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Social media platforms offer significant growth opportunities for enterprises, particularly microenterprises, due to the chance to establish direct contact with customers. Drawing on the Technology-Acceptance Model (TAM), in the present study, we investigate the psychological reasons that lead microentrepreneurs to use Social Networking Sites (SNSs) for their business. In doing so, we also extend TAM by taking into account entrepreneurs’ personalities (e.g., extraversion and openness to experience) and their perceived risk. We collected data by examining 247 microentrepreneurs engaged in the production of handmade objects. Our results confirm that of all the TAM behavioral antecedents tested, perceived usefulness and attitude toward SNSs’ usage for business proved to be the best predictors of the intention to use SNSs for business activity. The results also indicate that extraversion, openness to experience, and perceived risk, as external factors, significantly affect the TAM constructs. We discuss implications and suggestions for future research.

Objective: This study aims to investigate persistent symptoms, health satisfaction and general quality of life of COVID-19 survivors at 30, 90 and 180 days after Intensive Care Unit discharge. Method: Multicentric prospective cohort study of COVID-19 survivors discharged from eight hospitals in Curitiba – Paraná (Brazil) between September 2020 and January 2022. Eligible COVID-19 survivors were contacted by phone. Results: Sixty-two COVID-19 survivors responded to the three follow-up moments. The most persistent symptoms were fatigue, mild dyspnea and myalgia. Myalgia showed a significant reduction from 30 days to 180 days (p = 0.034). At 30, 90 and 180 follow-up days, most patients reported “good” general quality of life (59.7%, 62.9%, 51.6%, respectively) and “satisfactory” health status (43.5%, 48.4%, 46.8%, respectively). Conclusion: COVID-19 symptoms persisted to 180 days, fatigue more commonly. Nevertheless, most COVID-19 survivors reported good general quality of life and were satisfied with their health status.

Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os sintomas persistentes, a satisfação com a saúde e a qualidade de vida geral dos sobreviventes de COVID-19 aos 30, 90 e 180 dias após a alta da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Método: Estudo de coorte prospectivo multicêntrico de sobreviventes da COVID-19 que receberam alta de oito hospitais em Curitiba - Paraná (Brasil) entre setembro de 2020 e janeiro de 2022. Os sobreviventes de COVID-19 elegíveis foram entrevistados por telefone. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva e os dados foram comparados usando o teste Q de Cochran e o teste não paramétrico de Friedman. Resultados: Sessenta e dois sobreviventes de COVID-19 responderam aos três momentos da entrevista. Os sintomas persistentes mais relatados foram fadiga, dispneia leve e mialgia. Aos 30, 90 e 180 dias de acompanhamento, a maioria dos pacientes relatou uma “boa” qualidade de vida geral (59,7%, 62,9%, 51,6%, respectivamente) e um estado de saúde “satisfatório” (43,5%, 48,4%, 46,8%, respectivamente). Conclusão: Este estudo revelou a persistência de sintomas após a infecção por COVID-19, compreender essas consequências é o primeiro passo para o desenvolvimento de tratamentos médicos e estratégias de manejo para esses pacientes.

Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los síntomas persistentes, la satisfacción sanitaria y la calidad de vida general de los supervivientes de COVID-19 a los 30, 90 y 180 días del alta de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Método: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo multicéntrico de supervivientes de COVID-19 dados de alta de ocho hospitales de Curitiba - Paraná (Brasil) entre septiembre de 2020 y enero de 2022. Las supervivientes de COVID-19 elegibles fueron entrevistados por teléfono. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se compararon los datos mediante la prueba Q de Cochran y la prueba no paramétrica de Friedman. Resultados: Sesenta y dos supervivientes del COVID-19 respondieron a las tres etapas de la entrevista. Los síntomas persistentes notificados con más frecuencia fueron fatiga, disnea leve y mialgia. A los 30, 90 y 180 días de seguimiento, la mayoría de los pacientes declararon una "buena" calidad de vida en general (59,7%, 62,9%, 51,6%, respectivamente) y un estado de salud "satisfactorio" (43,5%, 48,4%, 46,8%, respectivamente). Conclusión: Este estudio reveló la persistencia de los síntomas tras la infección por COVID-19, y la comprensión de estas consecuencias es el primer paso hacia el desarrollo de tratamientos médicos y estrategias de gestión para estos pacientes.

Lucoli is a scattered municipality in the area of L’Aquila, in the Italian region of Abruzzo. In this place between the mountains of the conca Aquilana stands the Abbey of San Giovanni Battista, an important historic and religious site. Despite the damage suffered caused during the 2009 earthquake, the local people still use it and look at it as a symbol of community. With the aim of analyse and so mitigate the seismic vulnerability, the abbey has been the subject of an architectural survey with direct method in a first step, and then of digital laser scanning survey at a later stage, to integrate and verify the first.

Introducción: El reemplazo total de rodilla es el tratamiento de elección en los estadios finales de la patología degenerativa articular; su duración depende, en gran medida, de la alineación, el posicionamiento y la estabilidad de la articulación. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el eje mecánico del miembro inferior medido por telemetría, después de un reemplazo total de rodilla asistido por navegación o con técnicas convencionales, realizado por el mismo cirujano y con la misma prótesis. Se evaluó también el grado de satisfacción de los pacientes sometidos a este procedimiento y su posible variación entre estas dos técnicas. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, comparativo, observacional, descriptivo de 200 pacientes sometidos a un reemplazo total de rodilla, divididos en dos grupos: grupo A (100 pacientes) con prótesis Columbus® colocada con el sistema de navegación OrthoPilot® y grupo B (100 pacientes), con la misma prótesis colocada con técnica convencional. Se realizaron telemetrías posoperatorias para determinar y comparar el resultado en ambos grupos. También se comparó el grado de satisfacción con el procedimiento y el índice de masa corporal y su posible relación con los resultados. Resultados: Se obtuvieron mejores resultados en los reemplazos totales de cadera asistidos por navegación, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas tanto en la obtención del eje mecánico posoperatorio como en el grado de satisfacción con el procedimiento. Conclusión: Los reemplazos totales de rodilla primarios guiados por un sistema de navegación fueron más precisos para lograr la alineación final del miembro en un eje mecánico de 0°± 3°.

Desde 1991, hemos realizado 17 duodenopancreatectomías y reconstruimos con la pancreatogastroanastomosis Ci] II oportunidades. La mortalidad fue del 0%, y la morbilidad alcanzó el 52.94%. En esta presentación proponemos nuestra técnica.

