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A Palimpsestuous Interpretation of Ramin Bahrani’s Fahrenheit 451. Drawing on a poststructuralist approach to adaptation as an instance of intertextuality (Stam 2000) and Linda Hutcheon’s metaphorical description of adaptations as palimpsests (2006), this paper will analyse the ways in which Ramin Bahrani, director and co-writer of the script of Fahrenheit 451 (2018, HBO), rewrote Ray Bradbury’s dystopian novel by the same name, leaving only traces of the source text visible in his appropriation. Supposedly reimagining Bradbury’s text for a new generation of viewers, digital natives of the online virtual worlds, the film reads more like a heavy-handed filmic palimpsest that allows only some of the book’s ideas and memorable lines to resurface from underneath the new writing. Relying mostly on visual spectacle and the screenwriter-director’s own concerns about the fragility of civil rights, democracy and humaneness in a world increasingly controlled by certain interest groups through the internet and social media, the film leaves audiences wondering about the appropriateness of the title—an anchoring device promising a straightforward adaptation of the text—and the film’s actual relation with Bradbury’s novel. Interpretarea filmului lui Ramin Bahrani Fahrenheit 451 ca palimpsest. Pornind de la abordarea poststructuralistă a adaptării ca manifestare a intertextualitățiii (Stam 2000) și descrierea metaforică a adaptării ca palimpsest pe care o face Linda Hutcheon (2006), această lucrare va analiza modalitățile prin care Ramin Bahrani, regizorul și coscenaristul filmului Fahrenheit 451 (2018, HBO), a rescris romanul distopic cu același titlu al lui Ray Bradbury păstrând în ecranizarea sa doar urme ale textului sursă. Anunțat ca o reimaginare a textului lui Bradbury pentru o nouă generație de spectatori, nativi digitali ai realităților virtuale online, filmul se prezintă mai degrabă ca un palimpsest cinematografic stângaci care permite ca doar o parte dintre ideile și pasajele binecunoscute ale romanului să fie vizibile în noul text. Bazându-se preponderent pe spectacolul vizual și pe preocuparea regizorului-scenarist pentru fragilitatea drepturilor civile, a democrației și umanității într-o lume controlată din ce în ce mai mult de către grupuri de interese prin internet și platforme sociale, filmul îi face pe spectatori să se întrebe dacă păstrarea titlului romanului—care promite o adaptare cinematografică convențională—este potrivită și care este de fapt natura relației dintre film și romanul lui Bradbury. Cuvinte-cheie: interpretare palimpsestică, apropriere, Fahrenheit 451, Ramin Bahrani, Ray Bradbury, distopie, tehnologie Article history: Received 15 March 2024; Revised 5 August 2024; Accepted 01 September 2024; Available online 30 September 2024; Available print 30 September 2024.

El presente artículo plantea el problema del camino que sigue el imaginario del cronista mestizo del siglo XVI respecto al pensamiento religioso indígena; por lo que se analizan las obras de Diego Muñoz Camargo, Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl y Juan Bautista Pomar, explorando cómo se refleja el sentimiento religioso indígena en el imaginario de estos tres autores. Con esto, se identifica una visión híbrida específica, inclinada a valorar el pensamiento religioso indígena en el registro cristiano.

Este consenso de nomenclatura y clasificación para la válvula aórtica bicúspide congénita y su aortopatía está basado en la evidencia y destinado a ser utilizado universalmente por médicos (tanto pediatras como de adultos), médicos ecocardiografistas, especialistas en imágenes avanzadas cardiovasculares, cardiólogos intervencionistas, cirujanos cardiovasculares, patólogos, genetistas e investigadores que abarcan estas áreas de investigación clínica y básica. Siempre y cuando se disponga de nueva investigación clave y de referencia, este consenso internacional puede estar sujeto a cambios de acuerdo con datos basados en la evidencia1.

El presente documento tiene como objetivo analizar los derechos, garantías económicas y ambientales recogidas en el Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir 2017-2021 como elementos vehiculares para el desarrollo sustentable y sostenible del país. Para ello, una vez analizados los lineamientos de trabajo digno amplificados por los Objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible ODS impulsados por Naciones Unidas, se analiza el comercio informal en el cantón Rocafuerte, provincia de Manabí demostrando que estos procesos forman parte de la realidad social y económica actual complejizando los procesos de inclusión y desarrollo social. Para ello se realizan entrevistas en profundidad a personas que ejercen este tipo de actividad junto a sujetos activos de la vida institucional partiendo de un exhaustivo análisis de la legislación vigente evidenciando la gran brecha social existente entre las estadísticas y la realidad existente.

