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Abstract Introduction: Juvenile delinquency is a multi-causal social phenomenon, in which socio-cultural and economic, family and individual factors are interrelated. In young people with a greater number of associated risk factors, the measures seem to be insufficient, both in open and closed environments, since the rate of recidivism is higher. Objective: Identify the psychosocial risk factors that exist at intra and interpersonal level in juvenile offenders, as well as determine if these factors are interrelated. Material and method: A literature review of articles found in different databases was carried out. The articles containing the key words selected at the beginning of the study were reviewed, and of all of them, those that met the established inclusion requirements, which are date of publication and language, were included. Results: The results of all the studies analyzed confirm the idea that a greater number of psychosocial risk factors occur in young offenders than in normalized young people. There are factors related to a family that has inadequate socialization styles, even negligent ones, accentuated by very substandard economic situations that are usually present. Along with this, the consumption of substances is a variable that is repeated continuously in these young people; united to a group of deviant pairs, that favor the appearance of criminal behaviours. Conclusion: It is possible to identify the main psychosocial risk factors that occur in young offenders, and define an interrelation between these factors, but it is not linear nor can it be homogenized. More resources and prevention programs, as well as intervention, are needed at the individual, family and community levels.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito do processo de estigmatização e discriminação no ambiente de trabalho sobre os cuidados cotidianos à saúde e o bem-estar de homens vivendo com HIV/Aids. MÉTODOS: Estudo qualitativo com 17 homens vivendo com HIV, realizado em 2002. Foram estudados os depoimentos em grupo para discutir as dificuldades sobre discriminação no ambiente de trabalho, utilizando análise das práticas discursivas. O grupo, proveniente de centro especializado em HIV/Aids da cidade de São Paulo, representou segmento de pesquisa anterior. RESULTADOS: O debate entre os participantes indicou que o tratamento anti-retroviral exige idas freqüentes aos serviços de assistência médica, que implicam em faltas ou atrasos no trabalho. A apresentação de atestados médicos para justificar ausência no trabalho, mesmo sem indicar Aids, pode resultar em demissão. Desempregados, muitos são barrados nos exames médicos e têm o direito ao sigilo de sua condição violado. Como último recurso, o pedido de aposentadoria implica em cenas de humilhação ou discriminação na perícia médica. CONCLUSÕES: A assistência planejada com o envolvimento dos pacientes consegue ampliar a atenção psicossocial e considerar as necessidades do paciente trabalhador ou desempregado, reconhecendo que o estigma limita o cuidado, afetando a saúde mental e a evolução da infecção. Mitigar o efeito do estigma e da discriminação requer articulação política intersetorial e contribuirá para atingir metas globalmente reconhecidas como fundamentais para o controle da epidemia.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of the stigmatization and discrimination process in the work environment on the routine healthcare and well-being of men living with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: Qualitative study with 17 men living with HIV, conducted in 2002. Testimonies given in a group to discuss the difficulties concerning discrimination in the work environment were studied, by means of discursive practice analysis. The group, originating from a specialized center for HIV/AIDS treatment in the city of São Paulo, represented a segment of previous research. RESULTS: The discussion among participants pointed out the fact that antiretroviral treatment requires frequent visits to medical assistance services, resulting in absences and delays at work. To show medical certificates to justify absences at work, even without indicating AIDS, can lead to dismissal. Unemployed, many are barred during medical examinations and have their right to confidentiality violated. As a last resource, the request for retirement results in a humiliating or discriminatory scene during the medical inspection. CONCLUSIONS: Assistance planned with the patients' participation enables the broadening of psychosocial attention and the consideration of the needs of both employed and unemployed patients, acknowledging that the stigma limits care, affecting mental health and the evolution of infection. To reduce the effect of stigma and discrimination is something that requires intersectoral political articulation and will contribute to reach goals that are globally recognized as fundamental to control the epidemic.