Grasslands cover about 40% of the Earth's surface, and in addition to forage production, they provide ecosystem services such as carbon storage and soil protection, so they are considered important sinks of greenhouse gases (GHG). Despite this, the dung from grazing animals deposited in the soil, usually unevenly distributed in relatively small areas, can provide favorable conditions for methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accumulated methane emissions in the dung of different species of herbivores (sheep, goats, beef cattle, dairy cattle, and horses). Incubation was carried out in a greenhouse. Soil collection was carried out in an area of Palisade grass planted more than 10 years ago. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replications. The treatments used were dung from sheep, goats, beef cattle, dairy cattle, and horses. The amounts added per treatment were 400 g of soil and 100 g of fresh dung. The soil was maintained at a constant temperature and 18% volumetric moisture throughout the experimental period. The remaining vials were kept in the incubator at a constant temperature of 25.0 ± 1.0 °C and 80% relative humidity during the test period. After applying the treatments, samples were collected daily during the first week. From the 8th day after application (DAA) onward, sampling was performed three times a week until 30 DAA, and weekly until 100 days of evaluation. Sampling was performed after closing the chambers (T0) and after 30 minutes (T30). A difference was found between the accumulated emissions of CH4 from the evaluated dung. The highest emissions were released by dairy cattle manure, followed by beef cattle (p

The carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents of the soil, when associated through the C:N ratio, make it possible to obtain indices that reveal the quality of soil organic matter (OM), as well as the decomposition efficiency, conversion efficiency of carbon and organic nitrogen into their mineral forms, and the dynamics of these nutrients in the soil. According to the literature, the C:N ratio can be between 30 - 100 in native forest areas and 20 - 30 in cultivated areas. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between soil carbon and nitrogen in integrated systems, monoculture pasture, and native Cerrado forest. Undeformed soil samples were collected once at a site located in the municipality of Barbacena, MG, at depths 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm in four distinct areas, designated as treatment 1: pasture monoculture (MP) of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk with 27 years of plantation; treatment 2: grass-legume combination (GLC), composed of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk and Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo with 25 years of plantation; treatment 3: silvopastoral system (SSP), composed of Eucalyptus urophylla planted 13 years ago in an area where Urochloa decumbens cv. Basiliskwas was already established for 14 years; and treatment 4: native forest (NF) of the Cerrado biome with 37 years of regeneration. The quantification of total organic C was performed according to the method proposed by Yeomans and Bremmer (1988); and the determination of total N was performed as proposed by Bremner and Mulvaney (1982) and adapted by Mendonça and Matos (2005). The experimental design completely randomized, with five replications in each treatment. The data were submitted to statistical analysis using the Kruskall-Wallis test and Dunn's test. The NF system showed the highest C:N ratio at all evaluated depths (32.3 – 40.6), being statistically similar to MP (30 – 37) and SSP (25.5 – 28.5). The CGL system did not show statistical similarity with MP and FN, but it was equal to SSP (p

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the chemical composition of the dung of different species of herbivores (sheep, goats, beef cattle, dairy cattle and horses) can be an indicator of N2O and CH4 emissions. The incubation was conducted in a greenhouse. Soil collection was carried out in an area of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu that has been established for more than 10 years. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replications. The treatments used were dung from sheep, goats, beef cattle, dairy cattle and horses. The amounts added per treatment were 400 g of soil and 100 g of fresh dung. The soil was maintained at a constant temperature of 18% volumetric moisture throughout the experimental period. The dung samples were dried in forced-air ovens at 55 °C, then ground and analyzed for chemical composition. We evaluated dry matter (DM), volatile solids (VS), total nitrogen (TN), non-protein nitrogen (NPN), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), insoluble nitrogen content in neutral detergent fiber (NDIN), insoluble nitrogen and total carbon from dung. After the application of the treatments, sampling was carried out daily during the first week. From the 8th day after application (DAA) onward, collections were made three times a week up to 30 DAA, and weekly up to 100 days of evaluation. Sampling was performed after the chambers were closed (T0), and after 30 minutes (T30). To reduce the dimensionality of the data and provide insights into the effect of the chemical composition of dung on N2O and CH4 emissions, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. For this, the data were evaluated in terms of the assumptions of the test. We utilized a factorial map to describe the effect of the chemical composition of dung on the different animal species with emissions of N2O. The PCA divided the original dataset to achieve high dimensionality of latent hits, namely PC1 and PC2, as a result of orthogonalization. The primary (61.9%) and secondary (19.6%) components together represented 81.5% of the emissions. The first principal component had positive linear correlations with the eigenvalues, namely N2O (r = 0.89, p-value

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cumulative emissions and fraction of N emitted as N2O in dung of different species of herbivores (sheep, goats, beef cattle, dairy cattle and horses). The incubation was conducted in a greenhouse. Soil collection was carried out in an area of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu that has been established for more than 10 years. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replications. The treatments used were dung from sheep, goats, beef cattle, dairy cattle and horses. The amounts added per treatment were 400 g of soil and 100 g of fresh dung. The soil was maintained at a constant temperature and 18% volumetric moisture throughout the experimental period. The remaining Mason jars were kept in the incubator regulated at a constant temperature of 25.0 ± 1.0 ºC and 80% relative humidity. The dung samples were dried in forced-air ovens at 55 °C, then ground and analyzed for dry matter (DM) and total nitrogen (TN). After the application of the treatments, the sampling was carried out daily during the first week. From the 8th day after application (DAA) onward, samples were collected three times a week up to 30 DAA, and weekly up to 100 days of evaluation. Sampling was performed after the chambers were closed (T0), and after 30 minutes (T30). There was a difference in cumulative N2O emissions between the evaluated dung, with the lowest emissions for dung of dairy cattle and horses, and the highest cumulative emission for goat dung (p

Integrated production systems can stimulate the growth and reproduction of soil microbiota responsible for nutrient cycling. The use of quality indicators such as soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) can help formulate strategies that preserve organic matter and enable more sustainable production systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil microbial biomass carbon in integrated production systems, a monoculture system of pasture, and native Cerrado forest. Undeformed soil samples were collected at a site located in the municipality of Barbacena, MG, at depths 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm in four distinct areas, formed by treatment 1: monoculture to pasture (MP) of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk; treatment 2: combination of legumes and grasses (CLG) composed of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk and Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo, with a history of conventional cultivation; treatment 3: silvopastoral system (SSP), composed of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk and Eucalyptus urophylla; and treatment 4: native forest (NF) of the Cerrado biome, with 37 years of regeneration. To determine the carbon in the biomass, the fumigation-extraction method proposed by Vance et al. (1987) was applied, with fumigation and the addition of chloroform (without alcohol) in the sample, as suggested by Brookes et al. (1982) and Witt et al. (2000). The experimental design was completely randomized, with five replications in each treatment. The data obtained were submitted to statistical analysis using the Kruskall-Wallis test and Dunn's test. The microbial biomass carbon reached the lowest level in CLG and highest in FN, with statistical differences in the deeper layers and no statistical difference just in the surface layer (0-5cm). MP and SSP treatments did not differ from FN. In the CLG system, the results found corresponded to 153.1, 152.9, 132.6, 91.3 in layers 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 respectively, while in the FN system, the values were 295. 7, 265.5, 235 and 235 in the corresponding layers. The CLG system contained on average 49% less carbon in the microbial biomass compared to NF, while the silvopastoral system averaged 8%, and the pasture monoculture had a 12% difference. The higher carbon content of the microbial biomass in the areas of native vegetation, silvopastoral system and monoculture pasture may be a reflection of the continuous supply of organic materials from the litter and rhizosphere, associated with the absence of soil disturbance, constituting a favorable factor for survival and growth of different groups of microorganisms; while the low SMBC in CLG can be explained by the rapid decomposition of organic matter, which has low C:N ratio, and also can be associated with lower litter deposition, limiting microbial activity. Since there was no difference in CBMS between treatments in the 0-5 cm layer, where there is a greater predominance of Arachis pintoi roots, we infer that the fibrous root component present in SSP, MP and NF substantially contributed to the growth of microbial biomass in the subsurface soil layers, providing these systems with better nutrient cycling.

