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The present text aims to address the phenomenon of the institutionalization of historical memory in Belarus, a country where Aliaksandar Lukashenka has been president since 1994. It also aims to answer questions related to the possibility of a synchronization of memory related to the moment of September 17th, 1939, perceived contradictorily in Belarus and Poland. Furthermore, we would also like to cover some of the objectives of the national identity construction that the Minsk regime has ideologically built during the last three decades. Instrumentalized by political and ideological discourse, it is the institutionalized memory of the state that sustains the long-term survival of the Minsk regime. Belarus has experienced, since the mid-1990s, a return to Soviet interpretations of historical events, being an extreme case of rehabilitation and glorification of the communist legacy. Especially the so-called Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) has become a center point of Belarusian memory and identity. On June 7th, 2021, the President of the Republic of Belarus signed Decree No. 206, establishing the National Unity Day on September 17th. The decree mentions that September 17th, 1939 symbolizes the restoration of historical justice and the reunification of the Belarusian nation, forcibly divided through Poland’s coercion by the Riga Peace Treaty of 1921. On September 17th, 1939, the USSR invaded Poland; previously, Nazi Germany had started its hostilities against the country on September 1st, 1939. The Red Army occupied the Eastern territories of Poland, i.e., Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. Whereas Moscow and the Western Belarus communists labeled this as a “liberation” and a “reunification” of Belarus within the borders of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, for Poland this day signifies an “aggression” and the “annexation” of the Eastern regions of its national territory. The power of attraction of the “Russian world”, instituted by Kremlin, manifests in Belarus not only by promoting soothing common traditional values, which refer to the Russian and Belarusian uniqueness, but also, at the same time, by denying the ties and space of common memory between Belarus and Poland. The idea that the Soviet aggression of September 17th, 1939, a fulfillment of the secret Additional Protocol to the Molotov– Ribbentrop Pact, is a turning point and a founding moment of the Belarusian nation (even though it involved the dissolution of Polish statehood) is a relevant aspect of the political and ideological use of memory by Alyiaksandar Lukashenka’s regime.

Since the first decade of the 21st century, pro-China attitudes have gradually become the political mainstream in Central Europe. Today, however, the relationship between Central European countries and Beijing is different. While Beijing remains an important partner for Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland have turned away from cooperation with China, and Slovakia's enthusiasm for China has cooled somewhat. This article examines why the Czech Republic and Poland, but not Slovakia and Hungary, have stopped building and maintaining their relations with China. It uses contrafactual analysis to find an answer. The article concludes that what caused the change and ruined the relations between Czechia and Poland on the one hand and China on the other hand was China's building of relations with Russia. In contrast, Hungary and Fico's Slovakia, which have repeatedly refused to recognise the Russian invasion of Ukraine and have maintained relations with Moscow, continue to have good relations with China.

This study focuses on a comparison of two sets of in-depth, face-to-face interviews among Romanians living in Poland about their perceptions of the country and society, and their migrant experiences. The interviews were conducted five years apart, using the same guide, but carried out by Polish interviewers in the first case, and by a Romanian interviewer in the second. Comparative analysis of the material gained in this process reveals that, despite similar content in interviewee responses, the standing of the interviewer was by no means neutral. Crucial for the volume, type, and nature of the collected data – as well as for its interpretation – is the interviewer’s identity. In this regard, the study draws on Michael’s Herzfeld’s concept of ‘cultural intimacy’ to explain the mutual reproduction of different levels of identity and to develop a framework for analyzing the interaction between the social scientists and their interlocutors.

The aim of this monograph is to acquaint and interest the reader with some of the vast array of issues concerning foreign language education in Poland. There are a few contextual historical factors which have had a great impact on the country's educational priorities in relation to foreign languages. Nowadays learning an L2 (usually English) is compulsory from the first grade of primary education. Current methodological trends in Poland are similar to general tendencies in Europe and contemporary research on foreign language education draws from different fields including sociolinguistics, neurolinguistics, psycholinguistics, computer-oriented studies, and others.

Poland, historically known as a stronghold of voice-over when it comes to audiovisual translation (AVT), as evidenced by opinion polls of the 1990s and early 2000s, underwent a substantial shift in its AVT landscape with the emergence of streaming services. This paradigm shift not only grants viewers the autonomy to choose what and when to watch, but also enables them to select their preferred AVT type, with many opting against voice-over. This study aims to provide empirical evidence confirming these evolving AVT preferences of Polish viewers. Conducting an online survey of nearly 1300 adult Poles, we explore their AVT preferences and viewing habits across cinemas, television, and streaming platforms. Additionally, we investigate potential genre-related variations in AVT preferences, specifically comparing preferences for dubbing in animation versus live-action content. Our findings show a departure from the traditional preference towards voice-over towards subtitling, particularly prominent among millennials and Generation Z. Young Polish viewers are also increasingly drawn to VOD platforms and away from traditional linear TV broadcasts. Many viewers also express a notable fondness for dubbing in animated productions, especially those nostalgically remembered from childhood.