The article, actually a would-be 3rd chapter of an intended piece of literary history, aims at retrieving, based on novel documents and on our own individual research, other defining moments in the history of the Romanian PEN Club, i.e. the activity with a view to consolidation in the years right after WWI. The recuperated sequences are integrated within the enlarged historical, political, social and cultural context of the time. The figure of Marcu Beza, the Romanian Anglicist and diplomat in London in the 1920s, is in close-up, together with that of Emanoil Bucuţa, the Secretary of the Romanian P.E.N in its first decade of activity, due to their determination in engaging Romanian writers in the emergent circuit of democratic values specific to western societies.

In this article we have conducted a number of grammatical and stylistic analyses on representative fragments from the monumental work of Livy. This analysis aims at discovering the particularities of construction in different types of texts, such as: Praefatio –the appeal to method, individual and collective portraits, discourses and battle scenes.

Our work deals with a very important aspect of the scientific-didactic discourse, namely the explanation, which gives specificity to this type of communication, along with the interrogation system and the exemplification system. The explanation includes everything, including demonstration, logical and rhetorical argumentation, experiment, case study, etc.

The Expression of Causality in Latin and in Romance Languages: Formal Frames and Intentional Gradation. This approach proposes a reflection on the expression of “causality” in Latin and in Romance languages. First, we will study the ontology and the multiple nature of the notion of “causality”, as well as the formal matrices of the realization of the causal link between two propositions, between two sentences or between two communication situations. We will then take into consideration the relationship between “causality” and “subjectivity” and we will exemplify this relationship by reviewing some causal connectors with an argumentative and/or metadiscursive function. At this point, we will also review the syntactic and semantic functioning of the explicative causal constructions introduced by the prototypical connectors: Lat. NAM, Fr. car and Rom. căci, in order to indicate the similarities and especially the differences in the behaviour of these lexical and grammatical units. Article history: Received 25 September 2021; Revised 10 October 2021; Accepted 5 November 2021; Available online 31 March 2022; Available print 31 March 2022. REZUMAT. Exprimarea cauzalităţii în latină și în limbile romanice: tipare formale și gradație intensională. Articolul de față își propune să facă câteva observații cu privire la modalitățile de exprimare a cauzalității în latină și în limbile romanice. Într-o primă etapă, ne vom ocupa de ontologia și natura multiplă a cauzalității, dar și de descrierea tiparelor formale de actualizare a raportului cauzal ce se poate realiza între două propoziții, două enunțuri sau două situații de comunicare. Apoi, vom analiza relația care se stabilește între cauzalitate și subiectivitate și vom ilustra acest tip de relaționare cu ajutorul unor conectori cauzali cu funcție argumentativă și/sau metadiscursivă. De fapt, în această etapă, vom face o descriere succintă a funcționării sintactice și semantice a construcțiilor cauzale cu valoare explicativă, introduse de conectorii prototipici: (lat.) NAM, (fr.) car și (rom.) căci, pentru a pune în valoare asemănările și, mai cu seamă, diferențierile de funcționare dintre aceste unități lexico-gramaticale. Cuvinte-cheie: relația de cauzalitate, subiectivitate, conectori cauzali, coeziune, coerență, latină, limbi romanice

As there is a worldwide adoption of 3D printing (3DP) in many activity areas, formal education becomes mandatory for acquiring theoretical knowledge and hands-on skills for an efficient use, for bringing real contributions to the development of this technology and its applications. Truly digitally natives, Gen Z students are now entering higher forms of education. They are trained by Gen X and early Gen Y professors who should be able to cope not only with students’ different set of skills and mind-set, but also, in case of 3D printing, with the media overexposure of this technology and, consequently, with a tendency of fast acquiring shallow knowledge and being auto-sufficient with this. In this context, our research examines the challenges and implications raised by 3DP curriculum aspects, providing a series of considerations and analyses based on literature review and on a long experience of teaching this topic in an engineering environment. Results of a survey aimed to understand Gen Z Romanian students’ expectations on learning and teaching 3DP are also presented. We agree the idea that teaching should be adapted to student prior knowledge, not being practical and efficient to customize it to student trait. In the same time, we consider that knowing new generation characteristics, learning habits and preferences, as a group, can definitely support teachers in choosing the right tools and methods so that to improve correct content delivery and to ensure that this content efficiently reaches audience.