El principio de kompetenz-kompetenz, o “competencia de la competencia” - ampliamente reconocido en el mundo arbitral - implica que, quien tiene competencia para pronunciarse sobre la validez o extensión de toda cláusula arbitral, es el propio tribunal arbitral. La contracara de este reconocido principio es que, si se plantea un caso ante un juez nacional, y dicho caso contiene una cláusula arbitral, el juez deberá remitir las actuaciones a arbitraje. La faz negativa de este principio se da con diferente intensidad y características en diversas jurisdicciones. El presente trabajo analiza el efecto negativo de este principio en la jurisdicción uruguaya.

This paper argues for a sociological and relational concern of “gratitude” in Simmel’s thought as a key feature of human interaction as well as a key “emotive disposition” (Stimmung) to engage with the challenges of modern society. Georg Simmel is undoubtedly one of the most crucial theorists and a pillar in the social sciences, and his theoretical contribution also stands as the foundation of relational sociology stricto sensu. He taught that interactions supporting social processes must be investigated as forms of relations. A relation is a precise mode of being connected to others; it is a tie emerging from reciprocal action and acquires its consistency by generating causal effects on involved actors. Among his main insights within the sociological tradition, Simmel’s excellent concepts and arguments engage emotions as a sociological matter, that is, under a relational aspect. Not only do emotions have sociological relevance (that is, they are a worthy subject for sociologists), but they also characterize the precise manner of interaction among individuals. Emotions are the relational effect of being associated in an increasingly differentiated society, which apparently only neutralizes individuals’ emotive sides, or else instrumentally drives or “colonizes” them. Simmel explored gratitude as a particular emotion that is a form of relation and interaction: it has an eccentric position among the other emotions that he investigated in his many essays. Gratitude represents a non-symmetrical or economic (exchangeable) “transactive” emotion: it puts the giver and receiver in a peculiar socio-emotional form of reciprocity. By considering relations, emotions, and gratitude through rigorous textual exploration, this paper tackles Simmel’s view and challenges a globalized world and hybridized digital society. Finally, gratitude could be regarded as a demarcation criterion for identifying and distinguishing social interaction forms from other kinds of non-social processes or transactions.

The paper analyzes the evolution of the organization of timber roofing carpentry in Greece and in the colonies of Sicily and Magna Graecia in a chronological scope between the archaic and classical periods. A substantial continuity, lacking evident innovations, characterizes the organization of the carpentry of the roofs constituted, in general, by a horizontal member on which rest on props – king and queen posts – coinciding with the purlins, useful for receiving the secondary framework and the roof covering. The lack of evident indicators, in a cognitive framework that is however extremely fragmented, and a constructive culture on timber that does not seem to excel for technological advancement raises many doubts about a possible pioneering use, even in constructions with high distance between supports, of carpentry organized as a truss system, with no pushing component on the wall.

A atividade enzimática do solo reflete a atividade dos microrganismos que decompõem a matéria orgânica e liberam nutrientes às plantas. O objetivo foi avaliar a atividade enzimática no solo de pastos de cultivares de Brachiaria manejados sob as ofertas de forragem de 4, 7, 10 e 13 kg MS/100 kg PC. O método de pastejo adotado foi mob-stocking, com quatro ciclos de pastejo (entre dezembro de 2008 e fevereiro de 2009). Também foi realizada uma amostragem em junho de 2009 para melhor caracterização, pois a mineralização da matéria orgânica no solo ocorre em longo prazo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições e parcelas subdivididas no tempo. As ofertas de forragem não mantiveram um padrão da atividade das enzimas desidrogenase, protease, arilsulfatase e celulase. Entre as cultivares, verificou-se maior (P

Introduction: Microvascular free-flap reconstruction is one of the treatment options after large resection of head and neck neoplasms. The objectives of this study are to identify short-term outcomes and risk factors for flap complication in patients who underwent neoplasms resection of head and neck with microvascular free-flap reconstruction. Methods: Retrospective study of patients who underwent surgery for head and neck neoplasm with microvascular free-flap reconstruction between January 2014-2020. Complications were studied at 30-days follow-up and divided into medical and flap complications. Factors independently associated with flap complication were analyzed. Results: We included 31 patients (15 men). The mean age was 60 years. Reconstruction was performed with radial-forearm flap in 74% (n=23) and with free-fibula flap in 26% (n=8). Mean surgical time was 420 minutes. Median hospital length of stay was 7 days. Medical complications were of 23%. Minor complications were of 35% and major of 32%. There was no mortality in 30-days follow-up. Flap complications were of 35%. Reintervention was of 29%, surgical site infection of 9%, dehiscence of 29% and flap loss of 9.7%. Surgical site infection was independently associated with prolonged surgical time (Odds ratio [OR]=1.03, IC95%=0.98-1.04, p=0.02) and body mass index equal to or greater than 30 (OR=1.38, IC95%=0.84-2.26, p=0.04) while flap loss was associated with prolonged surgical time (OR=1.02, IC95%=0.99-1.04, p=0.01). Conclusion: Microsurgical free-flap reconstruction should be considered in our population in patients with large head and neck neoplasms. Preoperative assessment of the risk of postoperative complications is essential before selecting patients for this surgery.

