusing on their impact on various health conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity. Additionally, it examines the role of apples in improving intestinal, immune, and cognitive function. The paper also discusses the potential mechanisms by which apples exert their health benefits, such as high levels of flavonoids, polyphenols, and dietary fiber. Summary: In conclusion, the vast body of evidence reviewed in this paper supports the notion that consuming apples regularly can contribute to better health outcomes. They may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, as well as promote healthy gut microbiota and immune function. Despite the controversy surrounding the use of pesticides in apple cultivation, the benefits of consuming apples outweigh the risks. Therefore, it is highly recommended to include apples as part of a balanced and nutritious diet to promote optimal health and wellbeing. As the saying goes, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away".

Introduction and purpose: In recent years there has been an increase in scientific research regarding the body's exposure to low temperatures. The potential health benefits have captured the attention of both researchers and the general public. This article review provides an analysis of the existing literature concerning the impact of cold body exposure on health and athletic achievements. Material and methods: A review of the literature available in the "PubMed" database and books was conducted. The search was performed by using the following keywords: "cold exposure", "cryotherapy", "cold shower", "cold-water immersion" and "winter swimming". State of knowledge: Encountering low temperatures can be perceived as a physiological stressor. The body responds to this situation by activating adaptive mechanisms to maintain homeostasis, such as the activation of brown adipose tissue, improved glucose control and increased immune system activity. An increasing amount of data supports the positive impact of cold exposure on athletic performance. Potential benefits are indicated such as enhancing physical endurance through increased heat production and stimulation of the circulatory system, as well as facilitating faster body recovery. Results and Conclusions: The article review indicates a growing interest in the impact of cold exposure. While there are encouraging findings of positive effects, further research is necessary for better understanding and determining the optimal conditions for achieving maximum benefits. This information could have a significant impact on the development of training strategies and health prevention.

Introduction and purpose: The human body hosts a diverse ecosystem of commensal microbes, known as the human microbiome. This review aims to asses the current state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness, mechanisms of action, and potential benefits of probiotic supplementation in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using the “PubMed” and “Google Scholar” databases with the keywords “Probiotics”, “Gut Microbiome”, “Probiotics and the treatment of Crohns Disease”, “Probiotics and the treatment of Colitis Ulcerosa”. State of knowledge: Dysbiosis is known to disrupt the function of the intestinal mucosis and has been associated with chronic tissue inflammation. The use of probiotics is a promising method to improve the state of gut microbiota. It is known that the gut microbiome is disrupted in inflammatory bowel diseases. Summary: The use of probiotics in Ulcerative Colitis is supported by a significant amount of evidence supporting its effectiveness. In the case of Crohn’s Disease there is a lack of evidence to definitively determine whether the use of probiotics yields therapeutic benefits. Therefore there is a need for further research in this area.

Introductions and purpose: Melanoma is a malignant skin cancer, characterized by a very high rate of increase in the number of cases. The aim of this study is to analyze the key modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with the development of melanoma and to discuss existing prevention strategies. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using the "PubMed" database with the keywords "melanoma", "melanoma risk factors", "melanoma primary prevention" and “melanoma secondary prevention”. State of knowledge: Melanoma risk factors can be divided into two groups: modifiable and non-modifiable. The main modifiable factor is UV radiation. Non-modifiable risk factors include: genetic factors, phenotypic characteristics, age, gender, and the presence of melanocytic nevi. UV radiation is responsible for the incidence of 60-70% of melanomas. Reducing exposure to risk factors is crucial in primary prevention, while self-examination and medical examination are important in secondary prevention. Summary: Despite the very high rate of increase in the number of cases, morbidity and mortality associated with melanoma can be effectively reduced by adhering to the principles of primary and secondary prevention. Patient education is crucial to reduce exposure to modifiable factors and increase vigilance against new skin lesions.