Dictatorship, Machismo, and the Cuban Exile Drama in a Tragicomic Mode: Cristina García’s King of Cuba. Three years before the death of Fidel Castro, Cuban American author Cristina García published a fictional account of the Cuban dictator’s death in a darkly funny and sentimental story of intertwined destinies, ironies of fate, machismo, failure and suffering. With El Comandante and a fellow octogenarian émigré as protagonists, García launches into a fictional exploration of Cuban masculinity, machismo, the dictator’s fate, vanity, and failure. Written in what I will argue is a tragicomic mode, balancing the tragic and the comic, the horrendous and the laughable, the pitiful and the ridiculous, the novel reflects different perspectives on sensitive topics for Cubans on both sides of the Florida Straits, challenging preconceived ideas and inviting the reader to reflect on the relativity of truth. REZUMAT. Dictatură, machism și drama comunității cubaneze din Statele Unite în manieră tragi-comică: King of Cuba de Cristina García. Cu trei ani înaintea morții lui Fidel Castro, autoarea americană de origine cubaneză, Cristina García, publica o întruchipare imaginară a morții dictatorului cubanez într-o poveste sentimentală, scrisă cu umor negru, în care găsim destine încrucișate, ironii ale sorții, machism, ratare și suferință. Protagoniștii sunt doi octogenari: El Comandante și un cubanez care trăiește în exil. Cu ajutorul lor García abordează teme precum masculinitate cubaneză, machism, condiția dictatorului, vanitate și ratare. Scrisă într-o manieră tragi-comică, alternând în mod echilibrat tragicul și comicul, oribilul și rizibilul, jalnicul și ridicolul, romanul reflectă diferite perspective asupra unor teme sensibile pentru comunitățile cubaneze de o parte și de alta a Strâmtorii Florida, atacând ideile preconcepute și invitându-l pe cititor să reflecteze asupra relativității adevărului. Cuvinte-cheie: Fidel Castro, dictatură, machism, comunitate cubanezo-americană, satiră, manieră tragi-comică

Pragmaticalization and Polysemy of the Particle așa in Contemporary Romanian Language. A Typological and Contrastive Approach. This article pursues the series of studies we have previously devoted to the pragmaticalization and discursive functioning of (spatial, temporal or modal) adverbs in contemporary Romanian language (atunci, altfel, de altfel, apoi, etc.). This time, our approach aims at outlining the discursive status of the particle așa in contemporary Romanian, in order to emphasize that this lexical item frequently acquires – by itself or in more or less fixed, lexicalized expressions – complex pragmatic and discursive values, often hard to distinguish from one another. This semantic-pragmatic behaviour (which, surprisingly, has not been extensively debated by Romanian linguists) could be explained, from our point of view, by the fact that the deictic and anaphoric core meaning of this lexical item has a much wider abstract content than the temporal or spatial adverbs we have previously analysed, as such a meaning often needs, in the communicative process, a non-verbal informative “addition” (frequently, an indicative gesture). Thus, this core meaning is the one that allows and favours the numerous discursive-pragmatic values of the analysed particle in contemporary Romanian. REZUMAT. Pragmaticalizare și polisemie în cazul particulei așa din limba română contemporană. O perspectivă tipologică și contrastivă. Articolul de față își propune să continue seria studiilor pe care le-am dedicat anterior procesului de pragmaticalizare și funcționării discursive a unor adverbe (spațiale, temporale sau modale) din limba română contemporană (atunci, altfel, de altfel, apoi etc.). De această dată, prin demersul nostru, ne propunem să atragem atenția asupra statutului discursiv al particulei așa din limba română actuală, pentru a sublinia faptul că acest item lexical capătă frecvent, singur sau în expresii mai mult sau mai puțin fixe, lexicalizate, valori pragmatice și discursive complexe, adesea dificil de distins unele de celelalte. Acest comportament semantico-pragmatic (care, surprinzător, a atras foarte puțin atenția lingviștilor români) ar putea fi explicitat, din punctul nostru de vedere, prin faptul că semnificația originară de natură deictică și anaforică a acestui item lexical (adică, the core meaning) are un conținut abstract mult mai mare în raport cu adverbele temporale sau spațiale pe care le-am analizat anterior, o astfel de semnificație necesitând adesea în procesul comunicativ un „adaos” informativ de natură nonverbală (frecvent un gest indicativ). Această semnificație bazică este așadar cea care permite și favorizează numeroasele valori discursiv-pragmatice cu care particula analizată apare frecvent în limba română actuală. Cuvinte-cheie: particula românească așa, pragmaticalizare, marcatori discursivi și/sau pragmatici, analiză intradiscursivă și interdiscursivă.