En este proyecto se investigan los cambios que acontecen en el desarrollo y crecimiento de conejos hembras de la línea New Zealand (CoNZ) en sus huesos femorales. Los animales fueron mantenidas en jaulas individuales desde las 2 semanas de edad, con comida y agua ad libitum y se sacrificaron en tiempos mensualmente consecutivos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, y 6 meses. Tras la obtención de las piezas femorales, y a partir de estudios imagenológicos se determinaron los ángulos del cuello femoral (Af), la longitud total (L), la densidad mineral ósea total, del centro óseo y de la metáfisis femoral (DMOt, DMOco y DMOmf respectivamente), analizándose las variaciones intergrupales por el test Wilcoxon, y corrección de Bonferroni. Se realizaron estudios histológicos de los cortes descalcificados de las piezas femorales. Los análisis sobre los Af mostraron un incremento significativo durante el primer mes mientras que L se estabilizó a partir del 4to mes. Los valores de DMOt mostraron un plateau a partir del cuarto mes, si bien las DMOco y DMOmf ya a partir del tercer mes no mostraron incrementos significativos. Histológicamente se observó para el cuarto mes ausencia de las diferentes zonas características del cartílago de crecimiento metafisiario, con presencia únicamente de un pequeño remanente de células condrales. Desde el quinto mes se observa ausencia total de cartílago, con presencia únicamente de tejido osteoide (TO). La interpretación integrada de los resultados nos permite afirmar, que a partir del cuarto mes de desarrollo, el fémur de CoNZ adquiere características compatibles con un periodo de adultez.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar as principais práticas utilizadas para a criação e disseminação do conhecimento tácito no desenvolvimento de produtos em empresas do setor automobilístico. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa descritiva qualitativa executada por meio de estudos de caso. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas empresas automobilísticas de grande porte atuantes na Região do ABC (SP), nas quais gestores de funcionários da área de desenvolvimento de produtos responderam ao roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada delineado. O roteiro de entrevistas foi composto por: a) Perfil da empresa e do respondente, b) Identificação das práticas utilizadas para a criação e disseminação do conhecimento tácito e c) Identificação das contribuições das práticas de criação e disseminação do conhecimento tácito. As principais práticas verificadas nas duas empresas para a criação e disseminação do conhecimento tácito foram bastante similares, possivelmente em razão de ambas atuarem no setor automobilístico, embora a operacionalização destas tenha assumido características distintas em cada uma delas. As práticas de criação e disseminação de conhecimento tácito verificadas foram o incentivo a cursos regulares e de especialização, socialização de indivíduos por meio de reuniões periódicas, grupos de estudo, brainstorming, lições aprendidas, knowledge cafés e conversas informais constantes entre os colaboradores.

Illustrazione per InCONTRI • Letteratura e alberi. Una tavola rotonda intorno e incontro agli alberi nelle letterature di lingua tedesca e di lingua inglese, a cura di Carmen CONCILIO.

The article proposes a diachronic analysis of the evolution of roofs carpentry in Etruria from the Villanovan age to the Orientalizing period with incursions in the fifth and fourth centuries BC. The information kept in the funerary architecture - “faithful” reproduction of real environments even in the construction details - and the data inferable from the urns in the shape of a house crossed with the documentary sources, Vitruvius in particular, have allowed to formulate plausible hypotheses on the organization of the timber carpentry. The roofs of Iron Age huts, based on the fundamental criterion of equilibrium, comprised, at least for those with a rectangular plan, a king post, a columen and inclined members that provide the slope to the roof. This articulation, although persisting in the following centuries, varies in the quality of the component elements, which are squared and “sized” for the specific role played.

O presente ensaio visa investigar “O direito à literatura” primeiro por meio de uma leitura crítica em confronto com outros textos de Antonio Candido como “Literatura de dois gumes” [Double-edge Literature] e “Perversão da Aufklärung” para depois situar algumas dificuldades no campo da teoria literária hoje para o tratamento teórico de outras formas textuais e culturais, como o Rap e a Carta Guarani-Kaiowá, explorando, por um lado, a “crise do valor” na “leitura imanente” e, por outro, o direito à literatura como a defesa do direito a ler literariamente um documento em um texto de Marília Librandi-Rocha. Mais do que propor uma solução para esse impasse disciplinar, proponho demonstrar os limites da teoria literária no modo como ela se constitui hoje, apontando para a necessidade de constituir outros arcabouços teóricos e críticos.

Oferta de forragem pode ser utilizada como uma estratégia de manejo do pastejo, já que considera tanto a planta quanto o animal. Assim, o objetivo foi avaliar a estrutura pré e pós-pastejo de pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés manejados sob as ofertas de forragem de 4; 7; 10 e 13 kg de matéria seca (MS)/100 kg de peso corporal (PC). Os pastos foram manejados sob mob stocking por fêmeas da raça Holandesa com um dia de pastejo e 21 dias de descanso. A altura pré-pastejo aumentou com as ofertas de forragem. Na oferta de 13 kg MS/100 kg PC, foi registrado aumento nas alturas póspastejo. As porcentagens de folhas e colmos e a relação folha:colmo pré-pastejo não foram influenciadas pelas ofertas de forragem, no entanto, observou-se efeito quadrático na porcentagem de folhas e linear na de colmos pós-pastejo. Considerando que o aumento das ofertas de forragem, aumentou a massa de forragem e a porcentagem de colmos póspastejo, é indicado o uso das ofertas de forragem de 7 e 10 kg MS/100 kg PC.

The herein paper proposes a diachronic analysis of the timber carpentry roof in the roman context. It is based on cross attestations deriving from ancient literary sources, the iconography emphasized in artefacts belonging to different figurative arts that reproduce timber structures and on the beam sockets still present in some constructions. The analysed roof carpentries developed in antiquity in Greece, Magna Graece and Etruria, were , in general, constituted by a horizontal member on which struts rest, with the role of supporting two oblique members that form the roof pitch. An organization that persisted in the roman constructive culture at least until the 4th century when the truss system, able to generate new interrelations among the component elements, became particularly widespread.

The 62 AD represents for Pompeii the beginning of a sequence of telluric events culminating with the complete town burial provoked by the Vesuvius’ eruption. The traces of those earthquakes, some of which of high magnitude able to produce damage to the constructions, are still detectable on the ancient structures. The paper analyzes some significant masonry walls of the Terme Stabiane emphasizing cracks and deformations due to two distinct earthquakes, by evaluating the reconstruction, repair and strengthening interventions carried out during the roman age. Furthermore, a constructive analysis, conducted on the buttress present in the destrictarium and regarding the materials and their organization, with the aid of the Mechanics, have provided information on the chronology of the events occurred, in sequence, during the 1st century AD.

This study aimed to evaluate intake and ingestive behavior of goats rotationally grazing Tanzania (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia 1) pastures with 2 levels of post-grazing residue. The experimental area consisted of 1.2 ha of Tanzania pasture divided into 12 paddocks (24 areas), managed under 2 post-grazing residues: low green (leaf + stem) herbage mass (GHM) post-grazing (LR, approximately 1,500 kg/ha GHM); and high GHM post-grazing (HR, approximately 3,000 kg/ha GHM). Each paddock was grazed for 3 consecutive days (D1, D2, D3) followed by 33 days rest and evaluated from October 2005 to April 2006. Animal behavior (grazing time, bite rate and bite size/weight) was evaluated on each grazing day. While goats spent more time grazing on LR than HR (P=0.02), bite rate did not differ between treatments or among days (P=0.31) and averaged 26.5 bites/min. In contrast, bite weight was greater in HR (0.15 g/bite) than in LR (0.12 g/bite), and decreased from D1 to D3 (P0.05) when intake was determined on a body weight or metabolic weight basis. Our findings are consistent with the general assumption that bite weight is a trade-off between quantity and quality of the herbage mass and is the main determinant of animal performance. More studies are needed to determine animal performance on the various treatments and to determine management strategies to provide a desirable balance between animal weight gain and pasture stability.Keywords: Animal behavior, foraging, grazing systems, Megathyrsus maximus, plant - animal relations.DOI: 10.17138/TGFT(4)91-100

Uma investigação em torno do livro The Argonauts (2015), de Maggie Nelson, e das formas de escrita que podem resultar de sua leitura.