Introduction and purpose: Prostate cancer is the second most frequent malignancy in men worldwide. The aim of this study is to analyze the key modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with the development of prostate cancer and to discuss existing prevention strategies. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using the "PubMed" database with the keywords "prostate cancer", "prostate cancer risk factors", "prostate cancer prevention”. State of knowledge: Prostate cancer risk factors can be divided into two groups: modifiable and non-modifiable. Modifiable risk factors include: diet, infections and alcohol use. Non-modifiable risk factors include: age, race, genetic factors, and family history. Chemoprevention plays an important role in the prevention of prostate cancer. Summary: Despite the fact that prostate cancer remains a significant challenge for current medicine, the development of preventive methods in recent years gives hope for reducing mortality associated with the disease. Research is still being conducted to identify prostate cancer risk factors and to improve methods of primary and secondary prevention.

Introduction and purpose: Sweating plays an important role in the mechanism of human thermoregulation. A state in which the amount of sweat produced exceeds the physiological demand is called hyperhidrosis. About 4.8% of the population complains of this condition. The inconvenience of excessive sweat production significantly decrease the standard of living of patients suffering from this disorder. Nowadays, botulinum toxin injections are increasingly being used as a therapy for excessive sweating. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Botulinum toxin is an exotoxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum . It is now considered one of the most potent poisons found in nature. Thanks to research conducted since the 1970s, the positive effects of using TB to treat strabismus, eyelid spasm, torticollis and other conditions associated with excessive muscle spasticity have been noted. This discovery coused a flood of subsequent research on the use of botulinum toxin in medicine and cosmetology. It derives its features from inhibiting the release of Acetylcholine in nerve endings, which prevents muscle contraction. Acetylcholine is the main transmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, which innervates the sweat glands. Thanks to these features, botulinum toxin has begun to be widely used to treat excessive sweating. Summary: Excessive sweating is very often resistant to treatment attempts with iontophoresis or external substances. Botulinum toxin injections into the areas most affected by the condition, which are most often the hands, feet, armpits, bring significant improvement in patients. Currently, research is being conducted about the use of botulinum toxin in other areas of the body.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is defined by a focus of infection within the heart and is a feared disease across the field of cardiology. Prevalence varies from country to country, remaining in the range of 3-10/100 000 a year. Despite optimal care, mortality approaches 30% at 1 year. With an ageing population and increasing use of implantable cardiac devices and heart valves, the epidemiology of IE has changed. The microbiology of the disease has also changed, and staphylococci, most often associated with health-care contact and invasive procedures, have overtaken streptococci as the most common cause of the disease. The main lesions of IE are vegetations which cause emboli and destruction of valvular and/or perivalvular tissues leading to acute valvular regurgitations. Two main treatment pathways include antibiotic therapy and surgery The key to choosing the correct and most effective path is early diagnosis. The challenges posed by infective endocarditis are significant and therefore need further evaluation.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the potential role of Shinrin-yoku (forest bathing) in the therapy of hypertension. Methods and materials: A literature search was conducted in the PubMed MEADLINE database of medical publications using the following keywords: Shinrin-yoku, forest bathing, hypertension, phytoncides Results: Hypertension is a serious problem in the Polish population. The data from the National Health Fund show that in 2020 almost 10 million adult Poles were affected by this disease, and over 14% of the entire pharmacy reimbursement budget was used to reimburse drugs for hypertension. Primary arterial hypertension is caused by a mixture of environmental and genetic factors, including obesity, mental stress, low physical activity, and excessive sodium intake. Although hypertension is usually asymptomatic, it contributes to serious complications such as left ventricular hypertrophy, impaired renal function, changes in the vessels of the retina, and finally to stroke or aortic dissection. The Shinrin-yoku (forest bathing) is becoming a worldwide recognized method used in preventative medicine and can play a substantial role in decreasing the number of patients suffering from hypertension. Conclusion: Shinrin-yoku (forest bathing) lowers blood pressure, heart rate, and the level of stress hormones, and therefore can be a prophylactic element in preventing the development of hypertension or an element of non-pharmacological therapy for this disease entity. Additionally, it has a positive effect on the immune system.