Objectives of the research: The aim of the article was to identify and analyse problematic areas related to how early Islam is presented and narrated in history textbooks, taking into account the local context. Research methods: The data corpus consists of 12 history textbooks. The mixed methods approach applied in the study included cluster analysis and discourse analysis. A brief description of the context of the issue: Islam and Muslims occupy limited space in the Polish school curricula, yet there is a plethora of information about the Islamic world in the public discourse. This puts a tremendous challenge on the shoulders of teachers and textbook authors to accurately present information about Islam and Muslims in schools. Research findings: Three problematic areas were discovered and analysed: (a) narrating Islam from a mainstream, non-Muslim perspective, which in the Polish case might be skewed into presenting Islam through the lens of Catholicism; (b) navigating between historical accounts and legends whilst presenting early Islam; and (c) explaining past events by interpreting them through contemporary events. Conclusions and recommendations: The article concludes by indicating challenges of teaching different religions in a largely mono-religious school setting, from the perspective of the classroom majority and Muslim students. Due to the marginal presence of Muslims in the public sphere, these narratives call for a more balanced approach. Otherwise, they can only further alienate and otherise Muslim students in the classrooms – and Islam in mainstream society.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2024 8(3), 1143-1154 | European Forum Insight of 16 January 2024 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. The advent of Putinism in Europe: illiberalism in Hungary and Poland. - III. Diverging approaches to the invasion of Ukraine. - IV. Challenges and opportunities: discovering the EU’s militant democracy potential?. - V. Conclusion. | (Abstract) In the past decade, Hungary and Poland have experienced a process of rule of law backsliding that threatens the state of democracy at home, and affects the decision making and legitimacy of the European Union as a whole. In the face of Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, the response of Hungary and Poland has been diametrically opposed, but equally damaging to the EU rule of law. The present Insight will analyse the response of these two member states to the Russian invasion, and it will argue that the war has highlighted major pitfalls in the EU’s policy toward backsliding governments, which continue to benefit from funds and veto powers, undermining the EU’s effectiveness in the process. However, a renewed fight for democracy in Europe could offer the perfect opportunity to be tough on autocrats inside and outside the Union.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2023 8(3), 1179-1187 | European Forum Insight of 22 January 2024 | (Table of Contents) I. Prendre l’arrêt J.k. c TP S.A. au sérieux. - II. La Cour de Justice au cœur d’une bataille culturelle. - III. L’apport de l’arrêt J.K. c TP S.A. au droit des personnes. | (Abstract) The J.K. v TP S.A ruling is an important judgment, and not only because it led the Court to settle main questions of substantive law. In the context of adapting social law to new forms of employment relations, the Court first clarified the personal scope of Directive 2000/78/CE. Secondly, it addressed the relationship between non-discrimination and freedom of contract. Finally, in J.K. the Court underpinned its political conception of non-discrimination law. This Insight is an introduction to a Special Focus which aims to bring together contributions that highlight different aspects of this important judgment. As an introduction to the Special Focus, this Insight presents the case and its particular context: that of a “cultural battle”.

On the basis mainly of archival documents, the aim of this essay is to clarify the features of the relations between the Italian communist party and the Polish united workers’ party in the early years of the Cold War. The analysis of the relations between the two parties concerns three main matters: the funding of political activity; the political and cultural collaboration; the importance of the Yugoslav question in the political life of both parties. Apart from the spirit of solidarity, a certain distrust emerges in the relations between Italians and the Poles evidently caused by the divergent national interests and by the climate of the Cold War.

The study of nationalism pays too little attention to the issue of territoriality, although it is a fundamental concept accompanying nationalism. Nor has nationalism been the subject of geographical studies, although as a vital ideology it influences the politics of states and, by extension, the functioning of societies, people's daily lives and the landscape. This article offers an insight into the study of nationalism through the example of the development of spatial concepts of Lithuanian nationalism, which allows us to understand the research potential that geography has in the study of nationalism. Inspired by the work of Anthony D. Smith and Thongchai Winichakul's concept of the geo-body, the author offers a deeper insight into Lithuanian nationalism and related spatial concepts.

On 15th October 2023 Polish voters decided to put an end to the 8-year period of the Law and Justice Party in power, widely seen as “authoritarian populism”. The paper analyses the electoral programmes of the major contenders (Law and Justice, Civic Coalition, Third Way, New Left and Confederation) as well as a variety of election-related statistics (e.g. by voters’ age, education, occupation and residence) revealing a more complex image of the Polish society and its political preferences in 2023. The author argues that due to remarkable ideological and socio-cultural polarization contemporary Poland remains “a house divided” or even “two nations [with] no sympathy [for each other]”. Even if Poland has now chosen a path back to the future, the new pro-EU liberal government will face a number of identifiable challenges.

Objectives of the research: Social and emotional competencies are crucial predictors of effective human psychosocial functioning. Although research on social and emotional competencies has been carried out for many years almost worldwide, in the current era of rapid social changes, further research is necessary. Thus, it is still essential to validate international questionnaires to measure social and emotional competencies in different geographic areas, including Poland. This would make it possible to study the dynamics of the development of these competencies and to conduct comparative studies between different countries. Therefore, the aim of the study was to validate the Social and Emotional Competencies Questionnaire (SEC–Q) in Poland. Research methods: This study was conducted with the Social and Emotional Competencies Questionnaire (SEC-Q). A short description of the context of the issue: The Social and Emotional Competencies Questionnaire (SEC-Q) was completed by 1,052 students aged 9 to 16. The psychometric properties of the SEC-Q were tested through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Research findings: The results showed that the SEC-Q has good psychometric properties and, as in its original version, it includes four components: self-awareness, self-management and motivation, social-awareness and relationship skills, and responsible decision-making. Conclusions and recommendations: Validation of the SEC-Q will allow for more research on social and emotional competencies in Poland, including an evaluation of programs for increasing social and emotional competencies and international comparative studies.