Manuel Puig’s 1974 novel, El Beso de la mujer araña, investigates how empathy can be incrementally learned through a melodramatic storytelling pratice and, eventually, mobilized to effect political and social change. As Molina and Valentín, the two protagonists, coinhabit the same jail cell in Buenos Aires, Puig uses the sentimental, aesthetic and formal qualities of nineteenth-century melodrama, seen primarily through the Hollywood B-film, Cat People, to structure the reader’s understanding of how political, sexual, and class-based empathy is constructed inside Argentina’s first “Dirty War novel.” Puig employs the structure of melodrama as a means of mobilizing empathy vis-à-vis the psychological and physical body of the other. What develops in El Beso is a model for narrative empathy centering on the body as a vehicle for empathetic connection. Empathy, therefore, becomes a space for political action. This empathy is constructed through reading and the excess of identification, which in turn diminishes the self/other divide, and enables the surrender to touch and desire which subsequently shapes a new identity.

Rom. Atunci and Sp. entonces: from adverbs to discourse markers. Some convergences and divergences. This study describes the semantic and functional behaviour of the Romanian adverb atunci and the Spanish adverb entonces. Our contrastive approach puts forward a common typology for the discursive values of these two lexemes which share the same etymon and shows that, across the times, they have followed a similar evolution path, from a temporal adverb to a polyfunctional discursive marker. Using examples from the CoRoLa corpus for Romanian and the CORPES corpus for Spanish, the study outlines that atunci and entonces cover a mostly similar range of discursive functions, but with different degrees of development. REZUMAT. Rom. atunci și sp. entonces: de la adverbe la marcatori discursivi. Convergențe și divergențe. Studiul de față descrie comportamentul semantic și funcțional al adverbului românesc atunci și al adverbului spaniol entonces. Această abordare contrastivă propune o tipologie comună pentru valorile discursive ale acestor două elemente lexicale cu etimon comun și arată că evoluția lor a fost una similară, de la adverb temporal la marcator discursiv polifuncțional. Utilizând exemple din corpusul CoRoLa pentru limba română și din corpusul CORPES pentru limba spaniolă, studiul evidențiază faptul că atunci și entonces acoperă o gamă în mare parte asemănătoare de funcții discursive, însă cu diferite grade de dezvoltare. Cuvinte-cheie: rom. atunci, sp. entonces, marcatori discursivi, valori argumentative, funcție metatextuală, analiză intradiscursivă și interdiscursivă

Our presentation has as starting point the distinction operated by Edward T. Hall (“The Hidden Dimension”, 1966; “Handbook for Proxemic Research”, 1974) between proxetics, or the physics of our universal spatial patterns, and proxemics, or our subjective perception of the culturally constructed spatial relationships which often modify or distort the former. The “Planète Sauvage”animated movie, a screening of the novel“Oms en série” (1957) by Stefan Wul, inspired an original intepretation in a review of the time. A subtle combination of two scenographic directions is involved: on one hand, the defamatory effect of mankind’s repositioning in the chain of creation (being now carried about as a puppet by the giants of an interplanetary cybersystem), on the other hand, the diminution of the distance between the two civilizations at war with each other through the moment of discontinuity in which a giant female approaches an orphaned human child, this transfer of a relationship from the social sphere into a private one accompanying the achievement of a connection of the little one to the non-human masters’ sources of information and knowledge. The female giant is trying to get closer to the child by giving him access to her knowledge. By accessing the culture of the other (the child becomes a sort of Trojanhorse, the saviour child, a Messiah), people get into their space and fatally interfere with them.