Introduction: Hericium erinaceus is a medicinal and culinary mushroom that is widely present in the countries of East Asia. Bioactive compounds derived from the fruiting body or its mycelium have many properties, including: antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, as well as hypolipidemic properties. It also has the potential to treat neurological disorders as it contains neurotrophic compounds that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Aim of the study: The aim of this work is to review scientific research on the potential properties of the H. erinaceus in treating diseases of the nervous system. Results: Many studies have shown that Hericium erinaceus can bring the desired effects as a complementary treatment and be an alternative in the treatment of depressive and cognitive disorders and, due to its strong neuroprotective nature, be used in Alzheimer's disease or in post-traumatic brain injury. Most of the cited studies concern experiments carried out on animal models. Conclusion: Due to the evidence of potentially neuroprotective properties of H. erinaceus, there is a need for further clinical trials in humans.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the role of the complement system in a therapy of the ANCA- associated vasculitis. Methods and materials: A literature search was conducted in the PubMed MEADLINE database of medical publications using the following keywords: the complement system, AVV, C5a inhibitor, avacopan Results: The complement system is a crucial part of the human immune system. Its cascade is involved in the pathogenesis of many disease entities, especially those with an inflammatory response. As anaphylatoxin, this is especially true of the C5a protein. C5a receptors are distributed mainly on tissue inflammatory cells, e.g. macrophages, mast cells, and endothelial cells. Therefore a C5a receptor inhibitor may reduce the inflammatory response of the body. This mechanism is used by the Avacopan, a newly approved drug for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis as the main indication. Tavneos (avacopan) was only introduced in the UE in January 2022, as the first new drug to treat AVV in over a decade. Conclusion: The C5a receptor inhibitor – Avacopan might be the future of a glucocorticoids-free or glucocorticoids – low dose therapy of ANCA-associated vasculitis. As the ADVOCATE clinical trial shows, Avacopan was neither superior, nor inferior to prednisone tamper with respect to sustained remission at 26 weeks, but proved to be superior with sustaining remission at 52 weeks. All the patients received rituximab or cyclophosphamide as a form of therapy. Keywords: the complement system; C5a receptor inhibitor, AVV; Avacopan

Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common problem in adolescents and adults around the world. ADHD is particularly characterized by inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity, and in order to deal with these problems, patients often resort to other methods of treatment in addition to classic pharmacotherapy. Increasing numbers of ADHD patients are self-medicating with cannabis, despite the lack of specific evidence on its efficacy and safety. Aim of the study: The purpose of this study was to review the most recent available literature on the use of cannabidiol in the treatment of ADHD. For this purpose, PubMed and scopus databases were reviewed. The phrase "cannabidiol and ADHD" was used in the database search. After reviewing the titles and abstracts, 15 articles and articles cited in them were obtained and analyzed in detail. Results: Cannabinoids are reported to have pharmacological anxiolytic, neuroprotective, antidepressant, antipsychotic and hypnotic effects. Single-case studies of patients treated with them show that cannabinoids reduced hyperactivity, improved focus and control of impulsive behavior. Patients also reported side effects of cannabis use, the most common being mild short-term memory problems, dry mouth, sleepiness, and occasional experiences of constant thirst and greater forgetfulness. Most of the acute side effects were related to neuropsychiatric symptoms and were associated with cardiac sympathomimetic effects Conclusion: There is evidence for the effects of cannabinoids on ADHD symptoms as well as the influence of the cannabinoid system on involvement in neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, more controlled clinical trials are needed to determine the effect of cannabis use on ADHD symptoms and the norms of its use in this indication. Keywords cannabidiol, ADHD, literature review

Introduction: Lung cancer is the number-one cause of death due to neoplasms worldwide. The 5-year overall survival rate is only 22%. In advanced stages, the therapeutic options are limited to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, molecularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Phytocannabinoids, the components of Cannabis sativa, their synthetic derivatives and endogenous cannabinoids have demonstrated anticancer activity in various common cancers - breast, prostate, colorectal and lung cancers, among others. The aim of this review was to assess the potential value of cannabinoids in the treatment of lung cancer. State of knowledge: The majority of preclinical studies demonstrates that cannabinoids inhibit lung cancer cell viability both in vitro and in vivo. The main mechanism of anticancer activity is the induction of apoptosis, triggered by activation of CB1, CB2 and TRPV1 receptors or independently via other pathways. Cannabinoids influence the components of the tumour microenvironment - cancer associated fibroblasts, macrophages and lymphokine-activated-killer cells. Cannabinoids alter leukocyte infiltration into anti-cancer proportions, inhibit expression of EGFR and PAI-1 and increase the expression of TIMP-1. As a result they induce cytotoxicity, decrease proliferation, migration and invasive potential of lung cancer cells, suppress angiogenesis and metastasis forming. Patients with advanced lung cancer may also benefit from analgesic, antiemetic and appetite improving properties of cannabinoids. Summary: Cannabinoids can be a supplementary agent in systemic anticancer therapeutic regimen in the future. The exact mechanisms of action, specific doses in anticancer treatment, routes of administration and interactions with other anticancer drugs has yet to be determined. Thus the clinical studies on cannabinoids in lung cancer should be performed in the future.