Objectives of the research: The main aim of the research was to verify the quality of the implementation of the “Good Behavior Game” (GBG) program in Polish schools and to determine its effects on students and teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research methods: The methodology of the research was based on qualitative and quantitative data analysis. The data was retrieved from teachers’ and coaches’ assessments and the results of playing the GBG in 19 elementary schools in Krakow, Poland during four months of the COVID-19 pandemic. A short description of the context of the issue: The Good Behavior Game is an American universal prevention program that can limit the risky behavior of adolescents and young adults and can help children starting their education to play the role of a student. For teachers, it is additionally an effective tool for classroom management. It is based on four basic pillars: class rules, teamwork, positive reinforcement, and observing students’ behavior. Research findings: The results show the obstacles and difficulties involved in implementing the GBG under COVID-19 restrictions. The findings show how the actions of teachers and coaches translated into an observable reduction in pupils’ disruptive behavior. Conclusions and/or recommendations: The analysis revealed a gradual increase in the quality of program implementation in all areas of evaluation. In terms of the program’s effect on the pupils, the findings showed that over time they gradually successfully internalized the rules and were behaving in line with expectations. Using the GBG in the context of online education caused by the restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic posed a challenge to teachers: they had to change teaching methods, prepare new educational resources, and modify GBG procedures. The context of the pandemic can also be seen as an added value in the education process. Better digital competences and an innovative attitude toward the education process were observed among both teachers and students.

This article seeks to identify the reasons behind Poland’s decision to adopt a new law on the restitution of confiscated properties in 2021, although another law already stipulated the historical conditions for addressing the legacy of the Holocaust in 2018. The two laws were conceived on the premise that Nazi Germany bore almost exclusive responsibility for the Holocaust. The most recent law intended to regulate a segment of the valuable Warsaw real estate market which had been affected by numerous public scandals during the past two decades. Enacted on August 14, 2021, the new law blocked the former owners and their legal successors not only from recovering their former estates, but also from receiving rightful compensation. Legislators considered that the law had to conform to a 2015 ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal, which imposed limits on appeals against administrative decisions set between 10 and 30 years. Although the law concerns an administrative act, it also reflects the political disputes over the nation’s historical memory and, in particular, one of the most tragic periods in the history of Poland: 1939-1945.

The pandemic outbreak in 2020 has influenced all aspects of social life. We focus on the education system and its impact on social (in)equality using Poland’s case to analyse them, through the notion of Bordieuan social field and knowledge-power relations. We claim that lockdown put into motion important processes or even systemic changes of education, by the emancipation and empowerment mechanism of social actors that aspire to be an active part of the educational field. In Poland, we deal with a static, centralized and hierarchic system. The time of pandemic made the field of education more dynamic. New actors were invited with the result that the power-knowledge relations changed. In this frame, we put the question about educational inequalities. We ask how the educational field is changing in face of the unforeseen and scarcely manageable global pandemic risk. Do they mean less in the global pandemic context or, on the contrary, are they strengthened?

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2022 7(2), 651-670 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Autocratic legalism: a threat to the ECJ's authority. - II.1. Autocratic counter-interpretations of Union law. - II.2. An autocratic contestation of the ECJ's authority. - III. A constitutional response to a crisis of values. - III.1. A dynamic response to the formalism of autocratic legal-ism. - III.2. A flexible response to a crisis of values. - IV. Alternative responses to autocratic legalism. - IV.1. Decentralised solutions to a crisis of values. - IV.2. Administrative reasoning as a response to autocratic legalism. - V. Conclusion. | (Abstract) In recent years, the Court of Justice has become one of the most pronounced voices of opposition to illiberal projects in Europe. Its tenacity, however, has turned the Court into the target of national lawmakers who seek to undermine the authority of the Court and Union law more generally. The present investigation suggests that these attacks share recurrent features and may be qualified as "autocratic legalism". It will be argued that, above all, attacks of this nature are aimed at calling into question the authority of the European Court of Justice among national audiences. For European judges, consequently, this raises the question how to appropriately respond to such efforts. Although there may be no ideal solution in this regard, the present investigation discerns three responses in the jurisprudence of the Court and assesses these approaches in the light of the strategic objectives pursued by autocratic legalists.

Saint Martin is a very popular character in the Christian tradition. His life and deeds have had a considerable impact on successive generations of Christians, beginning with the Middle Ages and he is still present in the minds of believers. The popularity of this saint in Poland and Europe is reflected in many names of churches, parishes, chapels, altars as well as in art, names and heraldry. This paper presents selected local self-government coats of arms displaying an image of St. Martin or attributes associated with him. The full figure of St. Martin in Polish local self-government heraldry can be found on the coats of arms of five rural communes (the communes of Biskupice, Drużbice, Granowo, Mochowo and Wiśniowa), the coats of arms of two urban communes (the commune of Jawor, the town and commune of Pacanów) and the coat of arms of an urban quarter (Słocina – currently a quarter of Rzeszów, earlier – until 1954 – a commune). Only one of these, i.e. the coat of arms of the commune of Poświętne, refers to St. Martin by objects associated with him. Heraldic representations of Martin of Tours can be found, for example, in Germany, especially in Hesse, Bavaria, Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz, but also in Czechia, Austria, Slovakia, Finland and Ukraine.

Within the consumerist dimension of history, which has seen a remarkable development with the wide propagation of audio-visual materials in streaming platforms, each society produces self-representations that allow the strengthening of certain shared collective values. The complex history of Poland in the 20th century is the subject of large-scale cinema production. The important government intervention in the making of historical films of wide circulation has nourished feelings of national revenge and the crystallization of collective memory. In the fragmentation of identities, the period and docu-Dramas configure a new generational approach by ordinary actors to national discourse in the daily interactions and self-representation of their own history.