Objective: To assess the behavioural problems of children who have been exposed to intimate partner violence situations, and the moderating effect of mother parenting., Method: We analysed, using the Child Behavior CheckList, behavioural problems of 46 children between 6 and 16 years, and the relationship between the detected problems and parenting skills shown in the mother-child interaction in shelters., Results: Increased behavioural problems were detected in children, compared with normative population. Difficulties in parenting skills in mother-child interaction especially connect with the manifestation of externalizing problems in children., Conclusions: Living in a gender violence environment affects children's psychosocial adjustment and it damages the victim's parental competence. Consequently, the intervention of socio-health professionals with Intimate partner violence victims should pay more attention to detect the difficulties of children and restore the parenting skills of the mothers in order to alleviate the repercussions of gender violence on their children., (Copyright © 2017 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Aims: The study reviews language disorders in children. Taking their normal development as the starting point, the work puts forward a differential diagnosis based on the symptoms presented in the moment the patient visited the physician. It also suggests an approach for children with language disorders from the neuropaediatric point of view while also updating the management of some of its forms., Development: The acquisition of language is one of the key milestones in the development of children. A child's social and intellectual development is affected by delayed acquisition of language and this can give rise to a ongoing effect involving isolation and regression, which tends towards poor academic achievement and, eventually, leads to the development of learning and social problems. There are studies that evidence a close relationship in children between the development of spoken language and written language, as well as the importance of acquiring language as the basis for writing skills. These problems cause a great deal of anxiety in parents., Conclusions: Knowledge of the problem allows the specialist to detect these children early on in the preschool stage and to ensure they receive the right attention. If treated in time, language learning can be modified to a significant degree, thereby avoiding the complications that affect its development. The specialist working with children must recognise these problems and channel them towards the most suitable therapy.

Background: The program "Chile grows with you" is a part of the Chilean social protection system oriented to decrease social inequities from pregnancy (a socially secure pregnancy) to four years of age, directed to the poorest 40% of the population., Aim: To determine the incidence of social vulnerability and its determinants, starting at the gestation period., Material and Methods: Data was obtained from anonymous secondary data based on the records of the first assessment of pregnant women and from social protection surveys, provided by the Ministry of Planning and Cooperation., Results: The incidence of social vulnerability was high. However there was a disparity between the figures obtained from the social protection records and the survey carried out during the first assessment of pregnant women (91 and 27% respectively). The psychosocial risk was higher among vulnerable women (42% compared to 28% among women not considered vulnerable). This risk was associated with lack of family support, depressive symptoms, gender violence, substance abuse and maternity conflicts. Working conditions were precarious with a low level of social security, there were habitability problems, disability, dependency, female householders and a mean income below the threshold of poverty., Conclusions: Among vulnerable families, there are adverse determinants that attempt against a socially secure pregnancy and integral development of children.

Background: The displacement of populations as the result of an armed conflict generally entails a worsening of the living and health conditions of those undergoing such a displacement. This paper is aimed at analyzing the health-related needs perceived by men and women displaced by the armed conflict and their main strategies to address those needs., Methods: A qualitative study was carried out by means of semi-structured individual interviews to 31 displaced men and women in the transition stage. A narrative analysis of the contents was conducted, segmenting the information by age and sex. The area under study was made up of five localities in the city of Bogotá., Results: The negative effects on their mental health and psychosocial stability, access to food and, to a lesser degree, gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders, are the main health problems reported by both groups of informants. The difficulty of accessing health care services comes up as an added problem. The precarious economic situation underlies the health care-related needs and problems. To solve their health problems, in addition to the health care services, they employ other strategies within their reach. Expressed needs are coherent with the problems perceived. Some differences between women and men and age groups were observed concerning the definition of the problems and employed strategies., Conclusion: In the health field, actions are required in order to improve their access to services in addition to specific strategies for the psychosocial rehabilitation of the displaced population which take into account the differences existing within this group.