Introduction: Lyme disease is the most common disease transmitted by ticks. In Poland, over 20,000 cases of this disease were diagnosed in 2019. The first vaccine approved to prevent this condition was Lymerix. Currently, we do not have any preparation registered for this purpose. Data from Phase 2 trials of VLA15 show strong immunogenicity in both adults and children, with an acceptable safety and tolerability profile in both study populations Aim: The purpose of this paper is to present the current state of the art in research into the VLA15 vaccine. Results: Phase 3 of the VALOR study has started. Ultimately, about 6,000 participants aged 5 and older are to take part in it. The experiment is conducted in a dozen or so sites located in areas where Lyme disease is highly endemic. Participants will receive three doses of VLA15 180 µg or a placebo in saline as the first series of vaccinations, followed by one booster dose of VLA15 or placebo in 0.9% NaCl (1: 1 ratio). Conclusion: Phase 2 studies on VLA15 showed promising results. Phase 3 of the research is ongoing. Key words: VLA15, Lyme disease, Borrelia

Introduction and purpose: This study aimed to discuss herbal supplement usage in population and possible harmful effects with a strong emphasis on the kidneys health. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted in the PubMed MEADLINE database of medical publications using the following keywords: herbal nephropathy, aristolochic nephropathy, herbal supplementation, Chinese traditional medicine Results: Despite the widespread use of herbs among the general public, awareness of possible side effects appears to be negligible. The herbal medicine market is often unregulated, moreover, there are problems with correct identification of the plant, variable cultivation, its processing and the lack of accurate information about its biological activity. Possible side effects include frequent contamination of preparations with heavy metals, other substances such as hormones, aflatoxins or pesticides. In addition, herbs can directly affect the metabolism of drugs taken for specific medical indications. They are able to change the level of their absorption, metabolism in the liver and secretion. The kidneys are a special organ exposed to the harmful effects of herbs due to their high blood flow, resorption from the renal tubules and high metabolic activity. Among kidney damage, aristolochic nephropathy is the one worth mentioning, induced by the herb Aristolochia fangchi and causing a rapidly progressing kidney disease, largely ending up with the need for dialysis or kidney transplantation. Conclusion: The use of herbs as medical substances carries dangers. They should be prevented through proper education of the society, appropriate legal regulations and doctors' awareness of their occurrence.

Introduction: Basal glucose control in diabetes type 2 is commonly maintained by a single, once-daily administration of insulin through subcutaneous injection. Insulin icodec, a novel ultralong-acting lipidated analog validates the concept of a once-weekly basal injection that is less burdensome, yet equally safe and efficacious as conventional once-daily treatment 1. Aim: The aim of the study is to introduce once-weekly injected insulin therapy and compare it with conventional basal insulin therapy in diabetes type 2 patients. Results: The results from phase II trials suggest that switching from an existing basal insulin to icodec, with or without a loading dose, provides effective glycemic control with comparable risk of hypoglycemia.In one of the studies TIR improved from baseline (mean: A 57.0%; B 55.2%; C 51.0%; IGlar U100 55.3%) through weeks 15 and 16 (estimated mean: A 76.6%; B 83.0%; C 80.9%; IGlar U100, 75.9%). No unexpected side effects were observed. It was reassuring that not a single episode of severe hypoglycemia (level 3) was reported for any treatment group throughout the trial duration and that the time spent below range (