This article focuses on the promotional aspects related to the tourist attractiveness of the neighboring countries-Poland and Slovakia. The purpose of the article is to analyze the issue in question and point out the importance of the search for ways to increase the effectiveness of management of the area of tourism promotion in both countries. The authors used an empirical research method with quantitative-statistical and qualitative studies on specific promotional campaigns. The Olympic Games have the greatest marketing potential among sporting events, as the most important sporting event in the world. The possibility of organizing such an event in Poland and Slovakia would certainly serve to improve the recognition rates of both countries. The authors will try to demonstrate this potential as part of the considerations in this article. Acknowledgement: This paper was supported by the project NP-KSV-ET-01-2023-12/ST - International cooperation in the field of development, management and law in tourism and sports between the Republic of Poland and Slovak Republic. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and should not be taken as reflecting the position of any authority, entity or institution. This article presents the legal status as of 25 March 2023.

Over the past thirty years and with the rise of the digital society, the process of digital exclusion has become increasingly noticeable and represents a sub-type of social exclusion. Shaping digital competences in the era of the intensive development of the information society requires constant reflection on the effectiveness of such activities. This article looks at what kind of barriers are currently blocking the development of digital competences among older people. Using structured interviews, responses were obtained from 30 respondents in Poland, though the respondents themselves did not belong to the demographic of older people. The respondents identified eight main types of barriers to digital inclusion for older people: 1) Fear of new technologies, 2) No need to use ICT, 3) Self-marginalisation in the information society, 4) The characteristics of new media, 5) Attitude to Life-Long Learning, 6) Physical limitations, 7) Economic determinants, and 8) Infrastructural limitations. The results of the qualitative research provide a fresh look at the process of the formation of digital competence among vulnerable groups within the wider process of digital inclusion. This article is the result of an international project REMEDIS supported in Poland by the National Science Centre - NCN [021/03/Y/HS6/00275].

The author takes up the problem of foreign minors living in Poland, which was first noticed in this country at the beginning of the 1990s. In the Polish literature on the subject, the problem of migration and minors is most often discussed in the context of labour migration of Poles and problems related to the absence of parents in Poland. The problem of foreign minors living in Poland fits into a wider European context. The objective of this article is to understand the legal and demographic aspects of foreign minors as well as the dilemmas and challenges faced by Polish schools in the area of education. To pursue this cognitive objective, the author conducted an analysis of the relevant literature. In order to investigate the topic, two research questions were formulated: a) What is the Polish migration policy towards foreign minors from the legal perspective? b) What is the situation of foreign minors in Polish schools, including legal norms and problems connected with their education and upbringing? In conclusion, it should be stated that Poland lacks a broad strategy and holistic policy from the government and non-governmental institutions on the integration of foreigners. Nevertheless, Polish law and institutional practices are aimed at safeguarding the interests of foreign minors and respecting children’s rights, their subjectivity, and national and cultural identity. The upbringing of minor foreigners living in Poland poses new challenges for schools and teachers, who should acquire new competences in intercultural education and educational practices aimed at students from other cultures. It should also be noted that there are no specialised centres capable of providing adequate care and assistance to such children, who are often victims of violence, crime and exploitation. Educational authorities and schools tend to incline towards the paradigm of inclusion and acknowledging the ‘Other’ when it comes to children from other cultures, rather than discrimination and opposition to the process of multiculturalism.

Academic sports are physical activities in which members of the academic community participate: students, doctoral students, research, teaching or administrative staff of higher education institutions. The academic community is extremely diverse, but as a rule, it is rarely associated directly with physical activity, but rather with the advancement of knowledge and the development of science. All the more reason why the promotion of physical activity in this community is extremely important for maintaining the psychophysical well-being of members of this group. The AZS is the most numerous academic organization in Poland, with nearly 33,000 members. The Association's Academic Championships of Poland and community leagues are the primary system of rivalry between universities in the country. Among the objectives of AZS are those relating directly or indirectly to the promotion of health, including: the dissemination of physical culture and tourism, raising physical fitness and improving health among the academic community, working for the rehabilitation of the disabled or counteracting social pathologies, particularly addictions that threaten the environment of young students. These goals are pursued through various types of programs and projects, including sports activation of the academic community within the framework of sports sections, especially within the framework of general sports, organized sports competitions both at the university, regional, national or international level. Academic sports are also often the only available opportunity for physical activity during college, where physical education classes usually last no more than a year in the five-year cycle of study.

Introduction. Reducing the transmission of infectious diseases both among vaccinated individuals and the general population is only possible with the introduction of mandatory vaccination. The purpose of this article is to analyze the normative acts in force in the territory of the Republic of Poland, regulating mandatory and recommended immunizations. State of the art description. In Poland, immunization is mandatory and carried out in accordance with the Immunization Program for children and adolescents up to the age of 19, and persons particularly vulnerable to disease are published annually as a communiqué of the Chief Sanitary Inspector in the Official Journal of the Minister of Health. The issue of recommended immunizations is clarified by the Regulation of the Minister of Health of September 16, 2010, on the list of recommended immunizations and how to finance and document recommended immunizations required by international health regulations. According to Article 17(6) of the Law, vaccination may be performed by a doctor, feldsher, nurse, midwife, and school hygienist, as long as they have the appropriate qualifications. These qualifications are described in detail in the Ordinance of the Minister of Health of August 18, 2011, on mandatory immunization. According to Article 16 of the Law on Patient Rights and Patient Ombudsman, every patient has the right both to consent and to refuse certain health services. Conclusion. Immunization on the territory of the Republic of Poland is mandatory and is subject to legal regulation in the form of laws, regulations, and announcements, cited above. The exceptions are recommended vaccinations and COVID-19 vaccination, which are voluntary but are also legally normalized.