Physicians and other health personnel dealing with the consequences of child abuse ought to have abroad understanding of the magnitude of this serious medical and social phenomenon. The three main patterns of child mistreatment as observed at a pediatric hospital are reviewed, with emphasis on its medical and juridical aspects. Various pathologic entities are to be taken into account for differential diagnoses when child abuse is suspected. Risk factors regarding the victims, the abusers and the psychosocial environment are noted.

This study had two objectives: (1) to describe the levels of victimization of Salvadorians due to criminal violence, and the population groups most affected by it; (2) to learn if these levels of victimization are related to the presence of norms, attitudes, and behaviors that encourage the occurrence of violence. For this purpose data from the ACTIVA project of El Salvador were used. The project was carried out by the University Institute of Public Opinion during October and November 1996, with a sample of 1,290 personal interviews that were presumed to be representative of people between 18 and 70 years of age living in the Metropolitan Area of San Salvador. The sample was obtained through multistage probability sampling. The results show that the level of victimization from violence is quite high in San Salvador and that it especially affects adult and young men. The results also indicate that persons who have been victims of serious aggression tend to show, more frequently than average, norms justifying and approving the use of violence, a tendency to use weapons, and aggressive behaviors toward other people.

The human behavior and its social determinants are critical variables for understanding the etiology, treatment, and prevention of many disorders previously attributed to biological substrates. Among the many categories of human behavior to receive special attention from health researchers and practitioners are life events, coping responses and emotional state. The relation between these categories constituted a particular field of investigation. This relationship rather than forcing to focus on disease, distress, disability, and other failures in human functioning, permits to address health, abilities, resources, and other positive aspects of human functioning. On the other hand, the re-organization of health services considers interdisciplinary work as an objective, as it is necessary to care for the patient in an integral manner, with the consequent benefit of a more efficient service. In addition it is known that patients with psychosocial dysfunctions who use general practice care facilities overutilize these services in an unnecessary manner. With this in mind it is clear that is necessary to balance the service's cost-benefit for a more efficient clinical attention. In this paper we present the results of the categories mentioned above: life events, coping responses and its relationship with emotional state in a representative sample of 399 female patients who in 1986 received services at the National Institute of Perinatology-INPer-. Of these patients, 297 were obstetrical patients -OBS- and 102 gynaecological ones -GINE-. All patients answered these instruments: General Health Questionnaire -GHQ-7 of 30 items, a subscale of Health and Daily Living for Coping Responses and Life Events Scale.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The plasma concentrations of FSH and LH were measured in 250 boys with psychosocial deprivation (PSD) aged 9.0-15.9 years and in 357 clinically healthy boys of the same age. The results were correlated with chronological age (CA), weight, height and calculated lean body mass (LBM) and total body fat (TBT). On a group basis, PSD boys had the clinical onset of puberty at 13.9 years, while healthy boys did so at 11.9 years. In both groups, the mean weights at time of initiation of the adolescent growth spurt and time of peak velocity of weight gain were very close to each other and the same phenomenon was true for their heights and the amount of LBM. Based on CA mean plasma FSH concentrations in PSD boys and a steep rise two years later than in healthy boys; however, when analyzed as a function of body weight, height or LBM, no such difference emerged. On the other hand, mean plasma LH concentrations in PSD boys were higher than in healthy boys only up to 12.9 years, 42.9 kg of body weight, a height of 142.0 cms and LBM of 32.0 kg; however, no steep rise in plasma LH was observed in contrast to healthy boys. No correlations was observed between TBF and plasma gonadotropins. Therefore, although on the basis of CA, PSD boys had a delayed onset in plasma gonadotropins changes, this occurred in association with the attainment of similar body weight, height and LBM as in healthy boys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The supervision of residents and the teaching of liason psychiatry to medical students require a special conceptual and practical approach. In our experience the biopsychosocial model not only helps to integrate the biological, psychological and social levels, but also offers an alternative to the physicalist and dichotomizing orientation of biomedicine. Three cases are presented to demonstrate that the biological, psychological and social are interdependent systems, that change in one level produces simultaneous changes in the others, and that the nature of these changes can be therapeutic or iatrogenic, depending on the type of the clinical intervention.