The timber elements of the Pompeii’s buildings were subjected to high temperatures during the 79 A.D. Vesuvius’ eruption that entailed the almost total loss of the roofs and inter-floors carpentry heritage. However, wooden structures evidences are still present. In fact, many wooden members pockets and frescos representing realistic architectural scenes, compared with the Latin sources, provide precious data for determining floors and roofs structural organization in Pompeii during the 1st century A.D. The carpentry configurations, put in evidence in the herein study, are classifiable in several typologies, in dependence of the covered span and the use of the supported room. They vary from floors characterized by one order of beams on which a wooden boarding bears to more complex organizations that include structures identifiable as king post trusses or ante-litteram lattice trusses.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the postweaning history of heifers kept on marandu grass pastures with three canopy heights, in a continuous-grazing system, during the rainy period, on feedlot- or pasture finishing. The effects of three canopy heights (15, 25 and 35 cm) associated with two supplements (mineral salt and protein-energy supplement) and two finishing systems in the dry period (feedlot and open pasture) were studied in the postweaning period during the rainy season. The adopted design was completely randomized, with seven replications (animals) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The animals which received protein-energy supplement reached the finishing period with greater body weight in relation to those fed mineral salt. In both feedlot and pasture finishing systems, compensatory gain effect was observed in the animals that remained on the low pastures during postweaning compared with the high pastures. This compensatory gain was not verified in the animals that received protein-energy supplement in relation to the mineral salt, and thus the animals were slaughtered beforehand. The heifers on pastures with 25 or 35 cm in height were slaughtered in the same period, and those kept on the low pastures were slaughtered afterwards. The studied factors in the postweaning phase did not affect the carcass characteristics. Animals finished in feedlot slaughtered with the same body weight as those finished on pasture show greater carcass yield, subcutaneous fat deposition and renal pelvic and inguinal fat and greater losses with trimmings for cleaning the main hindquarter meat cuts; however, they provide cuts with the same weight but greater fat cover.

Knowledge on the leaf area of foraging grasses is essential, since it’s one of the most important variables in the evaluation of plant growth. Thus, one aimed at determining equations which allow, through simple measurements of leaf length, as well as average and maximum width, to quickly and accurately estimate the actual leaf area of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraes and Panicum maximum cv. Massai. One measured with millimeter rulers the length along the main vein (L), the maximum width perpendicular to the main vein (Wmax), and the average width (Wave) of leaf blades in both species. For determining the actual leaf areas (ALA), one used the Li-Cor®, model LI 3000. Regression and correlation studies were performed between ALA and the leaf area estimated through the linear or exponential equations for choosing the best equations. For xaraes grass the equation with the best accuracy for estimating ALA was the linear 0.53+0.98 LWave and for massai grass the best options were the linear 1.30+0.92 LWave and the exponential 8.86e0.04LWmax and 10.30e0.03LWave. Estimates of the leaf area of xaraes grass and massai grass through simple measurements of leaf length and width have proved to be effective and accurate.

In central Brazil after soybean or other annual agricultural species is harvested, sorghum hybrids are planted in the fall in order to establish pastures for grazing animals. This study conducted for two consecutive years aimed at quantifying the contents of hydrocyanic acid in the leaves and determining plant height, forage dry matter yield and the leaf/stem ratio for sorghum hybrid 1P400 at different ages. Statistical analysis was performed by regression analysis based on plant age. Leaf HCN content decreased with plant growth, ranging from 205.0 and 230.3 mg HCN/100 g leaf DM at two weeks old to 5.9 and 6.1 mg HCN/100 g leaf DM at five weeks old in the first and second year, respectively. The average heights measured varied from 60 and 56 cm, in the 4th week, to 117 and 151 cm, in the 8th week, during the first and second experimental year, respectively. Forage mass increased linearly with age and displayed average of 1.411 and 1.637 kg DM/ha in the first year and, 2.905 and 3.640 kg DM/ha in the second year, during the 7th and 8th week, respectively. Leaf proportion decreased while stem increased linearly with plant age. The leaf/stem ratio decreased with plant growth, elongation and increasing stem weight. The sorghum hybrid should be grazed only after five weeks or when the plant height is above 80 cm, in order to avoid the risk of cyanide poisoning.

O conhecimento da área foliar de gramíneas forrageiras é fundamental, já que é uma das mais importantes variáveis na avaliação do crescimento vegetal. Assim, objetivou-se determinar equações que possibilitem, por meio de medidas simples de comprimento, larguras média e máxima das folhas, estimar de maneira rápida e precisa a área foliar real de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaráes e de Panicum maximum cv. Massai. Foram tomadas com réguas milimetradas as medidas de comprimento ao longo da nervura principal (C), largura máxima perpendicular à nervura principal (Lmáx) e largura média (Lméd) dos limbos foliares das duas espécies. Para determinação das áreas foliares reais (AFR) foi utilizado o integrador Li-Cor®, modelo LI 3000. Foram realizados estudos de regressão e correlação entre a AFR e área foliar estimada pelas equações lineares ou exponenciais na escolha das melhores equações. No capim xaraés, a equação com maior precisão que estimou a AFR foi a linear 0,53+0,98 CLmed e no capim massai foi a linear 1,30+0,92 CLmed e as exponenciais 8,86e0,04Clmax e 10,30e0,03Clmed. Estimativas de área foliar de capim xaraés e capim massai por meio de medidas simples de comprimento e largura de folhas provaram-se eficientes e precisas.

The experiment was carried out on Cynodon spp cv. Tifton 85 pastures grazed by sheep under rotational stocking, with the objective of evaluating the structural characteristics as well as the forage mass of the pastures subjected to three grazing intensities in successive cycles. Treatments were composed of three residual leaf area indices (rLAI; 2.4; 1.6 and 0.8), allocated in completely randomized blocks with seven replications, totaling 21 experimental units. Tiller population density, pasture height, leaf area index, forage morphological composition and pasture forage mass were evaluated. The rLAI modified the tiller population density, which increased linearly with decrease in the rLAI of the pastures. Dry masses of leaf blade, stem and dead material were inferior when the rLAI imposed were lower, which resulted in differentiated forage production among the treatments. Tifton 85 pastures grazed by sheep in rotational stocking under tropical conditions with different rLAI show a modified sward structure over successive grazing cycles, mainly by alteration in the height and LAI of the plants at pre-grazing and by light interception post-grazing, which change the tiller population density. The residual leaf area index of 1.6 is the most suitable for pasture management for being equivalent to the heights of entrance and exit of animals on and from paddocks of 33 and 19 cm, respectively, which avoid great accumulation of dead material and excessive stem elongation, in addition to ensuring tillering in the sward.