Information security of Ukraine and Poland with the beginning of the Russian Federation’s armed aggression against Ukraine is sensitive to various forms of information threats. Information attacks by the aggressor country accompany the challenges of the full-scale war that exploded within Eastern Europe. Active military actions on the territory of Ukraine, the migrant crisis on the border with Poland –all this tests both countries’ information environment for resilience. Journalists play an essential role in the process of information defense. In the study, we compare legal acts and governmental regulations of Ukraine and Poland in the field of information security in order to identify the current state of information security environment in both countries. In our work, we analyze the concept of “information security” in scientific studies of Ukrainian and Polish researchers, as well as in normative legal acts. Journalists and editors of leading Ukrainian and Polish media outlets were questioned about their attitudes toward existing information security doctrines and strategies. It was found that journalists of both countries (n = 46, α(ua)=0.75; α(pl)=0.78) find the tools of protection against information threats insufficient, consider the participation of journalists in the formation of information policy significant, and also consider as risky the possibility to adopt documents that would describe the social responsibility of journalists in conditions of information aggression.

In the present study we compare the formation and development of Polish and Hungarian social pedagogy. The main aspects of the comparison are the principal stages in the history of social pedagogy, the development of training, and the current situation in Hungary and Poland. The history of social pedagogy can be divided into three stages, following key events in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, as these historical events had an impact on the appearance and development of social pedagogy. The first stage is the early period, in the era before 1945, the second is the period after 1945, when the number of orphaned children increased significantly after the second World War and communism determined the socio-economic development of both Poland and Hungary. The third period started after 1989 when, after the collapse of communism, the development of both countries was placed on new socio-economic foundations, and new social problems appeared in the subsystems of society, which were partly addressed by social pedagogical solutions. In what follows, we give a brief overview of the 20th century history of Polish and Hungarian social pedagogy, the initial period of its formation.

In the nineteenth century and in the beginning of the twentieth century few Polish authors exploited the convention of crime fiction. The situation improved in the Interwar period, but World War II interrupted the evolution of this literary genre in Poland. After the war, due to the state’s cultural policy, crime fiction could not be published between 1948 and 1956. Since 1956 (in which Polish Thaw began) a specific type of crime fiction began to develop in Poland: a militia novel in which the persuasive function dominated over the entertainment function. The situation has changed after the political transformation in 1989. The book market has been dominated by foreign authors, such as Agatha Christie, Dorothy Sayers, Arthur Conan Doyle and so on. Only the novel Death in Breslau, 1999 (the first of 11 novels in Eberhard Mock’s series published so far), which is Marek Krajewski’s debut and representing the hard-boiled genre, has broken this domination. The writer used the gore aesthetic (which was something new in Polish crime fiction), a grim main character, and an interesting, non-obvious setting: prewar Wrocław, that is Breslau. The success of Krajewski’s novels has initiated a new era in Polish crime fiction history and contributed to the evolution of that genre in Poland – including the rise of the retro crime fiction and Polish version of hard-boiled fiction.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2020 5(3), 1231-1246 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction: the Special Section and the MELA Project. - II. Mnemonic constitutionalism and a wider challenge of mnemocracy. - III. Mnemonic constitutionalism in Hungary. - IV. Mnemonic constitutionalism in Poland. - V. Conclusions. | (Abstract) This Article summarizes the conclusions for the Special Section on memory laws that was published by European Papers in two parts over 2020, and explores the nexus between the emerging phenomenon of mnemonic constitutionalism and democratic backsliding. It looks at their interactions through the lens of the legal governance of history and the historical policy implemented by the Central and East European (CEE) States, with Poland and Hungary as the prime subjects of consideration and analysis. The mushrooming of memory laws in CEE throughout the 2010s, which went hand-in-hand with democratic backsliding in the region, is well documented in the Special Section. Memory laws (lois mémorielles) initially emerged as a specific phenomenon within criminal law in Western Europe almost three decades ago. However, the recent wave of memory laws in CEE transcends criminal legislation and has acquired constitutional significance, which this Article analyses under the heading of mnemonic constitutionalism. After setting out an analytical framework of mnemonic constitutionalism, the Article focuses on the two specific CEE examples of Hungary and Poland. In the last decade, both countries have promulgated either constitutional (in case of Hungary) or quasi-constitutional (in case of Poland) provisions that indicate a strong turn towards mnemonic constitutionalism. The Article concludes that Fidesz (in Hungary) and PiS (in Poland) regimes perceive mnemonic constitutionalism not only as an ideological basis for the governance of historical memory but also as an ontological foundation to justify "illiberal democracies".

The European security environment has changed and the EU has become more independent in its security policy. New threats faced by the EU in 2014 (the migration crises) and other remaining threats (such as terrorism, organised crime, piracy) need solving by its greater involvement in the region. One problem that the EU tries to solve is the inconsistency of member states in security issues. In this article, we focus on the V4 group and their opinions towards EU security. This article examines strategies adopted by small/new EU member states to protect European borders and European territories and regions outside the EU that affect their security. For a long time, the V4 countries only participated sporadically in EU missions. The article shows what changes took place and what were the reasons for the decision to participate or not in the EU activities. The article raises the question of whether the show-the-flag strategy adopted by the V4 countries and their participation in EU missions is relevant for ensuring European security nowadays.