Introducción: La disforia de género es una incongruencia entre el sexo que uno siente o expresa y el que se le asigna biológicamente al nacer. Objetivos: Repasar los criterios de inclusión para el tratamiento hormonal y la cirugía de reasignación de sexo en la disforia de género. Exponer el abordaje multidisciplinar. Realizar el diagnóstico diferencial con otros trastornos psíquicos. Caso: Mujer (varón biológico), de 25 años. Resultados: Se informa favorablemente para iniciar tratamiento hormonal tras cumplir los criterios de elegibilidad: >18 años, conocimientos de los efectos de las hormonas y más de 3 meses de experiencia de vida real documentada. Controles analíticos cada 3 meses el primer año y semestrales posteriormente. Conclusiones:¿Despatologizar la disforia de género? La UE recomienda una reclasificación como trastornos no patológicos en la CIE-11. Su tratamiento es una necesidad y no hay razón para postergarlo. Principal dificultad en el diagnóstico diferencial: puede existir comorbilidad con otros trastornos psíquicos no son excluyentes (trastorno psicótico, TOC, trastornos de la personalidad y otros trastornos de identidad de género).

The objective - to compare the efficacy of surgical interventions to replace jaw defects with the use of different types of bone grafts based on objective clinical and radiological criteria. The study included 90 patients with postoperative jaws defects. They underwent reconstructive operation for creating conditions for further prosthetic rehabilitation. The patients were divided into 3 randomized groups, depending on the surgical treatment used: group I - xenogenic bone substitutes were used, group II - autologous corticocancellous bone grafts from the iliac crest and in group III autograft combined with PRGF. Patients' status was assessed in the early (up to 1 month) and long-term postoperative period (more than 6 months). In the study series, xenogenic materials showed the highest volumetric stability in the remote postoperative period (19,9 ± 8,1% versus 45.6 ± 21.84% for bone autografts). However, autologous grafts demonstrated better integration and quality of bone tissue. There were no significant differences in frequency of postoperative complications or the possibility of implant placement in the study groups. The use of PRGF in combination with autograft accelerated the regeneration of soft tissues, but it does not affect significantly the incidence of infection complications and volume loss of the bone grafts.

The data on the state of motivational and value component of the readiness of future border guard officers to physical education of personnel was obtained and analyzed. The state of formation of such readiness was determined using the methodology of T. Ehlers, but adapted to the characteristics of the investigated contingent. It was represented by 128 cadets of the specialized institution of higher education. The state of formation in them of such readiness was determined using the methodology of T. Ehlers, but language adapted to the characteristics of the investigated contingent. There were 128 cadets of the specialized institution of higher education, and the main criterion was the formation of an internal type of motivation for implementation at a high methodological level of physical education of the personnel. It was determined that the expected result was reached by 70.3% of the cadets, the grades of the rest were slightly lower. The obtained data indicated a reserve for improvement, first of all, regarding the approaches to formation and implementation of the content of physical training of future officers of the Border Guard Service during their study in a specialized institution of higher education. This will increase the number of graduates with high and higher than the average levels of motivational and value readiness for the physical education of personnel.

The incidence of the Crohn’sdiseaseischaracterized by gaogeaficdifferentiation.The incidence rate for the Crohn’sdisease in Western and Northern European countries is estimated at five cases per hundred thousand inhabitants, the morbidity rate is forty to fifty cases per hundred thousand inhabitants. The Crohn’sdisease can be revealed at any age but most often affects young people between the ages of 40 and 50. The Crohn’s is chronic inflammation of digestive tract, which may affect every section of the digestive tract. The characteristic feature of the disease is the phase passage, alternate occurrence of remissions and exacerbations. Inflammatory lesions are most often located in various sections of the gastrointestinal tract. The disease process causes a number of ailments that impair the functioning of the patient