This paper argues for a new interpretation of Schopenhauer’s political theory in the light of the category of conflict. According to Schopenhauer’s metaphysics, The Will (to live), that inhabits any living being and always requests Will/life, cannot ever grasp itself in the “representational” side. This generates struggle, conflict, misery and sorrow. This schismatic and conflictual schema recurs in his moral, social and political arguments. Coherently with his meta-physical view, he substantially theorized the socio-political issue twofold (“political Manichaeism”). On the one hand is the representational sphere - politics as an institutional question (the regulative function of the State); on the other hand, the metaphy-sical or inner sphere - conflict (as means) is unavoidable and solidarity (as goal) in any human social, moral and political agency represents the one and only irremissible prescriptive principle.

Fermentation and aerobic stability were evaluated in high-moisture corn (HMC) silage inoculated with different levels of Lactobacillus buchneri. The HMC composed of 654 g/kg dry matter (DM) was ensiled in quadruplicate laboratory silos (7 L) per treatment. L. buchneri 40788 was applied at 5 × 10(4); 1 × 10(5); 5 × 10(5); and 1 × 10(6) cfu/g to the ground corn. Silages with no additive were used as controls. After 140 d of ensiling, the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability evaluation for 12 days in which the chemical parameters, microbiological parameters and silage temperature were measured to determine the aerobic deterioration. The lactic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid concentrations did not differ between silages. The fermentation parameters of HMC were not affected by L. buchneri. The HMC containing L. buchneri had a low number of yeast and mould colonies and a more stable pH until in the eighth measurement, which improved the aerobic stability without affecting gas loss. Doses of L. buchneri greater than or equal to 5 × 10(5) cfu/g applied to the HMC were the most efficient in control of aerobic deterioration.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the characteristics of the sward canopy of Marandu grass during the rainy season, the wet-to-dry transition and the dry seasons, between March and September 2004, under intermittent grazing, and to correlate those characteristics with the performance of crossbred heifers receiving mineral supplements ad libitum or protein supplements. The experiment consisted of a randomized block design with three blocks (set of 13 paddocks), each containing five crossbred heifers per experimental unit, totaling 15 replicates. The heifers were given protein supplements daily in individual stalls and received an average 4 g/kg/day of the supplement during the rainy season and 5 g/kg/day during the dry season. Their weight gain was assessed monthly. The pasture structure was assessed through destructive sampling, and the bromatological composition of esophageal extrusa samples was also assessed. Analysis of variance was used to assess performance, and regression analysis was used to evaluate the sward canopy characteristics in relation to the months of the year. A cluster procedure was used to determine the similarity between the months of the year under assessment. Two different groups were formed for pasture evaluation: one group including the months of March to July and another group including the months of August and September. The first group exhibited a better canopy structure than the second group. This fact was corroborated by the animal performance, which was lower during the months of the second group. Low-intake protein supplementation was effective in increasing the performance of the grazing heifers. Pasture structure is critical for animal performance in a grazing environment, regardless of the type of supplementation.

An experiment was conducted during the 2001-2002 winter-spring-summer to determine the nitrogen and carbohydrate fractions in Tifton-85 pastures exclusively or overseeded with oats, millet and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids. The treatments were Tifton-85 overseeded with millet + bristle oat; sorghum-sudangrass + bristle oat, on 06/19/2002 and 07/02/2002, respectively; and Tifton-85 (Control). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications. Nitrogen and carbohydrate fractions were affected by the nitrogen and total carbohydrate contents observed in the pasture overseeded at different seeding times, and by the different growth periods. The highest nitrogen fractions (A + B1) were observed in the early growth periods. Overseeding affected the forage nitrogen and carbohydrate fraction contents positively. The high solubility of both carbohydrate and protein from millet + bristle oat and bristle oat + sorghum-sudangrass mixtures indicates the quality of these forages and their potential use as an important supplement in forage systems based on tropical pastures.

This study was carried out with the aim of comparing the growth and primary yield of two cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha through growth analysis. The experiment was held in a greenhouse at the College of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences in the Jaboticabal Campus of Unesp. The cultivars of Marandu and Piatã were evaluated every seven days of growth during ten weeks. At each assessment, the total dry matter (TDM) and leaf area were measured to estimate the leaf area index (LAI). The LAI and TDM data were fitted to the equations and underwent the test of significance for regressions. Through the adjusted equations the physiological indices were obtained: crop growth rate (CBT), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and leaf area ratio (LAR). The Piatã cultivar showed a higher primary yield and a more efficient accumulation of photoassimilates.doi: 10.5007/2175-7925.2012v25n1p17Biotemas, 25 (1): 17-22, 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu canopy structure maintained at different grazing heights under a continuous stocking rate and with a dietary supplementation strategy for the animals during the rainy season. This study also intended to observe the relationships of these variables with the grazing behaviors of the heifers. The effects of three canopy heights (15, 25 and 35 cm) were evaluated in association with three types of supplements: one mineral and two protein/energy supplements, the first with a high rumen degradable protein and energy and the others with a low ratio. Both the protein/energy supplements were provided at 0.3% of body weight/day. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two replications and repeated measures, and took place during the period from January to April 2008. The supplementation strategies did not affect any variable related to the canopy structure. Total and green herbage masses and the ratio of green/dead material increased with canopy height. The leaf/stem ratio was higher in the lowest canopy height: 15 cm. Changes in the canopy structure caused variations in the grazing behavior of the animals. Animals maintained in the 15-cm-tall pasture grazed for a longer time, increasing the time for each meal, but the number of meals was lower than that of the animals grazing within the 35-cm-tall pasture. The grazing time of animals receiving the energy/protein supplement was lower only in the period of the day during which it was supplied. Canopy structure is affected by sward height, and changes animal behavior. Supplementation does not affect the canopy structure of the pastures with similar heights.

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de estudar o crescimento e a produção primária de dois cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha através da análise de crescimento. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias do Campus de Jaboticabal da Unesp. Foram avaliadas as cultivares Marandu e Piatã a cada sete dias de crescimento durante dez semanas. Em cada avaliação, foram mensuradas a matéria seca total (MST) e a área foliar para estimar o índice de área foliar (IAF). Os dados de IAF e MST foram ajustados às equações e submetidos ao teste de significância para regressões. A partir das equações ajustadas foram obtidos os índices fisiológicos: taxa de crescimento da cultura (TCC), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), taxa de assimilação liquida (TAL) e razão da área foliar (RAF). A cultivar Piatã apresentou maior produção primária e maior eficiência no acúmulo de fotoassimilados.