Poland is one of the most Catholic countries in the world. 33 million out of its 38 million people (92.9% of its population) declare themselves to be Roman Catholic. Church initiatives for the needy, whether poor or immigrants, are everywhere. The Church is a robust and influential institution, strengthened by the pontificate of the Polish Pope, John Paul II, who is considered not only a saint but also a national hero. In many aspects, Poles could be put as an example for Catholics in other countries. But there is an issue in which the Church is not at the vanguard: the fight against sexual abuse. Recent cases have eroded the solid trust Polish people put in their Church. More recently, the documentary Tell No One, released in two parts in May 2019 and May 2020, was a turning point, and the confidence in the institution visibly plummeted. This case study tells the recent story of the issue of sexual abuse by Catholic clergy in Poland, its lights and its shadows. The paper ends with some suggestions for a trust recovery strategy, as recommendations for both Church authorities and their communication offices.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2020 5(1), 119-136 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Dealing with the communist past: the Ukrainian case. - II.1. Ukraine's waves of decommunization. - II.2. Ukrainian memory laws: the decommunization package. - III. Ukraine in the European memory wars. - VI. Conclusions. | (Abstract) In April 2015, Ukraine adopted the so-called decommunization package which reflects its attempts to deal with the past and defines directions of its current memory policy. To cope with the communist past and create a new pantheon of national heroes, Ukraine is re-writing its history, selectively choosing among the several memories those that can foster its national identity and cohesion. This is a controversial process which divided Ukraine's society and resulted in so-called memory wars - a clash of the State-sponsored historical narratives - with Russia and Poland. The internal and external contradictions which are a feature of decommunization in Ukraine give a reason to state that the frontline of European memory wars goes across this country. The present Article provides an overview of memory laws from Ukraine's decommunization package, analyses Ukraine's "official" historical narratives, and discusses the memory wars with Russia and Poland that it has been recently involved in.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2020 5(1), 347-362 | European Forum Insight of 2 June 2020 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. The "reforms" of the national council of judiciary and the Supreme Court. - III. The Court of Justice judgment. - IV. The EU-friendly face of the Supreme Court. - V. The restrained face of the Supreme Court. - VI. Conclusions. | (Abstract) The present Insight compares the decisions of two chambers of the Polish Supreme Court regarding the domestic enforcement, under the terms laid down in the Polish Constitution, of a judgment of the Court of Justice, the independence of the judicial branch and the consequences of a judicial appointment. The starting point for the analysis is an overview of recent reforms of judiciary in Poland and the judgment of the Court of Justice in A.K. (Indépendance de la chambre disciplinaire de la Cour suprême) [GC] (judgement of 19 November 2019, joined cases C-585/18, C-624/18 and C-625/18). The first discussed ruling of the Supreme Court aimed to fully enforce that judgment of the Court of Justice, whereas the second sought to limit its actual impact.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2020 5(1), 331-346 | European Forum Insight of 25 April 2020 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. The broad interpretation of Art. 19 TEU. - II.1. An ideal holistic approach to judicial independence. - II.2. The broadening of the material scope of Art. 19 TEU. - III. The paradox of the limited effects of the case law on Art. 19 TEU. - III.1. An unlikely limit: denying Art. 19 TEU direct effect. - III.2. A controversial existent limit: Art. 19 TEU and case law in Minister for Justice and Equality (Défaillances du système judiciaire). - IV. Final remarks. | (Abstract) In 2019, the Court of Justice has ruled in an innovative case on the protection of the independence of Member States' judiciaries. In two judgments, delivered in June and November, the Court declared that several statutes amending the organisation of the Polish judicial system infringed the second subparagraph of Art. 19, para. 1, TEU because they did not respect judicial independence. This case law relies on two key legal arguments: an "ideal" holistic approach to judicial independence and the broadening of the material scope of Art. 19 TEU (see Court of Justice: judgment of 24 June 2019, case C-619/18, Commission v. Poland (Independence of the Supreme Court) [GC]; judgment of 5 November 2019, case C-192/18, Commission v. Poland (Independence of ordinary courts) [GC]). Both arguments may invite us to think that this case law is boundless. This Insight considers if some limits should nevertheless apply.

This study explores the way in which the notion of competing constitutionalisms illustrates and explains the evolution of Poland’s institutional landscape during and following the transition from communist rule. The paper considers the impact of variants of constitutionalism on constitution-making processes. While recent threats to the rule of law in Poland illustrate challenges to the consolidation of democratic constitutionalism several decades after political transformation, this paper traces processes by which citizens and political elites accept or reject the legitimacy of proposed constitutional frameworks, institutions and norms. The constitution-drafting project supported by the Solidarność trade union facilitates an original and comparative examination of these topics. Applying the concept of competing constitutionalisms to the analysis of previously unstudied archival, text, narrative interview and survey data, the study exposes the tension between the politics of constitution making on the one hand, and the symbolic, substantive and axiological aspects of constitutionalism on the other.

Crisis management principles that have been in place and proven for decades by commercial companies and corporations, tested at great expense, apply equally to all non-commercial entities, governmental, religious, political, as well as to individuals. There is no deviation from them, as crises in today’s world are determined by the media, not the entity or institution itself. Every crisis can become an opportunity for change, strengthening, improvement, purification and even victory. The condition is a professional approach to the problem. A crisis can also be the beginning of the end, a failure. The biggest enemy of success in this situation is lack of knowledge how to act properly, mistakes in communication and management of resources. However, avoiding responsibility, hiding facts, manipulating information, being too quick and inconsiderate, resorting to falsehood, hypocrisy, and calculated behaviour will not facilitate success either. The article will analyse the institutional actions of the Catholic Church in Poland for the protection of children and adolescents in the context of the classical principles of crisis management applied in a crisis.