Tangible cultural heritage is exposed to multiple environmental risk factors able to affect its integrity and cultural function. Such factors are physical, chemical and also microbiological. Fungal biodeterioration is known to cause aesthetical and structural damage to materials, the effect increasing in the case of improper depositing or accidents like floods or water leakage. At the same time, air contamination with different fungal spores can add more a risking factor for heritage goods safety. Tracing of air biocontamination has a double significance: protection of museum` workers health from hazardous bio-aerosols and the control of the presence of biodeteriogens able to decompose museum pieces. The present paper will present the methodology used for the detection of the fungal species in the air of an ethnographical museum in Romania, in storage rooms, as well as in exposition rooms. Preliminary results show the predominance of fungal genera with known cellulolytic activity, such as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium and direct correlation between the values of temperature and humidity and the concentration and types of air cultivable fungal species. Further more, the culture media used for the isolation of the air fungal species proved to be an important factor in the isolation methodology.

The main objective of this approach is to analyze the seemingly undifferentiated functioning prospective turns used in Romanian as time relations, either subordinated or in the expression of historical retrospective and, consequently, to explain the incompatibility of the Romanian contingent with such operation. At a first glance, the investigation of the behavior of the canonical future and circumlocution avea + subjunctive in purely temporal area shows a side building aspectual and temporal features for the first drawer and, on the other hand, preference for the Romanian phrasal structures especially where the complexity of conceptualizing the maximum (avea + subjunctive translates the semanteme [later of the past]).

This paper samples the dynamic phenomenon of the portmanteau words frequently occurring in the current Romanian advertising speech: more exactly, those portmanteau words that are based on commercial names (i.e. brand, and product names respectively, which should be distinguished one from the other). Thus, we noticed that in advertisements not only commercial names themselves could often be formed by the same lexical and/or phonetic processes as the portmanteaus, but also most of them have, in turn, a brand name as one of the forming constituents, whilst the other category, based on product names, are less frequent

From the perspective of the anthropology of space, the problem of perception and representation of the alien remains a fertile subject of research, nevertheless inevitably interfering with imagology, in the sense assigned to the concept of image as any representation of a cultural r eality through which the individual or the group translate the cultural, social, ideological space in which they are located Identity does not justify an existence in itself, but only in relation to alterity The imagological perspective of the foreigner in Romanian traditional culture proves rich in categories of representation dictated inevitably by reference to spatiality

Hyphenated Identities in Cristina García’s Dreaming in Cuban and The Agüero Sisters. The two novels analysed here are organically connected by their exploration of the effects of the Cuban Revolution on the families divided by their political allegiances and their experience of that revolution. The present study investigates the author’s personal journey towards understanding her own hyphenated identity as a “1.5er” reconciling her own conflicting impulses and cultural identities, using writing as a means to heal herself and others through an on-going interrogation of all aspects that help configure communal and personal identity and exploring their interdependence, in fascinating and intriguing tales of survival and atonement. REZUMAT. Identități cratimate în romanele Dreaming in Cuban și The Agüero Sisters ale Cristinei García. Cele două romane analizate aici sunt legate organic prin explorarea efectelor Revoluției Cubaneze asupra familiilor divizate de loialitățile lor politice și modul în care au trecut prin revoluție. Studiul de față investighează călătoria personală a autoarei către definirea propriei identități împărțite ca reprezentantă a generației „1,5”, reconciliind propriile impulsuri și identități culturale conflictuale, folosindu-se de scris ca modalitate de a se vindeca și a-i vindeca și pe alții printr-o interogare continuă a tuturor aspectelor care conturează identitatea personală și pe cea a comunității, explorându-le interdependența, în povești fascinante și provocatoare despre supraviețuire și împăcare. Cuvinte cheie: Cristina García, literatura cubanezilor americani, cratimare, identitate, traumă, etnicitate, generația „1,5”.

The importance of landscape design projects in changing the perception on peripheral areas. Study case: The Youth Park from Craiova city. Towns and cities change over time, and this process of change is inevitable because the political, economic and social systems of a community constantly generate new demands, that trigger urban development. This urban progress has to take into consideration not only the socio-economic development of the areas considered, but also the quality of life and most importantly, the aesthetics of residential areas, green areas, leisure and recreation areas, that exist in any city. Having as starting point the actual case of the Youth Park from Craiova, our attempt is to analyse the evolution and the transformations underwent by this park, during the decades as well as the surrounding area. Therefore, we shell discuss the importance of landscape planning projects which subordinate to public actors’ decisions and meet the European requirements of urban regeneration.