The objective of this study was to assess the sward canopy structure of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures maintained in three grazing intensities under continuous stocking system during the rainy season, along with the behavior and performance of grazing beef heifers supplemented with mineral salt or an energy/protein supplement. Three levels of forage allowance were assessed: 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 kg of forage/kg of live weight, combined with two supplements (ad libitum mineral salt, and an energy/protein supplement at 0.3% of live weight/day, supplied daily). The experiment was designed as a randomized block study with two replications. The supplements did not influence the variables related to the canopy structure. Canopy height was greater at higher forage allowances during the late summer and early fall. Similarly, the stem mass was greater in pastures with higher forage allowances. Animals fed protein supplement spent less time grazing than animals supplemented with mineral salt. Stocking rate was higher in pastures with lower forage allowance levels, which increased the live weight gain per grazing area. Daily weight gain did not vary according to the forage allowance levels. The use of an energy/protein supplement did not affect the stocking rate; however, it increased individual live weight gain and live weight gain per grazing area compared with mineral salt supplementation. The use of energy/protein supplements is an efficient alternative to enhance animal performance and production under grazing systems during the rainy season

The present study was aimed to determine the dispersal syndromes of plant species found in the area for environmental protection of Inhamum. Data collection were performed using the quadrant method in three areas of the Cerrado, with allocation of 42 points in each area with a 10 meter spacing. The sample was composed of 476 individuals represented by 19 families, 33 genera and 33 species. The families with the greatest representativeness were: Anacardiaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae and Mimosaceae, each one of them with three species. The most representative families based on the number of individuals were: Fabaceae (157 individuals) and Mimosaceae (111 individuals). The species with the largest number of individuals was Bowdichia virgilloides (119 individuals). Considering the dispersal syndromes of the study species, it has been found that 271 were anemochorous (57%), 117 individuals (24.5%) zoochorous, and 88 autochoric (18.5%). Considering each area was separately, the Cerrado stricto sensu had 24 species, with eight (33.3%) being zoochorous, 13 (54.2%) anemochorous and three (12.5%) autochoric. In the so-called Cerradão, 26 species were found among them, 11 (42.3%) were zoochorous, 12 (46.2%) anemochorous and three (11.5%) autochorous. In the Campo sujo, 28 species were found, with 13 (46.4%) zoochorous, 12 (42.9%) anemochorous and three (10.7%) autochoric. The anemochorous species is typical of the Cerrados and, therefore, it was the best represented species in the three areas. Based upon these findings it can be inferred that the large number of anemochorous species is due to the level of anthropization of the Cerrado in the study area.

Para estudar o efeito da suplementação da dieta sobre o desempenho de novilhas na fase de terminação mantidas em pastagem de capim-marandu sob lotação intermitente, durante a estação chuvosa, foram utilizadas 20 novilhas cruzadas (¼ Nelore, ¼ Santa Gertrudes, ½ Braunvieh) com peso corporal médio de 300 kg e 22 meses de idade. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de dois tipos de suplementação: sal mineral (SM) ad libtum e suplemento protéico energético (SPE) fornecido a 0,3% do peso corporal (PC) por dia com avaliações realizadas a cada 28 dias, no período entre dezembro de 2006 e março de 2007 Foram avaliados o desempenho animal e as características de carcaça medidas por ultrassom. Observou-se o efeito (P=0,057) da suplementação sobre o ganho de peso dos animais suplementados, 0,700 kg/dia e 0,587 kg/dia dos animais que receberam sal-mineral. Houve efeito da suplementação na área de olho de lombo e profundidade do músculo Gluteus medius. As demais características analisadas pela técnica de ultrassom não diferiram entre si em função da suplementação. A suplementação protéica energética da dieta permite ganhos adicionais, o que reflete em aumento da deposição de músculo de novilhas mantidas em pastagem de capim-marandu durante o período das águas.This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the diet supplementation on the heifers performance in finishing phase, maintained in a marandu grass pasture managed in intermittent grazing system during the rainy season. Twenty crossbreed (¼ Nelore, ¼ Santa Gertrudes, ½ Braunvieh) heifers with average initial body weight of 300 kg and 22 months old were used. The treatments consisted of two types of supplements: mineral (SM) ad libtum and energy protein supplementation (PES) provided 0.3% of the body weight daily. The evaluated variables were: animal performance and carcass traits measured by ultrasound each 28 days. Supplementation affected daily weight gain (P=0.057), 0.700 kg/day for supplemented animals against 0.587 kg/day for animals receiving salt-mineral. There were no supplementation effect on the loin eye area and depth of the Gluteus medius muscle. The other characteristics examined by the ultrasound technique did not differ according to the treatments. Protein and energy supplementation of the diet allows additional gains that reflected in increased deposition of muscle of heifers grazing marandu grass during the wet season.

Avaliaram-se as características morfogênicas e estruturais do dossel de Brachiaria brizantha, cv. Marandu, sob pastejo intermitente no período chuvoso, em diferentes ofertas de forragem e ciclos de pastejo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Nas parcelas, avaliou-se o efeito das ofertas de forragem (4, 7, 10 e 13% do PV/dia) e, nas subparcelas, o efeito dos ciclos de pastejo. Todas as variáveis diferiram entre os ciclos de pastejo, comprovando grande influência das condições ambientais sobre as características avaliadas. A taxa de alongamento do colmo e a altura do dossel responderam linear e positivamente ao aumento da oferta de forragem. O número de perfilhos vegetativos nos piquetes com a menor oferta permaneceu constante ao longo de todo o período experimental, no entanto, nos piquetes com as demais ofertas, atingiu valores mais elevados nos ciclos intermediários. A densidade de perfilhos reprodutivos e totais ajustou-se ao modelo quadrático de acordo com a oferta de forragem. Pastos manejados com ofertas de forragem próximas a 4% PV/dia têm menor alongamento de colmos e tendem a reduzir as perdas por senescência. As variáveis ambientais exercem maior influência sobre as características morfogênicas e estruturais em comparação a ações de manejo como a oferta de forragem.It was evaluated morphogenetic and structural characteristics of the canopy of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu under continuous grazing during the wet season, in different forage supplies and grazing cycles. A random block experimental design was used in a split-plot scheme with three replicates. It was evaluated in the plots the plots, the effects of forage supplies (4,7, 10 and 13% BW/day) and in the subplots, the effects of grazing cycles were evaluated. All the variables differed among grazing cycles, proving the great influence of environmental conditions on the evaluated characteristics. Stem elongation rate and canopy height showed linear and positive responses to the increase on forage supply. Number of vegetative tillers in the plots with the lowest supply was constant over the whole experimental period, however, in the plots with the other supplies, tillers reached highest values in the intermediate cycles. Density of total and reproductive tillers was fitted to the quadratic model accordingly to the forage supply. Pastures managed with forage supplies close to 4% BW/day showed lower stem elongation and they tend to reduce loses caused by senescence. Environmental variables affect morphogenetic and structural characteristics more than management with forage supply does.