Along with the development of tourism activities, universities educating students in the fields of tourism and recreation take over the responsibility for preparing a qualified and skilled workforce that can provide the society with high-quality services. The aim of the article was to attempt to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the popularity or unpopularity of tourist faculties at Polish physical education universities. Five out of six public universities of physical education in Poland, which offer undergraduate and graduate studies in tourism and recreation were asked to provide data on the number of students who enrolled in the first and second cycle studies in the field of tourism and recreation in the last six years, as well as the number of students who resigned during the first year or after its completion. The results showed a decline in interest in studying tourism and recreation after the 2016/2017 academic year, which covers all physical education universities in Poland. Although there may be many reasons for this, it is necessary to try to find a solution to the current problems and restore interest in studying tourism.

Academic freedom, freedom of expression and university autonomy are core values that ensure the well-functioning of higher education. Both Poland and Slovakia do comply with international and European standards on academic freedom. However, recent reforms on higher education – adopted in Poland and debated in Slovakia – are putting a strain on the freedom of teaching personnel and institutional autonomy. The analysis will shed some light on the different impact of the reforms introduced in these two countries to address similar challenges.

Among the fastest growing branches of the world economy, tourism is considered to be one of the main ones. It provides an opportunity to travel and explore the surrounding reality, including the diverse landscape. One of the most popular forms of tourism is still active tourism, which has a mass range and thus offers a more accessible educational offer in the field of natural and cultural heritage, history or geography. In Poland this is referred as ‘Krajoznawstwo’. The concept has not yet found an equivalent name in English, but it is very much related to tourism. In the Polish capital of Greater Poland region – Poznan, the area around Lake Malta is one of the areas where one can see many objects of interest for people who collect information about the area in the context of gathering knowledge about the country and the region. Not only a geographer or a biologist, but also all those who are comprehensively interested in the natural and cultural heritage, and in the future even in the history of the local participants in the Olympic Games, will find some information there. The main goal of the study is to is to show that “krajoznawstwo” has many features in common with active tourism and can thus be translated into English, where there is no clear equivalent word. The second goal is to present the area of the Malta Lake in Poznań as a case study, a place for the realization of sightseeing interests and active tourism.

The importance of trust for the development of an individual, social relations and for the development of societies has been emphasised by social, psychological and educational theorists. Personal and social trust towards people is to a great extent bound with emotional involvement. People who are close to one another, especially relatives or friends assume that they act on similar principles. Such assumptions about personal relations make people more open, generous and optimistic. Social trust is gained in the course of various daily, professional and social experiences. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to demonstrates personal and social trust on the basis of the results of the surveys conducted by CBOS (Public Opinion Research Centre in Poland).

Borreliosis (Lyme borreliosis; Lyme disease) is a zoonotic disease caused by spirochetes from the genus Borrelia. In humans, the accidental host of ticks, the infection is transmitted by the bite of the tick - the spirochetes are present in the salivary glands of the tick. Any of the three forms of tick: larva, nymph and adult can be responsible for infection. The most common threats to humans are Borrelia burgdorferii sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii occurring mainly in Europe. Lyme disease is a complex, multi-stage disease and progresses in 3 stages. The targeted treatment of Lyme disease is based on the administration of antibiotics. The introduction of antibiotics in the early stages of Lyme borreliosis offers a good chance of a complete cure. Lyme disease is a major epidemiological problem in the world. In Europe, the average number of cases per year remains at 65,400. In Poland, the number of infections annually reaches several tens of thousands. According to the National Institute of Hygiene of Poland, which keeps statistics of epidemiological reports, a total of 83,495 people fell sick with Lyme disease in Poland between 2016 and 2019. Whereas in 2020, the number of cases of Lyme disease decreased to 12933. The reason for this is undoubtedly the COVID-19 pandemic, which has dominated health care and focused all the attention of medical workers. This review shows that Lyme borreliosis is a dangerous disease with a high risk of complications. A quick diagnosis is crucial in the therapeutic process. An algorithm should be developed in order to distinguish other diseases from Lyme disease and thus enable an early reaction and treatment.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2019 4(3), 907-912 | European Forum Insight of 12 January 2020 | (Table of Contents) I. Background. - II. The national context. - III. The reference in preliminary ruling. - IV. The aftermath of the Court of Justice's judgment. - V. The response of the national court and its implications. - VI. The response of the government. - VII. Outlook for the future. | (Abstract) The Insight analyses the recent judgment of the Court of Justice in joined cases C-585/18, C-624/18 and C-625/1, A.K. v. Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa and CP, DO v. Sąd Najwyższy, hereafter A.K. and Others. The ruling has had considerable impact on the crisis of the rule of law in Poland and the note evaluates its immediate effects.

Cuba's new Fundamental Law, passed on February 24th 2019, is considered the next step in the structural changes that have taken place in the country. These changes create uncertainties, increase social vulnerability and highlight spaces subject to greater risks. This paper forms part of the current debate on Cuba’s transformation, based on knowledge of its socioeconomic reality and the thinking of Poland's “transitology” school. The text of the country's new constitution is analysed through this comparison. Based on the conviction that individual and collective actions in Cuban society increase the unpredictability of the process of change, this paper aims to suggest that the text of the new constitution manifests the imponderables of the Cuban transformation.