The author sets out to present the evolution of the population in Osica de Sus commune in the period between 1871 and 2009, with a focus on the evolution of the main demographic processes which occurred and continue to occur in the contemporary period.

Poetic subjectivity, dialogism and transitivity. The paper studies the interplay between three key-concepts, subjectivity, dialogism and transitivity, with reference to the recent transformations of the poetic discourse, especially in the context of Romanian postmodernism. Poetry is traditionally considered the most subjective of genres, with subjectivity being perceived as a psychological element, with some philosophical overtones (particularly within Romanticism). Modern theories of enunciation and discourse can shed new light on this presupposition, by revealing the linguistic dimension of the subjective feature. By the same token, subjectivity is revealed as being intimately intertwined with dialogism. Although implicit in any type of discourse (as in Bakhtin’s account), dialogism can also be deliberately emphasized. The paper is concerned with the more explicit dialogization of contemporary poetic discourse. Transitivity pertains to the communicative dimension of poetry. Borrowed by Gheorghe Crăciun from Tudor Vianu, who distinguished between the reflexive and the transitive function of language, transitivity is applied by Crăciun to modern and postmodern poetry. In the corpus of Romanian poetry analysed in this article, the self is being deconstructed and reconstructed on new coordinates and interpersonal and intertextual dialogue is being employed as a means of resistance to ideology and social engineering. In the poem “Without them”, Mariana Marin writes a poetic homage to the German poets in Romania, who have influenced her towards a “committed subjectivity” and away from a neo-Romantic, narcissistic subjectivity. Letiția Ilea grafts reported discourse on her pseudo-confessional poem “A beautiful spring day. In the fields” in order to bring attention to the failure of genuine dialogue and the inner, polyphonic theatricality of the self. Dumitru Crudu in the poem “dimitrie” designs confessional personae for himself and solicits the readers’ empathy, while Ioan Flora, in “Poetry is a document, I said to myself ”, resorts to metapoetry, in search of a new poetics, of a more “truthful” and “just” type.

The analysis of some parameters of interest in radiotherapy Medical Physics based on an experimentally validated Monte Carlo model of an Elekta Precise lineal accelerator was performed for 6 and 15 MV photon beams. The simulations were performed using the EGSnrc code. As reference for simulations, the values of the previously obtained optimal beam parameters (energy and FWHM) were used. Deposited dose calculations in water phantoms were done, on typical complex geometries commonly are used in acceptance and quality control tests, such as irregular and asymmetric fields. Parameters such as MLC scatter, maximum opening or closing position, and the separation between them were analyzed from calculations in water. Similarly simulations were performed on phantoms obtained from CT studies of real patients, making comparisons of the dose distribution calculated with EGSnrc and the dose distribution obtained from the computerized treatment planning systems used in routine clinical plans. All the results showed a great agreement with measurements, fi nding all of them within tolerance limits. These results allowed the possibility of using the developed model as a robust verifi cation tool for validating calculations in very complex situations, where the accuracy of the available TPS could be questionable.