Background: Based on the results of a histological study of removed TG tissue NGAIT was found in 10,4% of the patients [1, 2]. At the same time, we observe processes of both thyroid epithelium metaplasia and lymphoid tissue hyperplasia that, undoubtedly, can be considered as an optional precancerous condition [3-8]. The option when cytomorphological and immunocytochemical examinations are carried out sequentially, using the same smear of a puncture material is optimal for PCE [9]. Methods: We have carried out an immunohistochemical study by means of monoclonal antibodies against Fas, FasL, Bcl-2, P53 and Ki67 antigens using the thyroid gland puncture material. Results: The results showed the degree of proliferative activity in the thyroid tissue in NGAIT. We found a high proliferative activity of lymphoid tissue, moderate proliferative activity of thyroid epithelial cells in the area of lymphoid infiltration and a low one – beyond the latter. Conclusions: The pronounced expression of Fas and FasL on the thyroid epithelial cells in the area of lymphoid infiltration indirectly indicates that NGAIT causes the processes of thyroid epithelial cells apoptosis due to the immunity. Increasing the number of immunoreactive cells expressing Ki67 in the area of lymphoid infiltration and destruction of thyroid epithelial cells, are indicative of follicular epithelial regeneration as a compensatory-adaptive response of the organ. A pronounced Bsl-2 expression in lymphocytes prevents the cells from entering apoptosis and prolongs the cell survival time. There was a high expression of p53 protein in the nuclei of thyroid epithelial cells and follicular lamina, which can be explained by mutations in the gene p53, which allows the cells to find tolerance to apoptotic action of the immune system effectors. Abbreviations: NGAIT - nodular goiter combined with autoimmune thyroiditis, TG – thyroid gland, PCE – preoperative cytological examination.

The data on the state of formation of cognitive component of the readiness of future border guard officers to physical education of personnel was obtained and analyzed. The study was attended by 128 cadets of the specialized institution of higher education. The state of formation of the studied component of readiness was determined taking into account the recommendations of experts. In this regard, the criterion of formation of the cognitive component was the assessment for accomplishing of the theoretical part of the physical training exam. It was determined that 71.1% of the cadets achieved the planned result, while the grades of the rest were slightly lower. The obtained data indicated a reserve for improvement, first of all, regarding the approaches to formation and implementation of the content of physical training of future officers of the Border Guard Service during their study in a specialized institution of higher education. This will increase the number of graduates with high and higher than the average levels of cognitive readiness for the physical education of personnel.

The data on the state of formation of communication and organizational abilities as components of the processual component of the readiness of future border guard officers to physical education of personnel was obtained and analyzed. The study was attended by 128 cadets who were completing their studies at a specialized institution of higher education. To establish the state of formation of the procedural component of their readiness for the physical education of personnel, a questionnaire, proposed by specialists, was used. It was established that the use of the current content of physical training and the traditional approach to the organization and implementation of this process during the study allows 55.8% of graduates to achieve a high level of processual readiness for the physical education of personnel. 5.4% of future officers of the border guard service showed middle level, the rest 38.8% - low and lower than the average level of the processual readiness formation. The obtained data testify to the need to improve the organization, approaches to formation and implementation of the content of the physical training of future officers of the Border Guard Service during their study in a specialized institution of higher education. This will increase the number of graduates with high and higher than the average level of processual readiness for the physical education of personnel.

Herpes gestationis es una rara enfermedad autoinmune que se presenta en mujeres embarazadas, compromete principalmente la piel y puede manifestarse como lesiones bulosas intensamente pruriginosas que, en ocasiones, son de difícil diagnóstico. Nosotros reportamos dos casos clínicos simultáneos que se presentaron en nuestro Servicio en marzo del año 2002, hecho que no deja de sorprender dado lo infrecuente y poco común de esta patología.Herpes gestationis is an uncommon autoimmune disease seen in pregnant women. The condition involves mainly the skin, and results in bulous lesions with intense pruritus, which can sometimes be very difficult to deal with. We report 2 clinical cases which presented simultaneously at our Service, a surprising fact indeed, if we take into consideration the uncommon and peculiar character of this disease.

Se consideran unos modelos paramétricos lineales de la temperatura superficial del mar (SST) y del aire (AST) en el Atlántico Norte. Se discuten los aspectos teóricos de la aplicación de modelos autoregresivos estacionarios lineales (ARM) para las series de tiempo escalares consideradas. Se examinan algunos resultados de aplicar dicho método a los datos climáticos. Se obtiene un enfriamiento considerable al norte del paralelo 44 para SST y AST durante el presente siglo. Las series de los promedios anuales de AST y SST calzan mejor con ARM de bajo orden, predominando el primer orden. Las series de los promedios estación al escalan mejor con órdenes superiores a uno. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1994.33.3.1186

Se discuten algunas aplicaciones del modelo de J. Adem a los procesos de intercambio de calor y de humedad. Se presenta el método de construcción del modelo dinámico-estocástico. Se propone usar este enfoque en las diversas investigaciones climáticas. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1991.30.1.947