L'articolo 2 della Costituzione del 2 aprile 1997 definisce la Polonia come uno "Stato democratico di diritto che attua i principi di giustizia sociale". Sin dall’avvio della transizione democratica nel Paese, il principio del rule of law rappresenta il fondamento della democrazia polacca. Una corretta comprensione del principio richiede oggi di analizzare le sfide che tale principio deve affrontare. L'articolo inizia con la descrizione dei recenti sviluppi costituzionali della Polonia. Quindi, nella seconda parte, si concentra sull'evoluzione e sulla creazione dello stato di diritto in Polonia durante il periodo di transizione democratica. L’articolo prosegue, nella terza parte, concentrandosi sull’attuale situazione dello stato di diritto in Polonia. L’articolo si conclude con una riflessione sulla "lezione incompiuta" che l’attuale situazione polacca sta ponendo in termini di diritto costituzionale e sulle possibili violazioni dell'identità comune europea. / 𝐴𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 2 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙 1997 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑠 “𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒”. 𝐻𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑒 - 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 1989, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 1952 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦. 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡, 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑. 𝐼𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖-𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑛, 𝑟𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑛𝑒. 𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑙 - 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑡. 𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑡𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠. 𝐼𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 “𝑢𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛” 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦.

The main goal of health policy is to ensure the health security of society. There are many definitions of health policy. Health policy is one of the most important forms of public activity. Health policy programs include multi-annual programs established by the Council of Ministers. They implement the strategies adopted by the government - they concern important phenomena and problems that require decisions and actions at the level of the Council of Ministers. As part of social policy, it should be embedded in social and economic realities and be oriented on ensuring conditions favorable to maintaining the health of societies.

The purpose of this article is to present the essence of patriotism in Polish educational realities. Based on the known definitions of education, the author also presents the division and classification of patriotic education in Poland. The purpose of this paper is to present the role played by modern media in shaping patriotic attitudes. The article presents practical solutions in the field of using modern technologies in patriotic education.

Grouping conditions refer to a situation when number of entities is considered as a unit. The members of such a community resides in a certain area at a specified time and has to comply with specific rules of social life. The analysis of the data from orphanages and refugee shelters in south-eastern Poland has confirmed that this type of living conditions promote transmission of scabies and pediculosis, and these diseases were most frequently diagnosed in young people taking active part in social life. Our study revealed that invasions of Pediculus humanus and Sarcoptes scabiei are still current public health threats although the obligation to report cases of these diseases in Poland has been abolished.

This article discusses the financing and organizational structure of the State Emergency Medical Services in Poland (PRM) relating to fundamental documents as stated on February 2019. It presents a historical outline of the formation and organization of this part of the medical domain which are Emergency Medical Services treated as a part of the National Health system. The article sums up with a thesis, that medical activity in scope of financing and organizational structure in Poland can be classified as well-functioning, however without proper correlation with other parts of the services we might expect issues with cooperation. To mitigate this risk, we must stop diversification of medical activities and focus on complexation of services in large medical entities, modifying it accordingly to the principles of the evolution without introducing irrational changes, at the same time modernizing and following science development effects. Only a well-functioning health system with Emergency Medical Services being a part of it, not a separated, efficient company, will result in a significant improvement for those in need.

This essay focuses on the use of preliminary reference to the European Court of Justice pursuant to art. 267 TFEU in order to protect the independence and autonomy of National judiciaries, in particular within Member States such as Hungary and Poland. In the first part, the author looks at two specific cases in which the possibility for national judges to refer to the Court of Justice was limited by the action of the two illiberal governments. Secondly, also in relation to the decisions of the Brussels Court on the subject, the analysis focuses on the need to protect the preliminary reference in the context of judicial cooperation and on the role of European institutions, in particular the Commission, in doing so.

Many scholars underline the significance of clusters for knowledge spillovers and related benefits in terms of innovation and firm competitiveness. The Industry 4.0 technological scenario emphasizes dispersed technologically interconnected activities and distributed knowledge management opportunities, while clusters focus on proximity, which is why many question the attractiveness of the latter for firms. Bearing in mind the scarcity of studies on the relationship between digitalization and clusters, the paper discusses how clusters may be attractive for foreign subsidiaries in times of the fourth industrial revolution by referring to the case of the Aviation Valley in Poland as explanatory example supporting conceptual considerations proposed.

Cet article se propose de présenter brièvement une branche dynamique des études narratives contemporaines, nommée « narratologie non naturelle », en prenant l’exemple d’un roman belge de langue française, paru en 2007, à savoir Les Vivants et les Ombres de Diane Meur. Il s’agit surtout d’examiner la narratrice non humaine de ce texte afin de dégager sa spécificité, à la fois au niveau de ses pratiques narratives et sous l’angle de son influence sur la dimension générique du texte. La conclusion met l’accent sur les transformations contemporaines du roman historique, dues notamment à l’introduction d’instances narratives « non naturelles » qu’il est possible d’interpréter à la lumière des tendances posthumanistes de la culture contemporaine et des caractéristiques de la littérature postmoderne.

In this article, we discuss the narratives of struggle, resistance, and counter-resistance over the rights of the LGBT+ community at several Polish universities, which remain unnamed in order to protect our informants. In particular, we look at the discourses of LGBT+ groups struggling to establish or maintain organizations of various forms (from students' study circles to union-like institutions) within the context of internal university structure, Polish academic culture and current political developments in the country. This research draws on semi-structured in-depth interviews we conducted in the spring and summer of 2020. In our analyses of the interview material, we apply a multidisciplinary methodological framework combining CDA and narrative inquiry in order to examine linguistic phenomena participating in constructing a particular version of reality through text in talk. Such research design enables us to offer a case study of the difficulties and obstacles faced by LGBT+ activists in the Polish academia the way they understand them, and of the resistance strategies they employ in this particular context. Our research shows a wide range of resistance strategies employed by the LGBT+ community members that can be classified according to the scale of discriminatory practices they form a response to (systemic/individual discrimination) and the type of the response itself (group/individual response). On the basis of the discussed examples, our article offers an interagentive matrix of strategies of addressing LGBT+ issues emerging within the Polish academic context.