Se considera que los estudiantes aprenden igual o mejor en la web que en clases tradicionales. Sin embargo no abundan ensayos randomizados que brinden evidencia al respecto, especialmente en Argentina. Objetivo: Comparar el aprendizaje sobre tratamiento de la diabetes(TD)entre dos grupos de estudiantes avanzados de medicina, uno con clase tradicional y otro utilizando Internet. Materiales y métodos: 120 estudiantes de una Cátedra de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Argentina, contestaron un cuestionario con 20 preguntas sobre TD. Tres meses después, fueron randomizados en 2 grupos para participar en una clase o en un foro de Internet sobre (TD). Los estudiantes no conocían el objetivo del estudio. Todos utilizaron la misma bibliografía. La clase tuvo una duración de 2 horas, conectándose al mismo tiempo el grupo de Internet a un foro habilitado durante 48 hs. 70 horas después de finalizada la actividad realizaron el mismo cuestionario inicial sobre TD. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 107 estudiantes (13 fueron excluidos por no completar alguno de los 2 cuestionarios). La puntuación promedio del grupo clase, antes, fue de 8.30 ± 2.48 y después de 9.76 ± 2.17. El grupo Internet obtuvo una puntuación antes de 8.39 ± 2.14 y después de 9.76 ±2.8, p >0.10 en la comparación de los grupos. Conclusión: Se demuestra que el aprendizaje de un tema de terapéutica para estudiantes de medicina argentinos fue igualmente efectivo por Internet que con una clase convencional.It is not known if medical students can learn better or not with online methods than with traditional lectures. There are not many randomized studies that substantiate this belief, especially in Latin American settings. Purpose: To compare two different methods of learning diabetes’ treatments (DT) in two groups of advanced medical students. One group used an online forum, the other group a traditional lecture. Method: We conducted surveys among 120 medical students of the Northeastern National University of Argentina. The first survey was a questionnaire of 20 items about DT. The students were then randomized to two groups: one assigned to traditional lecture, and another assigned to an online Forum about DT. The students were not aware of the study’s purpose. The same guidelines were provided to both groups. Duration of the lecture was 2 hours. The group working online was connected at the same time to the Web forum for 48h. 70 hours after the lecture and the on line exposure all students repeated the initial questionnaire. Results: 107 students were included (13 were excluded because they didn’t complete one of the questionnaires). The average performance of the lecture’s group was 8.30+/-2.48 points before, and 9.76+/- 2.17 after the educational intervention. In the Web program group it was 8.39 +/- 2.14 points initially, and 9.76 +/- 2.8 after. The p was >0.10 comparing the lectures and the internet groups. Conclusion: Learning a therapeutic subject by Argentinean students was equally as effective with Web based learning as with traditional lectures.

The author presents a global view of the literature on Carlos Pellegrini (1846-1906) with special reference to Pellegriní's doctrine of industrialism developed as a member of the school of thougllt that was led by Vicente Fidel López (1815-1903). He considers the relation of Pellegrini's ideas with E.C. Carey's and Federico List's theories as well as the influence of Emilio de Alvear's (1817-1882) and Enrique Richelot's (1811-1864) work. The study also refers to the XXth century ecunomists Alejandro Bunge (1880-1943) and Raúl Prebisch (1901-1986).

The paper highlights the complex functioning of quotation in the context of Romanian postmodern poetry, focusing on a pragmasemantic approach, where the communicational dimension of the poetic process is underscored. A special place is granted to the theory of quotation, by reviewing various models, which range from the intertextual and dialogicpolyphonic account to the one grounded in the linguistics of enunciation as well as in language philosophy. The illustrations are taken from a corpus of contemporary poetry, starting with Cristian Popescu’s “All This Had to Bear a Name”, where the quotational paratext (the title) establishes a parodic relationship with a previous poem by Marin Sorescu. This “second-order” text does not refute the strict meaning of the original (in fact, it does not mention its theme, the Romantic poet Eminescu) but it directs its deconstructionist drive towards another cultural fetish, the ballad The Little Ewe, equally a part of the official vulgate, a cultural “monument”. Examples borrowed from Radu Andriescu or Letitia Ilea reveal the self-reflective use of language and also the close relationship that citation entertains with reported speech, represented discourse and the very complex phenomenon of polyphony as described by Bakhtin. Inside the texture of the postmodern poem, the grafting of alien discourses rarely reifies textual otherness and more often than not handles the quotation as manifestation of a particular voice, with which the poetic subject engages dialogically. Even so, the deconstruction of clichés and doxa or common opinion is crucial in this poetics. Along with the pervasive palimpsest, quotation in a poetic context also has important metalinguistic and metaliterary effects, by enhancing the literariness of literature.

Writing in the second degree and its communicational value in poetic discourse. The article takes a look at some poetic strategies pertaining to writing “in the second degree”, and their more general implications, mostly from a communicational perspective. The cognitive metaphor of palimpsest covers various forms of rewriting and absorption of discursive otherness. Against this theoretical background, the dialogic-communicative framework is deemed highly adequate for the comparative analysis as a whole and acquires renewed importance in the context of contemporary productions, where ironic double-voicedness, reported discourse, polyphony and intertextuality have become the very texture of poetic discourse. A new reading contract is established by the specificity of postmodern intertextuality, due to its inherent ambivalence towards previous texts. By drawing on examples from the Romanian poets Radu Andriescu, Mircea Cărtărescu and Alexandru Mușina, I argue that the differential re-enunciation of already codified texts and discourses relies, for its illocutionary and communicational impact, on the deliberate vacillation between pastiche and parody.