O manejo do pastejo permite que sistema com base na utilização de pastagem propicie altos rendimentos por animal e por área. Para isto, devem-se utilizar critérios de manejo com intuito de controlar, simultaneamente a qualidade e a quantidade de forragem e manter a sustentabilidade do sistema. A intensidade de pastejo é dinâmica, jamais permanece a mesma, mudando com a taxa de consumo pelos animais e também pelo crescimento das plantas, variando de hora a hora e dia a dia, por isso deve ser controla sistematicamente. Neste cenário, o consumo de forragem parece ser o fator que mais explica as variações no desempenho animal em relação a qualidade da forragem. A suplementação da dieta dos animais em pastejo com concentrado permite aumentar o desempenho de animais, reduzindo a idade de abate ou a da primeira cria. Contudo, as características nutricionais do suplemento devem variar em função da quantidade e da qualidade da forragem ofertada. Ao suplementar a dieta dos animais em pastejo com energia e proteína, pode-se manejar pastos mais baixos em relação a suplementação apenas com sal mineral, sem que ocorra redução da densidade populacional de perfilhos. Estas estratégias de manejo podem reduzir a probabilidade de degradação do pasto. Desta forma, a suplementação da dieta de animais permite aumento na capacidade suporte do pasto.The grazing management system based on the intensive pasture utilization result in a high animal and area yield. In order to that to be possible, it should be used a management criteria aiming to control, simultaneously the quality and the amount of forage, maintaining the sustainability of the system. The grazing intensity is dynamic, it never keeps the same status, it can be changed with the animals rate intake, and also by the plants growth, changing every hour and day, due to that, it should be controlled systematically. In this scenery, the forage intake is the main factor which explains the variations in the animal performance in relation to the forage quality. Energy and protein supplementations of the grazing animals increase performance, reducing slaughter and the first birth age. However, the nutritional characteristics of the supplement should vary in function of the amount and quality of the forage allowed. Pastures grazed by supplemented animals can be managed at a lower height, compared to those grazed by animals supplemented with only mineral salt, without reducing the tillers population density. These management strategies can reduce the probability of future pasture degradation. Thus, supplementation of the diet of the grazing animals can increase the pasture carrying capacity.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen doses (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg ha-1 year-1), with or without dolomitic lime covering application, on the potassium (K) soil content at depths varying form 0 to 5, 5 to 10, and 10 to 20 cm, and the potassium concentration in the plant. The experiment was carried out in a rhodic ferralsol with a slightly rolling relief, in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, in a complete randomized block design, with four replications. Nitrogenated fertilization caused a linear increase in the potassium concentration in the plant and also in the mineral content in the 0-5 cm soil layer. An effect of competitive inhibition occurred between the potassium and calcium absorption, and potassium and magnesium absorption. Although a significant fraction of potassium returned to the soil surface layer through the forage residue due to the increase in dry matter production caused by nitrogenated fertilization, the increase in the potassium concentration in the plant due to the doses of nitrogen demonstrated the importance of considering the potassium supply to the plant, when the forage mass is intensified through nitrogenated fertilization.Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de nitrogênio (0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg/ha.ano), com ou sem aplicação de calcário dolomítico em cobertura, sobre o teor de potássio (K) do solo nas profundidades de 0 a 5; 5 a 10; e 10 a 20 cm e a concentração de potássio na planta. O experimento foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de relevo suavemente ondulado, disposto em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A adubação nitrogenada promoveu aumento linear na concentração de potássio na planta e no teor desse mineral na camada de 0 a 5 cm do solo. Ocorreu efeito de inibição competitiva entre a absorção de potássio e cálcio e entre potássio e magnésio. Embora uma fração significativa de potássio retorne à camada superficial do solo pelo resíduo de forragem, em decorrência da maior produção de massa, o aumento da concentração de potássio na planta nas mais altas doses de nitrogênio comprova a importância do suprimento de potássio para a planta, por intensificar a massa de forragem.

O experimento foi conduzido na UNESP - Jaboticabal com o objetivo de obter informações sobre o rendimento de matéria seca (RMS) e composição química das forrageiras de inverno, aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) e triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), em plantio direto sob palhada de área com milheto (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum.) ou híbrido sorgo sudão (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench x Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf) submetidas a pastejo. A forragem foi rebaixada por vacas da raça Holandês. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, sendo analisado nas parcelas as espécies forrageiras e nas sub-parcelas as épocas de pastejo, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos testados foram: AS: Aveia Preta sobre palhada de sorgo; AM: Aveia preta sobre palhada de milheto; TS: Triticale sobre palhada de sorgo; e, TM: Triticale sobre palhada de milheto. As pastagens apresentaram RMS semelhantes e, em relação às épocas de avaliação observou-se menor rendimento no segundo corte. Foram observados maiores teores de PB e de FDA na forragem colhida no primeiro corte e de hemicelulose no segundo corte, enquanto os valores de FDN não foram diferentes. A forragem de triticale apresentou menor conteúdo de PB e maiores teores de constituintes da parede celular.The research was carried out at UNESP - Jaboticabal to evaluate the dry matter yield (YMP), chemical composition of the cool season forage species: oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) no-till seeding in annual summer species cultivated area with pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum.) or sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench x Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf). The forage was grazed by Holstein cows in rotational stocking system. It was used the completely randomized outline in split plot scheme with four replications. In the first experiment the following treatments were evaluated: AS - oat no-till seeding in sorghum-sudangrass hybrid stubble, AM - oat no-till seeding in pearl millet stubble, TS - triticale no-till seeding in sorghum-sudangrass hybrid stubble, and TM - Triticale no-till seeding in pearl millet stubble. The forages presented similar dry matter evaluation, however the YMP decreased on the second evaluation. It was observed highest crude protein, ADF on the first yield and hemicellulose on the second evaluation. The harvest time did not affect the forage NDF content. Triticale showed lower CP and higher cell wall content compared to the oat forage.

Um debate que vem ganhando força no Brasil nas últimas duas décadas é o dos direitos específicos da juventude. Dentre os desafios colocados por este debate se destaca a necessidade de definição conceitual da juventude e da ampliação das visibilidades dentro das quais se constroem as políticas públicas voltadas para este segmento da sociedade. Longe de querer esgotar a temática, o presente artigo tem como objetivo indicar alguns apontamentos teóricos e metodológicos que contribuam na compreensão da juventude e de sua construção como problema político e científico. Nossa proposta é partir de algumas contribuições do pensamento de Michel Focault, notadamente de duas ferramentas analíticas: a governamentalidade – formas e regimes de verdade através dos quais o poder se exerce nas relações sociais e torna possível o governo das condutas individuais e coletivas; dispositivo – rede de conhecimentos, práticas e discursos que são construídos em torno de um objeto determinado. Demonstraremos, a partir da análise de alguns discursos científicos, como a juventude foi construída como um dispositivo no interior de processos que configuraram a governamentalidade nas sociedades modernas.